1、1东方国际高三英语讲义主谓一致一、 指导原则 主谓一致指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。对大多数人来说，往往会在掌握主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致问题上遇到困难。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配： 语法一致原则，意义一致原则，就近原则。（一）语法一致原则 用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致，就是语法一致。也就是说，如果名词中心词是单数，动词用单数形式；如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式。例如： This table is a genuine antique. Both parties have their own advantages. Her job
2、has something to do with computers. Mary was watching herself in the mirror. （二）意义一致原则 有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如： Democratic government gradually take the place of an all-powerful monarchy. The United States is a developed country. It is the remains of a ruined palac
3、e. This pair of trousers costs fifty dollars. （三）就近原则 有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。 Either my grandsons or their father is coming. Neither Richard nor I am going. 二以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题 有些集合名词 class,committee,crew,crowd,family,government,group,staff,team, union 等，在意义上是复数，但在语法形式上是单数，这类名词作主语的主谓一致问题往往遵循“语法一致”或“意
4、义一致”原则。例如： The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. The present government is trying to control inflation. The school staff are expected to supervise school meals. （一）通常作复数的集体名词 包括 police, people, cattle, militia 等，这些集体名词通常用作复数。 The British police have only very limited powers. The militia wer
5、e called out to guard the borderland.It seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes were the only living creatures in these desolate surroundings. （二）通常作不可数名词的集体名词 通常作不可数名词的集体名词，包括 poultry, machinery, equipment, furniture, 这类名词后的动词用单数形式。 Poultry is expensive at this time of year. All the machinery in
6、 the factory is made in China. The suite of furniture he bought was of contemporary style. The equipment of the photographic studio was expensive. （三）可作单数也可作复数的集体名词包括 audience, committee, crew, family, government. The audience was/were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play. The committee has
7、/have decided to dismiss him. The government has/have discussed the matter for a long time. 三、a committee of +复数名词作主语，随后的动词通常用单数。 A committee of twelve men is to discuss the matter. 四、以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题 英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s 或-es ，但是有一些以-s 结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难。（一） 以-s 结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （二
8、） 以-s 结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （三） 以-s 结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （四） 以-ics 结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 （五） 其它以-s 结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 （一） 以-s 结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题以-s 结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题 ,如：arthritis, bronchitis, diabetes, mumps, phlebitis, rickets,这类以-s 结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient. Th
9、e diabetes is a kind of chronic disease. Measles usually occurs in children. （二）以-s 结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题 以-s 结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。 Darts is basically a easy game. Marbles is not confined to children. Skittles is not fashionable nowadays. Draughts is not very difficult to learn. 但当 Darts，Marbles 等的意义为
10、游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。 Three darts are thrown at each turn. All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw. （三）以-s 结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题 2某些以-s 结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如 the United States，the Netherlands 等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。 The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s. In early January 1
11、996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976. 但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。 The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant. The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance. The Niagara Falls are perhaps the mo
12、st splendid waterfall in the world. （四）以-ics 结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题 某些以-ics 结尾的学科名称作主语时，如 physics, mathematics, mechanics, optics, politics，economics, linguistics, athletics 等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。 Physics is a fundamental subject in science. The third world economics is promising. Mathematics is an interesting s
13、ubject. Athletics is a required course for students of all grades. （五）其它以-s 结尾的名词的主谓一致问题 A.以-s 结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语 英语中有一些通常以-s 结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如 glasses, pincers, scissors, shorts, suspenders, trousers 等，这类名词做主语，如果不带“一把”、“一副”等单位词，谓语动词通常用复数。 Marys glasses are new. Johns trousers are black. 如果带有单位词，则由单位词
14、决定动词的单、复数形式。 One pair of pincers isnt enough. Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box. B.其他以-s 结尾的名词 英语中还有一些以- s 结尾的名词，如 archives，arms, clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages 这类名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。 The archives of the country are k
15、ept in the Department of Security. The contents of the book are most amusing. High wages often result in high prices. My thanks are sincere. 五、如果句子的主语是并列结构，其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则： （一）由 and/both.and 连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题 （二）由 or/nor/either.or 连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题 （三）主语 + as much as, etc 的主谓一致问题 （一）由 and/both.and 连接的并列主语
16、的主谓一致问题 由 and/both.and 连接的并列结构作主语，可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。 Pancakes and syrup is a tasty breakfast. The number and diversity of British newspaper is considerable. Good and bad taste are inculcated by example. Fish and chips are getting very expensive. A truck and a car were in the ditch. Both Cathy an
17、d her daughter Lida have gone fishing in Canada. 当 and 连接的并列名词词组带有 each，every, 或者 many a 等限定词时，谓语动词通常用单数。 Each man and each woman there is asked to help. Every flower and every bush is to be cut down. Many a boy was disappointed after seeing the film. （二）由 or/nor/either.or 连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题 由 or,nor,ei
18、ther.or, neither.nor,not only.but also 连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。 Neither sleet nor snow stops him from driving his new Mercedes-Benz. Either Tina or Carol is sure to know the answer. Neither my father nor my brothers are likely to be at theater. Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were co
19、nfident of victory. （三）主语 + as much as 等的主谓一致问题 当主语后面跟有由 as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等引导的从属结构，或跟有由as well as, in addition to ,with, along with, together with, except 等引导的词组时， 其后的动词形式取决主语的形式。 The vessel, with its entire crew and cargo was lost. The ocean, as well as the gulf and
20、 the bay, provides good fishing. John, rather than his roommates, is to blame. Some of the employees as much as the manager were responsible for the failure. My husband, more than anyone else in the family, is longing to go there again. Billy, together with his sisters, was wounded in the accident.
21、No one except two girls was late for school. 六、以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 数量概念分两类：一类是确定数量，如 two years, five seconds, three kilos,等，另一类是非确定数量，如 all of., some of., none of.。如果用这类表示数量概念的名词词组作主语，会产生主谓一致问题。 （一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 （二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 （一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，动词用单数。 Two mo
22、nths is too short a time, we must hurry up. Three weeks is needed to complete the task. A total of 50,000 new bicycles was registered in the year. 如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数/百分数+ of”词组构成，其动词形式取决于 of 词组中名词的类别。 Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea. Over twenty percent of the city was destr
23、oyed in the war. Forty-five percent of the doctors were woman. 两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。 Sixty minus seventeen leaves forty-three. 3Forty-two divided by six is seven. Six and eight makes/make fourteen. Six times eight is/are forty-eight. 如果主语由“one in/one out of + 复数名词“ 构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。
24、 One in ten students has passed the examination. One out of twelve bottles was left intact. （二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题 如果主语由 “a portion of, a series of, a pile of“或由“a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of+名词”构成，谓语动词通常用单数。 A portion of reports is deceiving. This kind of cars is rather expensive.
25、 That type of machines is up-to-date. 如果主语是由“many a +名词“ 或“more than one +名词“构成，随后的动词遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。 Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break. More than one ship was lost this year. 如果主语是 all of, some of, none of, half of, most of, lots of, loads of ,plenty of,等表示非确定数量的名词词组，谓语
26、动词的单、复数形式根据 of 词组中名词类别而定。 Some of the books were badly torn. None of my friends ever come to see me. Half of the building was destroyed during the war. Half of the students are eager to leave now. Loads of apples have been distributed among the children. Plenty of water was prepared for irrigation高考
27、常见单词network n.网状物；网络optional a.可以选择的output n.产量；输出overlook vt.眺望;漏看panda n.熊猫permanent a.持久的；固定的plus prep.加,加上 a.正的postpone vt.推迟preserve vt.保存previous a.以前的 ad.以前psychology n.心理学qualification n.资格rare a.稀有的receipt n.收条,收据representative a.代表性的 n.代表；代理人ridiculous a.荒谬的,可笑的robot n.机器人routine n.例行的公事 a
28、.日常的，例行的scenery n.舞台布景;风景seal n.海豹；封条；图章 vt.封主谓一致练练吧 1、-How are the team playing?-Theyre playing well, but one of them _ hurt. A、got B、gets C、are D、were2、As a result of destroying the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered the land.A、number; has B、quantity; has C、number; have D、quantity; have3、All t
29、he preparations for the task _ , and we are ready to start.A、completed B、complete C、had been completed D、have been completed4、I told him what I was surprised _ his attitude towards his study.A、is B 、was C、at is D 、at was5、Every possible means _ to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not
30、clear. A、is used B、are used C、has been used D、have been used6. On the wall _ two large portraits.A. hangs B. hang C. hanged D. hanging7. “I wonder whose bicycle it is.”“It might be my _”A. neighbours B. dear neighbourC. neighbour D. neighbour8. “Wheres your brother ?” “At _.”4A. Mr Greens B. GreensC
31、. the Mr Greens D. the Greens9. _turn green in spring.A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves 10. Nobody but Jane _ the secret.A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known11. Father went go his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A. an advice B. adviceC. advices D. the advices 12. All but one _ here just
32、 now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were13. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.A. is B. are C. am D. be 14. A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift.A. is offered B. has offeredC. are offered D. have offered15. When and where to build
33、the new factory _ yet.A. is not decided B. are not decidedC. has not decided D. have not decided完形填空练练吧One of my fathers favorite sayings as I was growing up was “Try it!” I couldnt say I didnt like 21 , whatever it might be, 22 I tried it. Over the years Ive come to 23 how much of my success I owe
34、to my 24 of those words as one of my values. My 25 job was just one I decided to try for a couple of years until I 26 what I want to do as a career（职业）. 27 I believed I would work for a few years, get married, stay home and raise a family, so I didnt think the job I took 28 that much. I couldnt have
35、 been more 29 . I mastered the skills of that beginning level position and I was given the opportunity（机会）to 30 through the company into different 31 . I accepted each new opportunity with the 32 ,”Well, Ill try it; if I dont like it I can always go back to my 33 position. ” But I was with the same
36、company for the past 28 years, and Ive 34 every career change Ive made. Ive discovered I 35 a large number of different talents（才能）and skills that I never would have thought were within me had it not been for my being 36 trying new opportunities. Ive also discovered that if I 37 what Im doing and wo
37、rk hard at achieving my 38 . I will succeed. Thats why Im so 39 to be a part of Career Fables. com. I think 40 has come and I am determined to make it a success. 21. A. everything B. something C. everybody D. somebody 22. A. until after B. ever since C. so that D. long before 23. A. consider B. argu
38、e C. include D. realize 24. A. suggestion B. explanation C. acceptance D. discussion25. A. hard B. best C. extra D. first26. A. determined B. examined C. experienced D. introduced 27. A. Actually B. Gradually C. Finally D. Usually28. A. helped B. required C. expressed D. mattered 29. A. careful B. m
39、istaken C. interested D. prepared 30. A. look up B. take up C. move up D. put up 31. A. situations B. choices C. directions D. Positions32. A. thought B. reply C. action D. advice 33. A. easier B. newer C. earlier D. higher34. A. permitted B. counted C. organized D. enjoyed 35. A. show B. possess C.
40、 need D. gather 36. A. lucky for B. slow at C. open to D. afraid of 37. A. think of B. give away C. believe in D. turn into 38. A. business B. goal C. fortune D. growth39. A. excited B. curious C. surprised D. helpful 40. A. dream B. time C. power D. honor 阅读理解练练吧 A I know what youre thinking : pizz
41、a （比萨饼）? For breakfast? But the truth is that you can have last nights leftovers in the a. m. if you want to.I know lots of women who skip breakfast （不吃早餐） , and they have a ton of different excuses for doing it . Some say they dont have time. others think theyre “saving” calories （卡路里）, still other
42、s just dont like breakfast food . But the bottom line is that eating in the morning is very important when youre trying to lose weight. “Eating just about anything from 300 to 400 calories would be better than nothing at all,” says Katherine Brooking , R , D , who developed the super-easy eating pla
43、n for this years “SELF CHALLENGE”. And even pizza can be healthy if its loaded with vegetables, and you stick to one small piece. Breakfast is one meal I never miss, and the same goes for most weight loss success stories. Research shows that eating breakfast keeps you from overeating later in the da
44、y. Researchers at the University of Southem California found that breakfast skippers have a bigger chance of gaining weight than those who regularly have a morning meal. So eat something in the morning, anything. I know plenty of friends who end up having no breakfast altogether, and have just coffe
45、e or orange juice. I say, try heating up last nights leftovers-it may sound crazy, but if it works for you, do it! I find if I tell myself, “You can always eat it tomorrow,” I put away the leftovers instead of eating more that night. Try ityou may save yourself some pre-bedtime calories. And watch y
46、our body gain the fat-burning effects.41. The word “leftovers” in Paragraph 1 probably means_. 5A. food remaining after a meal B. things left undoneC. meals made of vegetables D. pizza topped with fruit 42. What can we infer from the text? A. Working women usually have breakfast in a hurry. B. Many
47、people have wrong ideas about breakfast. C. There are some easy ways of cooking a meal. D. Eating vegetables helps save energy. 43. According to the last paragraph, it is important to_. A. eat something for breakfast B. be careful about what you eat C. heat up food before eating it D. eat calorie-co
48、ntrolled food 44. The text is written mainly for those_. A. who go to work early B. who want to lose weight C. who stay up late D. who eat before sleep BBHaving a husband means an extra seven hours of housework each week for women, according to a new study. For men, getting married saves an hour of housework a week. “Its a well-known pattern,” said lead researcher Frank Stafford at University of Michigans I
