1、第五章 写 作第一节 英语作文写作技巧英语考试作文均属于控制性写作，其内容和篇幅都有严格的规定，而且在 30 分钟内完成。 因此，应试时应注意下列几点。一、审题与构思拿到作文题后，应先审题。所谓审题，就是根据所给的标题和其他有关材料，如段首句、图表或提纲等，确定文章的主题。也就是说，要明确写什么。这一点非常重要。切题，是对文章的最基本的要求。在审题的基础上，就要构思。构思包括确定写作内容，选择写作素材，构筑文章框架，拟定段落主题句和过渡词语等。文章框架可以用提纲的形式表示出来，但应尽量简化，甚至只写几个关键词语即可，以争取时间。例： What Would Happen if There Wer
2、e No Power给出的三个段首句是Ever since early this century，electricity has become an essential part of our modern lifeIf there were no electric power , Therefore , 尽管从题目看不出写什么，因为 power是一个多义词，可作“力量，权力，政权，大国，电力”等解，但下面的段首句，明白无误说的是“电力”，因为句中出现electricity, electric. 但有不少考生不好好推敲题目，又把 electric 看成 election（选举） ，结果误认为是
3、写没有选举权将会怎么样。因此第一段就写了自本世纪来，选举如何成为现代生活中的一个重要部分；第二段接着写，如果没有选举权将会怎么样；第三段就发表感想，说我们应当如何如何珍惜选举权。文章写得不错，但走了题，结果一分未得。所以一定要把题目看清楚：题目的意思是什么，要求写什么。碰到题目中的生词或多义词要结合所给的内容提示来理解。不仅要读题目，还要读内容提示，分析两者之间的联系。这样才能确保作文切题。二、 确立文章的合理结构要确立合理的文章结构，首先要知道大学英语考试作文的命题形式和体裁结构。就命题形式来说，考纲上作了比较具体的规定，如用给出的段首句作文，用所给的关键词作文，根据所规定的情景作文，根据所
4、给文章写出大意，看图作文，根据所给图表作文，根据内容提示（中文或英文）作文，等等。. 无论命题形式与文章结构怎样，只要是论说文，都可把文章分为三部分：引言（introduction ）, 主体( body), 结尾（conclusion） 。 引言，就是引出话题，引出观点；主体，就是对文章的观点说明论证；结尾，就是对文章的观点总结。引言部分一般由一个自然段组成，主体部分可以分成一到三个自然段，但写 100 多词的小作文，一般用一个自然段就可以了。结尾部分也用一个自然段。 例：Directions：For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to w
5、rite a composition on the topic My Most Favorite Program. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1我最喜爱的电视（或无线电）节目是2这类节目的内容和特点3我喜欢它的原因命题者给出了标题和提纲（实际上是写作内容所包括的要点） 。这为考生提供了一条思路。审题时一定要把标题和提纲联系起来，进而确定文章的主题，构思文章的段落层次。就本题而言，短文的主题是“我最
6、喜欢的电视节目”。根据中文提纲第一点，在引言段中应说明我最喜欢的电视节目是什么。中文提纲的第二、三两点应结合起来写，因为“ 我最喜欢它的原因”往往就是“这类节目的内容和特点”。根据这样一个思路，引言段可略写，第二段以“Why do I like it best？”开段，接着列举理由，以因果法扩展段落。这一段应详写，是全文的主体。最后再加上结尾。这样，全文层次清楚，详略得当。参考范文如下:My Most Favorite ProgramNowadays radios and TVs play a more and more important role in our life. There ar
7、e many programs shown every day. Some of them are very good. My most favorite program is called “The Animal World”, which is provided by CCTV every Sunday night.Why do I like it best？ First, born and bred in the city, we can not see any wild animals, and the program just compensates for it. It provi
8、des us with natural scenes and the life of all kinds of wild animals with the explanation of the narrator. Second, we also get some knowledge about animals, even some plants. Third, the pictures are very beautiful and some of them are also very valuableIts really a great joy to watch itIn short, the
9、 program is both interesting and instructive.If you dont believe, just watch it yourself.三、 文章的开端文章的开端很重要。一个不同凡响的开端一下子便可以吸引住读者的注意力。引言段一般只占全文的 20%30%，但是它是整篇文章的关键部分。由于作文评分就是打印象分，处于文章一开始的引言段就首当其冲，给阅卷人以第一印象，这一印象在很大程度上决定了阅卷人将这篇作文归于哪一分数段的思想。英语文章的特点是：中心思想是放在引言段里表达的。首先是观点，开门见山，然后用事实、例证来论证说明。文章中心思想放在引言段，不仅仅是
10、英语文章的习惯问题，它还有实际上的优点。首先，在文章一开始就确立文章中心思想，指引你朝正确的方向前进，保证观点鲜明，条理清楚。其次，如果把文章中心思想放在引言段来表达，能使阅卷人员从一开始就了解考生的观点，从而能对文章留下深刻的印象。最后，如果中心思想放在前面，那么即使时间不够，来不及结尾，阅卷人员还是能够从前面写的东西中了解考生的观点，反之，如果中心思想在后面，前面写得再好，万一时间不够，来不及写下结论，就成了一篇没有观点的文章。例： The World Is Getting Smaller and Smaller (1) 现代化的交通工具越来越发达(2) 人与人之间的交往越来越频繁(3)
11、结论只要仔细分析一下本题提示，就可以看到， （1） 、 （2）两条的内容实际上是解释为什么世界变得越来越小的两个原因。显然不能以此开头，而是应先描述世界变得越来越小这一人们普遍的感觉，然后用这两条来解释。如下面这样开头写就对了：Most of us may have such experiences ：when you go to some places far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you run into one of
12、 your old classmates on the street。Perhaps both of you would cry out , “What a small world!”四、扩展主体段主体段的功能就是论证和说明文章在引言段中提出的中心思想。中心思想是作者自己的观点，只有通过具体的解释论证，才能让读者信服和接受，真正写出一篇思想表达清楚的文章。要做到这一点，首先要写好主体段的主题句（topic sentence） 。如果说，中心思想句是整篇文章的灵魂，那么，主题句则是主体段的灵魂，表达了主体段的主旨，但同时又是中心思想句更具体的展开。主题句一般位于主体段的开始，或在结尾处。但是，一
13、般提倡主题句放在段首，这样使段落中的思想一目了然。在实际评分时，往往倾向于以文章的引言段和主体段的主题句的质量如何来评判，文章中心思想句是内容、观点、语言组织的高度结合。因此，主题句是考生写作意识与语言运用能力的集中体现。如何写主题句呢？主题句作为段落的中心思想，一经确定，便对段落的写作起制约作用。因此，主题句必须完整、清楚，用词恰当，并含有关键词。现以 change a tire 为例，可以写出各种各样的主题句。1 Anyone can learn how to change a tire.2 A motorist can learn to change a tire without muc
14、h difficulty,3 Changing a tire is simple.4 When a driver changes a flat tire, he should observe three important safety rules.5 There is a safe way to change a tire.6 Five easy steps in changing a tire should be followed by all drivers.主题句必须包含段落扩展所需的关键词（key words）才能起制约段落的作用，上面六个句子中黑体字的部分可视为关键词，关键词可以决
15、定主题发展的方向和范围，即支持句（supporting sentences）论证所涉及的内容。从关键词我们可看出，上面六个主题句，其中心思想实际是一样的，即如何给车换轮胎（怎么换、换胎应注意的事项及步骤） 。主题句需要支持句来发展，来具体论证。从内容角度出发，主题句的观点最好能从两个到三个方面来说明论证。仅从一个方面来说，往往力度不够，说明解释显得单薄，文章也不容易写到一定长度。那么，如何写支持句呢？支持句用来说明主题句，通过不同的角度，用详尽的事实例证来深化主题或讨论问题。支持句必须始终紧扣主题, 凡与主题句无关的内容都应删除。一般可使用以下几种方法展开: 用具体细节论证，如数字或举例。 以
16、时间或空间顺序说明。 用因果关系论证事件的过程。 用比较或对比的方法论证。还应注意，句子之间的连接与过渡，这一点对于文章的整体而言，非常重要。根据过滤词所表示的逻辑意义，可分为以下几类:表示举例的：for example , for instance , as a case in point, take. as an example, such as , that is.表示比较的：similarly, likewise.表示对照的：on the contrary, on the other hand , by contrast , whereas, rather than, instead.
17、表示让步的：although, though, in spite of , even though.表示转折的：however, nevertheless, yet.表示原因的：because, as a result of表示结果的：therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly.表示强调的：especially, in fact , as a matter of fact.表示递进的：first, second , in the first/second place, besides, next, furthermore, moreove
18、r,in addition , whats more, for one thing, for another.表示结论的：in conclusion, in short , in a word , to sum up.例文：The World is Getting Smaller and Smaller 的主体段：Why is the world getting smaller and smaller？ For one thing, faster and safer means of transport have greatly reduced distance. In the past it
19、 took people eight weeks to cross the Pacific Ocean, but now an air journey, from Shanghai to New York only takes less than twenty hours. For another, the quickening pace of modern society creates more opportunities for people to visit each other. For example, business activities and cultural exchan
20、ges have made possible frequent contacts among different nations.主体结构如下：主题句子 Why is the world getting smaller and smaller?分观点 1 For one thing, faster and safer means of transport have greatly reduced distance.支持句 In the past it took people eight weeks to cross the Pacific Ocean, but now 分观点 2 For an
21、other, the quickening pace of modern society creates more opportunities for people to visit each other.支持句： For example, business activities and cultural exchanges have made frequent contacts五、如何结尾结尾是写作重要的一环，是对全文的综合与概括，或对所讨论问题做出解答或重申主题。好的结尾前后照应，起到画龙点睛的作用，使文章浑然一体。常用的结尾形式：1. 总结个人观点及意见例如: 1) In my opin
22、ion， money is useful, but people must be the owners of money instead of its slaves.2) From my point of view ,“Project Hope ”is a good way to promote the education in the rural areas.3) As for me (或 As far as I am concerned) , sports play a vital role in our life, and it should deserve further attent
23、ion from every one of us.2. 提出解决问题的必要性在 ProblemSolution Pattern 文章中常用这种结尾，往往在引言段中提出问题或现象，在主体段中分析问题的根源或后果，在结尾段提出问题的解决方法或措施。例如: 1) Therefore, it is a problem deserving our special attention how to find good ways to save water.2) In conclusion, its high time that serious consideration was given to poll
24、ution.Moreover, measures should be taken to protect people against pollution.3) In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem. Only in this way can we prohibit fake commodities from appearing on the market.3. 概括总结中心思想根据主体段对一个问题从不同角度的论证，总结全文中心思想。例如: 1) All in all, the job int
25、erview is practical and beneficial for both the interviewer and the interviewee.2) So we cant simply conclude that money is good or bad. We should make a careful, concrete and wise analysis of the matter.3) As a proverb says, “opportunities knock only once”. As long as you are qualified and prepared
26、, there are many opportunities in our society waiting for you.4) Therefore , we may safely draw the conclusion that the more advanced technology and society is，the smaller the world will be.六、检查修改检查修改是整个作文过程中必不可少的一个环节。主要检查文章是否切题，段落展开是否充分，凡与主题无关的句子一律删除，遗漏的细节要增补上去。然后再检查有无语法方面的错误（如主谓一致、时态、语态、语气、倒装、平行结构
27、、非谓语动词等） 。最后再检查标点、移行、大小写等是否正确。如果发现问题或错误，应尽快补救或修改，使文章更加完善。此外，还应做到书写工整，卷面整洁。 七、合理安排时间写作时间共 30 分钟，一般来说，前 6分钟，审题、构思；中间 20 分钟，写作；后 4 分钟，检查修改。通常，20 分钟的写作时间，平均每分钟写 56 个单词，完全能写出 100120 个词的短文。句子长度按平均每句 10 个词计算，只要写 1012 句就够了，平均每段 34 句。八、应注意的问题为了使文章富有表现力, 写作时还应学会使用一些有效手段, 使文章读起来更地道更流畅, 例如: 使用有难度的词汇；使用形容词修饰名词，用
28、副词修饰动词或整个句子；使用被动语态；使用倒装句；尽可能地使用名词，而不是习惯中的动词和形容词。第二节 常见的作文题型一. 对比观点类 写作提纲要求： 1.有人认为 ；2.另外一些人认为 ；3.谈谈你的观点和看法或结论。写作逻辑结构：Para. 1: 引出要评论的客观事物或现象; 简述人们的不同看法（只讲客观事实）Para.2: 提出支持方观点（主题句）; 分析支持的原因（只讲客观看法及原因）Para. 3: 转折过渡; 提出反对方观点（主题句）; 具体分析反对的原因（只讲客观看法及原因） Para. 4: 总结全文（强调作者个人的态度及观点）; 说明原因写作常用句型:1. In recent
29、 years, the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of has been brought to public attention. Is this phenomenon a blessing or a curse.? 2. Now, it is generally accepted that plays an important part in peoples lives. But, there is an ongoing heated discussion as to whether is a blessing or a curse.3. When it come
30、s to , some people think that is a good way, but other people do not agree with them, arguing that is better.4. Peoples opinions of vary from person to person ./ Public attitude towards varies greatly/ differs sharply.5. People who favor have their reasons. They maintain that .Besides, they emphasiz
31、e that . They go on to point out that . Nevertheless, opposite voices are now rising in the debate.（或Every coin has two sides.）Quite a few people firmly insist that . 6. The following list of advantages and disadvantages can explain everything. To begin with, there is no denying that has its advanta
32、ges. Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, However， also gives rise to some serious problems. For instance, 7. However，the controversial issue has aroused opposite opinions. One focuses on ; the other opinion revolves around 8While enjoying the convenience and comfort that bring us, we should not ignore the p
33、roblem they create.9. Despite/ For all the advantages, they brings their own disadvantages/ problems/ negative effects.10. In my opinion, despite all the disadvantages mentioned above, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. 11. To my mind, does more good than harm. As for the above problem, Im s
34、ure they will be settled by the scientists in the future. It is only a matter of time for the problems to be solved.12. In conclusion, whether is a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence can bring will not be eliminated.13. Anyhow, whet
35、her the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: have changed and will continue to change the way of our life.14. In summary, has both advantages and disadvantages. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determines
36、 its value to society.例 1 Reading Selectively Or Extensively?Outline: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书3. 我的想法范文：How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? (引出事物或观点) Everyone has his own view. (提出不同看法)Some people maintain we should read selectively. (提出一种观点或优点)They argue that with the d
37、evelopment of modern science and technology, countless books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. So we should select books we are interested in. Whats more, there are many bad books poisonous to our mind, and we should ignore them. (本段的支持性分论点) Since Reading selectively can
38、help us concentrate our limited time and attention on those selected books, we must read selectively. (本段总结）Nevertheless, others may not agree, (承上启下的过渡句) taking the view that reading extensively is better. (提出第二种观点) They emphasize that reading extensively can help to enlarge our view and grasp the
39、general knowledge in different fields. If one has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. (本段的支持性分论点) Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively. (本段总结,可略）In my opi
40、nion, both of them have something right. (平衡两种看法 ) However, the disadvantages of each methods are easy to see. (给出个人观点 ) Reading selectively, and our knowledge would be rather limited. Read extensively and we may not have so much time and energy to be specialized in one particular field. So I insist
41、 that the combination of the two methods is more reasonable.（作者的理由）例 2 Is Television a Blessing or a Curse?Outline: 1. 有人认为电视很必要；2. 有人认为电视应当受到批判；3. 你的观点或结论。范文：Nowadays, it is generally accepted that television plays an important part in peoples lives. But, there is an ongoing heated discussion as to
42、 whether television is a blessing or a curse. ( 引出问题 )People who favor television have their reasons. (提出一种观点) They argue that television keeps one better informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in politics and science, and offers an endless series of programs whi
43、ch are both instructive and stimulating. The most distant countries, the strangest customs and the most attractive scenes of nature are brought right into ones room . (本段的支持性分论点 )However, (承上启下的过渡句) quite a few others insist that television is a curse rather than a blessing. (提出第二种观点) They maintain
44、that it has brought about many serious problems. The major one is its negative effects on young people, who are now so used to getting their information, education and entertainment from television that their literacy as well as physical ability has been greatly weakened. Even worse than that, vulga
45、r commercials and indecent programs may cultivate their bad tastes, distort their viewpoints towards human life to such a degree that their minds might be corrupted. (本段的支持性分论点) To sum up, television has both advantages and disadvantages.（作者的结论）Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain, televisi
46、on in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that determines its value to society.（作者的理由）例 3 TravelingPeople who like traveling have their reasons. They maintain that traveling can help them expand their scope of knowledge, especially geographical and historical learning.
47、They go on to point out that touring will provide more chance for them to enjoy food and try on clothes that they otherwise cannot possibly have.However , those who dislike traveling argue that traveling means a considerable amount of money and energy. For example, traffic and accommodation require
48、money and walking while seeing sights often tires you.To my mind, traveling does more good than harm. If your finance and health permit, you might as well do some traveling from time to time. It will at least enable you to get familiar with people and things that you will probably grow to like and l
49、ove.例 4 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China. We have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. Sometimes even those top s
