1、教师:_ 学生:_ 年级:_ 时间:_年_月_日 一、授课目的与考点分析:二、授课内容:初中英语语法讲解:被动语态语态是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。被动语态(一般现在时)主动语态变被动语态时,主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语,主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。被动语态的口诀一般现、过用 be +过去分词,be 有人称、时、数变。 完成时态 have(has) done,被动将 bee
2、n 加中间。一般将来 shall (will) do,被动变 do 为 be done。 将来进行无被动,shall (will) be doing,现在完成进行同,have (has) been doing。 现、过进行 be doing, 被动 be 加 being done。情、助、有、是妥安排,一律随新主语变。 否定助后加 not,疑问一助置主前。主语恰是疑问词,直陈语序主在前。 一般情助加 be done,双宾多将间宾变。复合宾语宾变主,宾补、主补相应变。1.一般现在时 isamare+P.P(过去分词) 2.一般过去时 waswere+P.P3.一般将来时 will be+P.P
3、4.现在进行时 isamare+being(固定不变)+P.P5.过去进行时 waswere+being(固定不变)+P.P 6.现在完成时 havehas been+P.P7.过去完成时 had been+P.P第二句“be 有人称、时、数变“即 be 有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。“ 情助“是指情态动词和助动词 must,may,can,shall ,will 等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。“疑问一助置主前“ 是说有两个助动词的话,应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之。一般现、过用 be done, be 有人称、时、数变例:、主动:The
4、 children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.被动:The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。、主动:People regard him as brilliant.被动:He is regarded as brilliant by people. 人们认为他很有才华。以上两例都是一般时态用 be done 的例子,be 有人称、时、数变,第三人称 foreign friends 是复数,时态一般过去时,所以“be done“就是 were
5、given,而 People regard him as brilliant 一句,被动后的“be done“就变成单数第三人称 is regarded 的形式了。被动: This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. (was delivered 即一般过去时的被动态)这篇讲演是王的发言。There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured.边境发生非常严重列车事故,两人死亡,十二人受伤。A person who
6、 is truly honest is called a straight arrow. 直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。A note was passed up to the speaker. 有人给讲演者递上来一张纸条。John was elected president of the class instead of Harry. 乔治被选为班长而代替了亨利。Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct. 火山被描述为活的,沉睡着的,或者死的。The soldier was killed, but the train was s
7、aved. 这位战士牺牲了,然而列车得救了。He was thought to be clever but dishonest. 他被认为很聪明但不诚实。(别人认为他很聪明但不诚实)The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874. 美国的第一个动物园是 1874年建立的。Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands and children from their parents. 家庭被拆散,妻儿被
8、夺走。The information is urgently needed. 急需这个资料。Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past. 多数环境污染问题的存在,是因为过去没有采取适当的保护措施。完成时态 have done,被动将 been 加中间。 (过去完成时 had done 也包括在内)。例:、主动:We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare
9、-time school.被动:English has been studied for 3 years by us off and on at the spare-time school. (have 随新主语变为 has) 我们已经在夜校里断断续续地学了三年英语了。、主动: They had produced 100 tractors by the end of last year.被动: 100 tractors had been produced by the end of last year. 到去年年底我们已生产出一百台拖拉机。、主动:They have set up a powe
10、r station in their home town.被动:A power station has been set up in their home town. 他们的家乡建立了一座发电站。、主动:They have warned us to be careful of rats.被动:We have been warned to be careful of rats. 他们已提醒我们要注意老鼠。、主动:People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.被动: Plastic bags full of rubbish ha
11、ve been piled in streets. 人们把装满垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。、主动:We have used nuclear energy to produce electricity. 被动:Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity. 核能已用来发电。、主动:No one has ever beaten him at tennis.被动:He has never been beaten at tennis. 就网球来说还没有人是他的对手。(No one 涉及到全否定和部分否定问题 )The person who own
12、s the gun may try to deny that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just been fired.有枪的人会极力否认他开了枪。但是任何看到枪烟(枪冒的烟)的人都会知道刚才开了枪。Today is Cilias wedding day, she has just been married to Bob今天是西丽亚的新婚日,她刚刚和鲍勃结婚。The subjects of these lectures have been announced by the lecture comm
13、ittee.演讲委员会已宣布了这些讲演的题目。过去完成时也是一样:主动: Somebody had cleaned my shoes.被动: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.有人早已把我的鞋子擦了。When I returned I found that they had towed my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that it was because I had parked it under a “No Parking Sign“.被动:my car ha
14、d been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that . it had been parked under a “No Parking Sign“.当我回来时,发现我的车被弄走了。我问他们为啥这么于。他们告诉我说因为我把车于停在“禁止停车“ 的禁区。主动:They had build three ships by last December.被动: By last December three ships had been built by them. 到去年年底他们已建造了三艘船。一般将来 shall (will) d
15、o,被动变 do 为 be done 即由 shall do 或 will do 变为 shall done 或 will be done。例:主动: We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year.被动:Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year.过年我市将建立几座大型现代化的发电厂。(shall do 中的 shall 要随新主语变为 will, do 为 be done.)主动:I shall send my
16、 second boy to school next September.被动:My second boy will be sent to school next September. 过年九月我将送我次子去读书。主动:They will ask you a lot of strange questions.被动: You will be asked a lot of strange questions. 他们将问你许多怪题。被动句中的 by 引出的宾语,一般说来,如果是人称代词你、我、他等,均可省略,someone no one 不由 by 来引出。主动:The Chinese people
17、 will make more space explorations in the future.被动:More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.中国人民在将来将进行更多的空间探索。同样After a period of use, the batteries should be changed. 电池使用一段时间后,应该更换。Usually, the electricity is on for 24 hours. But tomorrow it will be cut off in the
18、day time.通常是昼夜供电,明天白天将停电。More peaceful uses will be found for nuclear explosives in the future. 在将来会发现更多的和平利用核爆炸的途径。More hard work will be needed to make this wonder come true in a short time from now. 从现在起要使这些奇迹在短时间内成为现实还需要做更多的艰苦工作。e true 使成为事实; come true 做宾补 The machine will not be used again. 这机器
19、不能再用了。Will more gas be needed? 需要更多的煤气吗?但如果是一般过去将来时如何处理呢?请记下面口诀:一般过去将来时,过去某时将发生。主动 should (would) do,被动 be done 代原形。将来进行无被动,现在完成进行同。主动:A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time.被动:.whether the new plan would be carried out ahead of time.几天前,我们
20、还不能肯定能否提前执行新的计划。主动:I did not say that we would change the equipment.被动:I did not say that the equipment would be changed. 我并没说过,我们将换掉那台设备。主动:My supervisor told me that he would give me a special tutorial a few days ago.被动:My supervisor told me that a special tutorial would be given to me a few days
21、ago.几天前,我的导师说他将对我进行个别辅导。主动: I never thought that be would bring me the information so early.被动:I never thought that the information would be brought to me so early.我决没想到他那么早就会把资料带给我。将来进行无被动,shall (will) be doing, 现在完成进行同have (has) been doing,即将来进行时表示动作在将来某一时刻或某个阶段正在进行现在完成进行时表示某-行为发生在过去延续到现在,可能还要延续下去
22、。两种时态则不用被动语态。例;We hope your comany will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment. (将来进行时) 我们希望贵公司早些派一名工程师来检查这台设备。IWe hope scientists will be tapping new energy sources to meet the need for power. 我们希望科学家们将发掘新的能源来满足能量的需要。(将来进行时)What will you be doing this evening? 今晚你将做什么? (将来进行时)I ha
23、ve been living in Anshan Since 1980(现在完成进行时 ) 1980 年以来,我一直住在鞍山。How long have you been studying English? 你学英语多久了?(现在完成进行时)We have been waiting at the airport for the because of the thick fog. 由于大雾,我们已经在机场等了一整天了。 (现在完成进行时)现、过进行 be doing,被动 be 加 being done即现在进行时或过去进行时都是 be 的人称、时和数的形式加 doing。而被动态则是 be 加
24、上 being done 的形式, being 是不变的。现在进行时和过去进行时的被动态是被动态个的重点,容易搞错。例如:主动:The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute.被动:The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being repaired by the workers.工人们正在维修东北工学院主楼。Two reservoirs are being built at the same ti
25、me. 两座水库同时建造。We could not get through because the February 19th Road was being repaired. 我们过不去,因二.一九路正维修呢。情、助、有、是妥安排,一律随新主语变。带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂。要随新的主语来变化,这些词如 can, could;will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need 需要;have to 不得不;be going to; to able to; used to; seem to; happen
26、to 等。例如: 主动 : We must keep this in mind.被动:This must be kept in mind. 我们必须把这个记在心里。主动:We can put the refrigerator in that place. (refrigerator=freezer.)被动:The refrigerator can be put in that place. 我们可以把电冰箱放在那个地方。主动:We shall not use the washing machine again. 被动:The washing machine will not be used a
27、gain.我们不能再用那台洗衣机了。 原来的谓语 shall use 被动态中随新主语变为 will主动: We shall take more measures to prevent corrosion.被动: More measures will be taken to prevent corrosion. (shall 变 will)我们将采取更多的措施来防止腐蚀。I ought to be criticized for it. 我应该为此受到批评.All this has to be solved with great care. 这一切得认真解决。The lobby is going
28、 to be rebuilt. 门厅将重建。The exhibition is to be opened tomorrow. 展览会将在明日开放。再如: 主动:We shall have to adopt a different attitude.被动:A different attitude will have to be adopted. 我们将不得不采取另一种态度 .主动:You are to leave the bag here.被动: The bag is to be left here. (are to 随新主语变为 is to) 你应把包裹放在这儿。主动:They used to
29、 start these engines by hand.被动:These engines used to be started by hand. 过去他们用手启动马达。主动: We are going to paint the wall green.被动:The all is going to be painted green. 我们打算把墙刷成绿色。主动:You neednt type this letter.被动:This letter need not be typed. (ought to, need 是不变助动词) 你不必把这封信打字。主动:John seems to like M
30、ary very much.被动:Mary seems to be liked very much by John. 看来约翰非常喜欢玛丽。主动:The boy happened to meet her in the street.被动:She happened to be met in the street by the boy. 这个男孩碰巧在街上遇到了她。主动:It must have disappointed him terribly that people told him they didnt want him.被动:He must have been terribly disap
31、pointed to be told he wast wanted.人们告诉他,他们不需要他,这一定已经使得他特别失望.主动:You should bear in mind that he wasnt present.被动: That he wasnt present should be borne in mind.或 It should be borne in mind that he wasnt present. 你应记住他未出席。主动:You should have taken those books back to the library.被动:Those books should h
32、ave been taken back to the library. 你本该把这些书带回图书馆去。主动:They may have left it in the sun.被动:It may have been left in the sun. 他们可能已把它放在阳光下了。应指出的很多人把 We study diligently 和 She could see herself clearly in the mirror.都硬行变成被动了, 殊不知不及物词通常是没有被动态的。关于不及物动词反身代词动词,同源宾语动词系词感官使役动词,短语动词的被动态。主动句变为被动句所遵循的 4 个步骤:1.把原
33、主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语2.把动词变为被动形式即 be +过去分词,并注意其人称和数随主语的变化,而动词的时态则保持不变。3.原主动句的主语如需要则放在 by 后面以它 的宾格形式出现(注代词的宾格),如不需要则可省略。4.其它的成分(定语、状语)不变。不用被动语态的情况1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态(即多数的瞬间动词):appear, die(死亡),disappear (消失), end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, standbreak out, come true, fall asleep,
34、keep silence, lose heart, take place.After the fire, very little remained of my house.比较: rise, fall, happen 是不及物动词;raise, seat 是及物动词。(错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen.(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week.(错) The price has raised. (对) The p
35、rice has been raised.(错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated.要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语:fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part i
36、n, walk into, belong toThis key just fits the lock.Your story agrees with what had already been heard.3) 系动词无被动语态:appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnIt sounds good.4) 带同源宾语的及物动词,反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态:die, death, dream, live, life She dream
37、ed a bad dream last night.5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。(对) She likes to swim. (错 ) To swim is liked by her.PS:有些动词可以带双宾语在用于被动结构时,主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时,直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面;直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语前通常加上介词 for/toHe was asked a number of questions at the press conference.在记者招待会上人们问了他很多问题They are taught a lot of things in the kinderg
38、artens.他们在幼儿园被教给很多东西。A new MP4 was given to him as birthday present/gift.作为生日礼物他收到了一个新 MP4。【特别提醒】有些动词后跟不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语,但改为被动结构后要加上 “to”。例如We heard him sing in his room just now.-He was heard to sing in his room just now.刚才听到他在房间中唱歌。一、 被动语态的用法:1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom i
39、s cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard by my mother.Knives are used for cutting things.2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.Many
40、 man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right
41、now.The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are planting trees over there. Trees are being planted over there by them.7. 不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动
42、词的过去分词There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted.二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤:1. 先找出谓语动词;2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语;3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语;4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week.2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this
43、morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.3. He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far.4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.5. Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now.6. You must
44、lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave.三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题:1. 不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well. This new book sells well.3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略 to 的动词不定式,主动语态中不带 to ,但变为被动语态时,须加
45、上 to 。例:make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do
46、 heavy work by the boss.4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father.5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副
47、词。We cant laugh him. He cant be laugh by us.He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.三、本次课后作业:四、学生对于本次课的评价: 特别满意 满意 一般 差学生签字:初中被动语态练习题1. ( ) 1 The Peoples Republic of China
48、_ on October 1, 1949. A. found B. was founded C. is founded D. was found( ) 2 English _ in Canada. A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken( ) 3 This English song_ by the girls after class. A. often sings B. often sang C. is often sang D. is often sung( ) 4 This kind of car _ in Japan. A,
49、 makes B. made C. is making D. is made( ) 5 New computers _ all over the world. A. is used B. are using C. are used D. have used2 ( ) 1 Our room must _ clean. A. keep B. be kept C. to be kept D. to keep( ) 2 -Id like to buy that coat.-Im sorry. _. A. it sold B. its selling C. Its been sold D. it had been sold3 A new house _ at the corner of the road. A. is building B. is being built C. been built D.