1、智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）1高中英语从句大全句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。定义：主从复合句中的从句在整个句子中担任什么成分，就叫做什么成分从句。构成：关联词+简单句（定语从句还有先行词）状语从句还分很多种，比如条件状语 if 从句，原因状语 because从句，目的状语 so that 从句等；定语从句分限定性定语从句和分限定性定语从句1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么” 。通常用名词或代词担任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)” 。主要由动词担任。如：Ja
2、ck cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样” 。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍 )智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）24、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么” 。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写
3、了一封信)有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5 、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6 、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He oft
4、en helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课 ) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语 )同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）3Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？ )1）表语从句.引导表语从句的关联词的种类：（1）从属连词 that.如：The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。（2）从属连词 whether，as，a
5、s if.如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us.问题是他们是否能帮我们。注：从属连词 if 一般不用来引导表语从句，但 as if 却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago，but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是 20 多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词 be，seem ，look 等
6、。如：It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天要下雨了。（3）连接代词 who，whom ，whose ，what，which ，whoever，whatever，whichever连接副词 where，when ，how ，why .如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it.问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.
7、那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。解释：1.连词 because 可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much.我想这是因为你做得太多。2.在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should 可省略。如：My suggestion is that we （should ）start early tomorrow.我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。2）主语从句引导主语从句的关联词有三类：（1）从属连词 that.如：That they were in truth sisters w
8、as clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。（2）从属连词 whether.如：Whether hell come here isnt clear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）4（3）连接代词 who，whom ，whose ，what，which ，whoever，whatever，whichever连接副词 where，when ，how ，why. 如：What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened
9、is not clear to anyone.这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome.不论谁来都欢迎。Wherever you are is my home my only home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家我唯一的家。解释：1.主语从句能用 it 作形式上的主语。常以 it 作形式主语的句型有：A.It+be+形容词（obvious，true ，natural ，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely ，certain ，probable，etc.）+that 从句。如：It is certain
10、 that she will do well in her exam.毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B.It+be+名词词组（ no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc. ）+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go.很遗憾我们不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game.我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C.It+be+过去分词
11、（said，reported ，thought，expected，decided ，announced，arranged，etc.）+that 从句。如：It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D.It+seem ，happen 等不及物动词及短语+that 从句。如：It seems that Alice is n
12、ot coming to the party at all.Alice 似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doesnt matter （makes no difference ，etc. ）+连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我们在哪里开会毫无区别。F.当 that 引导的主语从句出现在疑
13、问句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week？ 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？ 他们明天不来很要紧吗？G.当主语从句出现在感叹句中时，要以 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet！ 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！2.注意连接代词 whoever，whateve
14、r，whichever 等引导主语从句的含义。Whoever comes will be welcome.（whoever=the person who）来的人将受到欢迎。Whatever he did was right.（whatever=the thing that）他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.（whichever=anyone of you who）你们当智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）5中不论哪个进来将会得到奖3）宾语从句引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：（1）从属连词 that.如：He told us
15、that he felt ill.他对我们说他感到不舒服。I know he has returned.我知道他已经回来了。注： that 在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that 不能省略。1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and 连接两个宾语从句，that 宾语从句放在 and 的后面时，that 不能省略。 ）大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道 Tom 非常害怕。2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the
16、south.（that 引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that 不能省略。 ）对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。3.That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.（ that 从句位于句首时，that 不可省略。 ）我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4.We decided，in view of his special circumstances，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主句谓语动词与 that 从句之间有插入语， that 不可省略。 ）鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决
17、定应允他一段试用期。（2）从属连词 if/whether.如：I doubt whether he will succeed.我怀疑他是否会成功。I dont know if you can help me.我不知道你能否帮助我。（3）连接代词 who，whom ，whose ，what，which ，whoever，whatever，whichever连接副词 where，when ，how ，why.如：Who or what he was，Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me a
18、bout.我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come.我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他对那天发生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要说什么。Your success wil
19、l largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）6有时介词可以省略。如：I dont care （for）who marries him.我不管谁跟他结婚。Be careful （as to）how you do that.你要注意做这件事的方式。解释：1.如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。 如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我们认为小王昨天没来
20、是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不会屈服。2.作介词的宾语：连词 that 引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except， but，in 后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词 that 引导，则需用 it 先行一步，作形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用 which 来引导，而要用 w
21、hat 来引导。如：Are you sorry for what youve done？你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？3.某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure，glad，certain ，pleased ，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied 等，连词 that 可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said.恐怕你没领会我说的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all th
22、at before.我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4.连词 whether （or not）或 if 引导的宾语从句if 和 whether 引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但 whether 常和 or not 连用，if 一般不与or not 连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。用 if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用 if 而用 wheter.试比较：Please let me
23、 know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if 从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。5.宾语从句的否定转移。在 think，believe，suppose，expect 等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。 如：I dont think you are right.我认为你错了。I dont believe they have finished their work
24、yet.我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）7I dont suppose he cares，does he？ 我想他不在意，是吗？6.宾语从句的时态变化规律：（1）当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。（2）当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳运行。4）同位语从句1.定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2.用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact，news ，idea，thought，question
25、 ，reply，report，remark 等，关联词多用从属连词 that.如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪儿听说我不能来？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词 whether 引导。如：I
26、 have no idea whether hell come or not. 我不知道他是否来。连接代词 who，which，what 和连接副词 where，when，why，how 亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。It is a question
27、how he did it.那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。解释：1.that 引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别that 引导的同位语从句that 引导的定语从句句法功能上that 只起连接从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。that 替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用，是定语如：The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.（同位语从句，that 不可省。 ）李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。The n
28、ews （that）he told me yesterday is true.（定语从句，that 在从句中作 told 的宾语，智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）8可省。 ）他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。2.一些表示“建议、命令、要求”的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should 可省。如：This is our only request that this （should）be settled as soon as possible.这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。5）状语从句由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词） 、形容词、副词或是整个
29、句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。（一）时间状语从句表示时间的状语从句可由 when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或 the moment ), by the time, no sooner than, hardly (scarcely) w
30、hen, every time等引导。e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.He started as soon as he received the news.Once you see him, you will never forget him.No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.（二）原因状语从句原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是 because, since, as , now that（既然）等，f
31、or 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because 强。e.g. He is disappointed because he didnt get the position.As it is raining, I will not go out.Now that you mention it, I do remember.（三）地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是 where 和 wherever 等。e.g. Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.（四）目的状语从句引导目的状语从句最常用的
32、词（组）是 so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词） , in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.He left early in case he should miss the train.（五）结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由 so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so
33、 that, such that 等引导。 e.g. She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting.智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）9He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.（六）条件状语从句条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有 if, unless, so (as) long a
34、s, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的 if 不能用whether 替换。e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you
35、 dont go too far away from the river bank.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.（七）让步状语从句让步状语从句可由 although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether or, no matter who (when, what, ) 等引导。注意：as 引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as he
36、 is, he knows a lot.Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, Ill never change my mind.（八）方式状语从句方式状语从句常由 as, as if (though), the way, rather than 等引导。e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.He acted as if nothing had happened.（九）比较状语从句比较状语从句常用 than, so (as) as, the more the more 等引导。e.g. I have mad
37、e a lot more mistakes than you have.He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.The busier he is, the happier he feels.使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。e.g. Well go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow.Ill write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步
38、从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是 it） ，从句的谓语又包含动词 be ，就可省略从句中的 “主语 + be”部分。e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.If (you are) asked you may come in.If (it is) necessary Ill explain to you again.3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以 where 为例，能引导多种从句。e.g. You are to find i
39、t where you left it.（地点状语从句）Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）I dont know where he came from.（宾语从句）智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）10Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）6）定语从句定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所
40、修饰的先行词后面。2. 先行词:是定语从句的关系词前面的被定语从句所修饰的名词、代词.在定语从句中充当一定的成分. 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 where, when, why 等。关系词常有3 个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，在定语从句中担当一个成分。3，代替先行词。Note：关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系
41、副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)先行词和关系词二合一 A)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) B)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用 all that 代替 ) 限定性定语从句一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在
42、从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略。eg ：this is the book （which）you want。而且，如果 which 在从句中作“不及物动词介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词 which 的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which 作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与 which 之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用 which，但在带有下列词的句子中用 that 而不用 which，这些词包括当先行词是 anything, everything, nothing , none 等不定代词时，或
43、者是由 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时等，这时的 that 常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有 which 时,都只能用 that4. who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose 是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的
44、意思一样。二、关系副词（在句中作状语）关系副词=介词+ 关系代词why=for which智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）11where=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)1. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。2. when 引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是，表示时间“time“一词的定语从句只用 when 引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用 that 引导。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed the
45、re for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 来引导There is some
46、body here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I b
47、ought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to va
48、por, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词 why 和关系代词 that，而用 who, whom 代表人，用 which,whose 代表事物.；注意2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last ye
49、ar, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。智汇教室（高分教育培训中心）123.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时 as 也可用作关系代词5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词 why 和关系代词 that，而用 who, whom 代表人，用 which,whose 代表事物.；关于：介词+关系词介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studie
