1、模块 5 第 1 单元语法讲解过去分词的语法功能 (一)作定语和表语山东 刘永科【导言】过去分词，跟动词不定式、动名词、现在分词一样，都属于“非谓语动词”的一种形式，它在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。过去分词的构成是: V+ed，不规则动词的过去分词需单独记忆。由于过去分词跟 be 可以构成被动语态，跟 have, had 构成完成时态，所以，过去分词具备两大特征：被动和完成。过去分词无论在句中作何种成分，被其修饰的成分或者其逻辑主语与它的关系一般是被动的关系，而且往往具有完成的意味。下面重点讲解过去分词作定语和表语。一、过去分词作定语过去分词的主要功能之一是作定语，相当于一个定语从
2、句，然而它比定语从句更加简练。1. 过去分词作定语的位置(1) 过去分词短语作定语，应放在被修饰词之后。例如：ordinary people exposed to cholera (受到霍乱感染的普通人)a laboratory built last year (去年建的实验室)a game designed for children (专为孩子设计的游戏)the girl dressed in blue clothes (穿蓝衣服的女孩)(2) 单个的过去分词作定语，往往放在被修饰词之前。例如：He is an experienced teacher. 他是个有经验的教师。This is a
3、n organized trip. 这是一次有组织的旅行。Some villagers died from polluted water. 有些村民死于被污染的水.She has a broken heart. 她有一颗破碎的心。(3) 但是，有些单个的过去分词，在习惯上或者因为受到某些限制(如被修饰词前有 all, every 和最高级等)，则放在被修饰词之后。例如：There is little time left. Lets hurry up. 剩余的时间不多了，我们赶快吧。The time given is not enough. 所提供的时间不充足。The room temperat
4、ure needed is 15C. 房间里所需温度是 15 度。This is best hotel known. 这是一家人所共知的最好的旅馆。All the members concerned are present. 所有相关的人都到了。注意：有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同。试比较：This is a used car. 这是一辆旧车。The method used is very efficient. 所用的这个方法很有效。2. 过去分词作定语相当于一个定语从句(1) 过去分词作定语相当于一个定语从句，其“被动”和“完成”的含义可以在定语从句中体现出来。例如：An organ
5、ized trip is a trip that is organized by a travel agency. (被动的含义)John Snow helped the ordinary people exposed to cholera. = John Snow helped the ordinary people who had been exposed to cholera. (完成的含义)(2) 由于过去分词的一个显著特点是“完成” ，所以过去分词作定语时不用完成时态，而完成时态多用于过去分词作状语的情况下。例如：The building completed last year is
6、 a school library. (正)The building having been completed last year is a school library. (误)(3) 扩展成的定语从句一定是被动语态，而且时态要和主句的时态相呼应。Many people die from the polluted air (= the air which has been polluted) every year. 每年有许多人死于空气污染。The book, published last month (= which was completed last month), sells we
7、ll now. 这本书是上个月出版的，现在很畅销。3. 过去分词作定语和不定式的被动语态、动词-ing 形式的被动语态作定语的区别：The railway built last year connects the village to a large city. (已经修建)The railway to be built next year will connect the village to a large city. (将要修建)The railway being built next year will connect the village to a large city. (正在修
8、建)二、过去分词作表语过去分词作表语，就是说过去分词用在包括 be 在内的系动词之后，可以理解为系表结构，而不是被动语态。在这种情况下，过去分词实际上已经变成了形容词。例如：The teacher was pleased with my answer to the question.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people
9、.She looked very disappointed when she heard the news.(1) 英语中有大量的“使令性动词” ，如 satisfy, frighten, amuse, amaze, embarrass, surprise, astonish, shock, bore, tire, delight, disappoint, discourage, encourage, excite, interest, annoy, fascinate, upset, puzzle, confuse, please, frustrate 等，这些动词往往表示人的感情变化，意为
10、“使怎么样” 。由于“人”是这些动词的接收者，所以这些词无论作定语还是表语，都用过去分词形式。例如：The news excited all of us. That means the news was exctiting, and we were all excited at the news.(2) 如果这个过去分词强调的是动作，而不是状态，那么就是被动语态，而不是过去分词作表语。试比较：The vase is broken. It isnt worth so much money. (系表结构)The vase was broken by my little brother yester
11、day. (被动语态)The article is written in simple English. (系表结构)The article was written in 1990. (被动语态)模块 5 第 1 单元语法练习一、用所给动词的正确形式完成下列句子：1. Richard felt _ with their _ service at the hotel. (satisfy)2. The movie was _. Rose was greatly _. (move)3. Sophia wasnt _ though her answer was _. (discourage)4. Je
12、nny is _ at the _ news. (surprise)5. The cartoon was _ and Victor was very _ in it. (interest)6. William became _ at his _ job. (bore)7. The tiger looked _, but Lily wasnt _. (frighten)8. His speech was very _. Mary became _. (inspire)9. Charles wasnt _ though the story you had told was _. (amuse)10
13、. The scene was quite _. Catherine got _. (amaze)11. The result of the examination was _, so Judy became _. (disappoint)12. The great mans death was _. Henry became _ at it. (astonish)13. Karen felt _ at the _ party last night. (excite)14. The noise is very _. Peter has become _. (annoy)15. Nancy wa
14、s _ by his _ question. (puzzle)16. Your explanation is _. Mark has got _. (confuse)17. Alice felt _ because there was an _ silence. (embarrass)18. The trains delay was _. Bill felt _. (frustrate)19. Hellen is _ because she has made _ progress in her study. (please)20. Anne was _ by my _ words. (enco
15、urage)21. Samuel felt _ when he heard her _ words. (upset)22. Julia became _ of the _ lecture by the professor. (tire)23. David was _ by the _ buildings in the old city. (fascinate)24. Nina was _ because there had been several _ phone calls. (disturb)25. Andrew felt _ when he saw the _ battle in the
16、 film. (terrify)(1.satisfied, satisfying 2.moving, moved 3.discouraged, discouraging 4.surprised, surprising 5.interesting, interested 6.bored, boring 7.frightening, frightened 8.inspiring, inspired 9.amused, amusing 10.amazing, amazed 11.disappointing, disappointed 12.astonishing, astonished 13.exc
17、ited, exciting 14.annoying, annoyed 15.puzzled, puzzling 16.confusing, confused 17.embarrassed, embarrassing 18.frustrating, frustrated 19.pleased, pleasing 20.encouraged, encouraging 21.upset, upsetting 22.tired, tiring 23.fascinated, fascinating 24.disturbed, disturbing 25.terrified, terrifying)二、
18、过去分词自我测评：(提示：答案后括号中的 No.4 意味着“第 4 题” ，你选的答案是否正确，可以从中得到判断。答案后括号中的 T 意味着“正确” ，F 意味着“错误” 。)1. The family couldnt provide him with the money _ for his advanced education.A. to need (See No.4) B. needed (See No.5)2. You are wrong. Please compare your answer with the following, and then go back to the cor
19、rect choice.We are now preparing for the sports meeting _ next week.A. to be held (T) B. held (F)3. You are right. Please go on to the next question.The novel _ in simple English is easy for us students to read.A. written (See No.7) B. writing (See No.6)4. You are wrong. Please compare your answer w
20、ith the following, and then go back to the correct choice.John is very busy today because he has a long report _ for his biology group.A. to write (T) B. written (F)5. You are right. Please go on to the next question.Mary is satisfied with the present _ by her fellow students.B. bought (See No.3) C.
21、 to be bought (See No.2)6. You are wrong. Please compare your answer with the following, and then go back to the correct choice.The lady _ at the desk is our new English teacher.A. writing (T) B. written (F)7. You are right. Please go on to the next question.The bridge _ last June is of great import
22、ance to this area.A. being built (See No.10) B. built (See No.9)8. You are wrong. Please compare your answer with the following, and then go back to the correct choice.It is _ for me to make speeches in public, because I am not good at talking.A. embarrassing (T) B. embarrassed (F)9. You are right.
23、Please go on to the next question.We are very much moved by the story _ by the little girl.A. having been told (See No.14) B. told (See 11)10. You are wrong. Please compare your answer with the following, and then go back to the correct choice.The man _ by a news reporter now is our headmaster.A. in
24、terviewed (F) B. being interviewed (T)11. You are right. Please go on to the next question.The fans became _ and shouted for their team.A. excited (See 13) B. exciting (See No.12)12. You are wrong. Please compare your answer with the following, and then go back to the correct choice.The game was so
25、_that I forgot all about my supper.A. excited (F) B. excting (T)13. You are right. Please go on to the next question.The girl looked _when she was unable to answer the teachers question.A. embarrassed (See No.1) B. embarrassing (See No.8)14. You are wrong. Please compare your answer with the followi
26、ng, and then go back to the correct choice._around the library, we were taken to the lab.A. Having been shown (T) B. Shown (F)模块 5 第 1 单元英语问答（这篇问答，同时还有一篇是 divide 和 separate 的词义辨析，我曾在模块 8 第 4 单元写过，您选用了后者。今天再把这篇问答发给您，我觉得可以。 ）【问】老师，在本单元课文中有这样一个句子：So many thousands of terrified people died every time th
27、ere was an outbreak. 请问在这个句子中 every time 是个什么成分，起什么作用呢?【答】要弄清 So many thousands of terrified people died 和 there was an outbreak 是什么关系，首先要知道 every time 的作用。现代英语中，every time 已成为连词，引导时间状语从句，意思跟 when, whenever 差不多。由此看出，上面的句子是一个复合句(主从句) 。又如：Every time I catch a cold, I have pain in my back. 我每次感冒背就疼痛。有些
28、名词性词组，如 the minute, the moment, the instant, the day, the week, the year, the first time, next time, any time, every time, each time, the last time, from the time, by the time 等，都可以当作连词用，引导时间状语从句。如：I recognized you the minute I saw you. 我一见你就认出了你。The machine starts the moment the button is pressed.
29、按钮一按，机器便开始作。He called on me the day he arrived. 他来的那一天就访问了我。We were there the week it snowed so heavily. 雪下得很大的那一周我们在那里。The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous.我第一次爬到墙上去时，感到胆怯。Next time you come, you will see the scientist. 你下次来时就会见到那位科学家。You are welcome to come back any time you want
30、 to. 你想回来随时可回来。Each time the traveler traveled by boat he got seasick. 这位旅客每次坐船行时都晕船。The last time she saw James, he was lying in bed. 她最后一次看到詹姆士的时候，他躺在床上。The truck will have arrived by the time you have all the things packed up. 到你把一切东西都捆好时，卡车也就来了。甚至有些副词如 immediately, directly 等，也可以用作连词引导状语从句。如：You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes. 这位先生一来，你立即引他进来。There was a dead silence directly he appeared. 他一出现，便一片沉寂。（山东省潍坊第七中学 刘永科）
