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类型语言学 Chapter 3.doc

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    1、Chapter 3: Tables and ExercisesTable 3.2 Some of the features required for classifying English sounds.Feature nameClassificatory possibilitiesEnglish segments+voice b, d, g, m, n, v, 3 ,d , , , z, w, r, l, j (and all vowels)Voice-voice p, t, k, f, s, , labial p, b, m, f, vdenti-alveolar , , t, d, n,

    2、 s, z, l, rpalatal , 3, j (and front vowels)Placevelar k, g, w ( and back vowels)stop p, t, k, b, d, g, m, nfricative f, s, v, z, , 3, , StopApproximant w, r, l, j (and all vowels)+nasal m, n, Nasal-nasal ( all other speech sounds)+lateral lLateral-lateral ( all other speech sounds)+sibilant s, z, ,

    3、 3 , t, dSibilant-sibilant ( all other speech sounds)maximum ( all consonants except w, j )4 height i: , u:, w, j3 height ei, i, u, u2 height e, Height1 height , :+back u: , u, :, , u, :, w, k, gBack-back i, i:, ei, e, ( and all other consonants)+syllabic all vowels and some consonants as m, n, , l,

    4、 rSyllabic-syllabic all other consonants, including w, j .(Taken from Ladefoged, P. 1982: 39 with some minute revision)音节 n 成音节 e 不成音节除阻 t d送气 a d 无声除阻 d 鼻音除阻 d 边音除阻发音 n d 浊音清化 s t 浊化 b a 漏气音 b b a 吱嘎音发音部位 t d 齿化 t d 舌唇化 t d 舌尖化 t d 舌叶化 u t 较前 i t 较后 较央 e 中央化 e 较高(抬)( = 有声齿龈嘶音擦音 ) e 较低(降)( = 双唇近音)协同

    5、发音 x 更圆唇 x 更展唇 t d 唇化或唇-软颚化 t d 颚化 t d 软腭化 t a 喉壁化 t d 唇-卷舌化 z 软腭化或喉壁化 e o 舌根前移 e o 舌根后移 z 鼻音化 卷舌化( 2 ) V(owel) +nasal / _ + nasal $This rule can be explained in the following way piece by piece:V +nasal / _ + nasal $Vowels become nasalized in the before nasal within aenvironment segments syllable(8

    6、) The syllable structure for the words with one syllable: Onset RhymeNucleus Codas p l i n t s splints (10). The syllable structure for words with more than one syllable Onset Rhyme Onset RhymeNucleus Coda Nucleus Codas e n t r l sentrl central(11) Some examples for the words with one syllable.Front

    7、 onset onset back onset vowel front coda coda back coda back coda back coda (1) (2) (3) Nucleus onset (peak) coda e.g.: eye ai aiit i t itme m i: mi:bit b i t bitscrimps s k r i m p s skrimpsscreen s k r i: n skri:ntwelfths t w e l f s twelfs(12) Different intonations representing different attitude

    8、s of the speaker(Radford 2000:48).a. b. c. d. e. me me ? me! me me ?!eat peas eat peas ? eat peas ! eat peas eat peas ?! A simple statement, a question, a strong assertion, a matter of fact assertion, disbeliefEXERCISES(Exercise I, II, III are adapted from the exercises 299-310 in Fromkin,et al.(200

    9、7), Exercises IV, V are revised according to those provided in Radford (2000): 101-102. )Exercises IMinimal pairs can be used to find the phonemes of the particular language; find the sets of minimal pairs for each pair of English consonants given below:/k/ -/g/, /b/-/m/, /l/-/r/, /p/-/f/, /s/-/, /t

    10、/- /d/, /e/-/, /n/-/, /- /, /i/-/i:/,Exercises IIIn some dialects of English, the following words have different vowels, as is shown by the phonetic transcriptions (in American transcription ai is transcribed as aj):A. B. C.bite bjt bide bajd die dajrice rjs rise rajz by bajripe rjp bribe brajb sigh

    11、 sajwife wjf wives wajvz rye rajdike djk dime dajm guy gaja. How may the classes of sounds that end the words in columns A and B be characterized? that is, what feature specifies all the final segments in A and all the final segments in B ?b. How do the words in column C differ from those in columns

    12、 A and B ?c. Are j and aj in complementary distribution? Give your reasons.d. Give the phonetic representations of the following words as they would be spoken in the dialect described here:Life , lives , lie , file , bike , lice e. Formulate a rule that will relate the phonemic representations to th

    13、e phonetic representations of the words given above. Exercises IIIConsider the following English verbs. Those in column A have stress on next-to-last syllable, whereas the verbs in column B and C have their last syllable stressed.A. B. C.astonish collapse amazeexit exist improveimagine resent surpri

    14、secancel revolt combineelicit adopt believepractice insist atonea. Transcribe the words under columns A, B, and C phonemically.( Use a schwa for the unstressed vowels.)b. Consider the phonemic structure of the stressed syllables in these verbs. What is the difference between the final syllables of t

    15、he verbs in columns A and B? Formulate a rule that predicts where stress occurs in the verbs in columns A and B.c. In the verbs in column C, stress also occurs on the final syllable. What must you add to the rule to account for this fact ? ( Hint: for the forms in columns A and B, the final consonan

    16、ts had to be considered; for the forms in column C, consider the vowels.)Exercises IVRecall that the symbol = means an unaspirated consonant and the symbol h means aspiration. Show how the pattern of data below can be explained by the Maximal Onset Principle. Assume that separate words are syllablif

    17、ied separately.1a. stub st =b 2a. spare sp= e 3a. scar sk= : b. this tub is t h b b. this pear is p h ea b. this car is k h :c. disturb dist=:b c. despair disp= e c. discard disk=:dExercises VBreak the following words into syllables, and applying the Maximal Onset Principle, identify the onsets, nuc

    18、lei and codas by providing a diagram such as that in (10).a, comfortable, b, secretary, c, cooperation, d, confessional.Exercises VIIn the discussion of the phonological rules, we have a deletion rule stated as Delete a /g/ when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Thus, in the pairs like sign

    19、/ signature, design / designation, paradigm / paradigmatic, there is not a phonetic g in the first word; but in the pairs like gnosis / agnostic, the pronunciation of the first word is also lack a phonetic g. Can you give a more general rule describing these data ?Exercises VIISuppose / d / is the b

    20、asic form of the pronunciation of the past-tense morpheme ed; given the following data, please form some rules to explain the past-tense formation of regular verbs as those in section 3.Set A: grab grb, grabbed grbd, hug hg, hugged hgd; faze feiz, fazed feizd; roam rum, roamed rumd.Set B: reapri:p,

    21、reaped ri:pt; poke puk, poked pukt; kiss kis, kissed kist; patch pt, patched pttSet C. fight fait, fighted faitd, load lud, loaded luddExercises VIIIIn the pronunciation of the word speak sp=i:k, bean bi:n, the phonemes /p/, /i:/ may be described according to its phonetic features as the following:/p/: voiceless, labial, stop, unaspirated, /i:/: voiced, high, front, spread, nasalized. Among these features, which features may be distinctive, which are nondistinctive features? Give the reasons to support your argument.

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