英语备课 - 主谓一致问题.doc

1、1主谓一致问题1、常考的是主语有 and 但实际指同一个人的情况，当用单数。2、Here/there 需要注意。3、成对连词比较重要。4、单数形式却代表复数内容的词有/ people police cattle poultry（家禽） vermin（害虫） clergy（神职人员） militia（民兵）clothes,5、复数形式的单复同形名词作主语时，以意义一致原则论，表单数时用单数式，表复数时用复数式。如means/works/news/species/Chinese/Japanese.6、一些集体名词根据表达侧重的不同既可为单数也可为复数，如 population family cla

2、ss team government company club crowd committee crew jury party firm couple board group gang enemy union audience public mankind humanity youth。以及 a group crowd of+复数也是也是如此。7、店铺名一般作为集体名词看待，谓语习惯用复数。8、More than one 和 many a 虽然表复数，但谓语用单数。9、Sales 作为复数看待。主谓一致 1. 语法一致的原则2. 意义一致的原则3. 邻近一致的原则1. 语法一致的原则（1）以单

3、数名词或代词，动词不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词要用单数;主语为复数时，谓语用复数，例如：He goes to school early every morning.The children are playing outside.To work hard is necessary for a student.（2）由 and 或 bothand 连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Both he and I are right.Mr Black and Mrs Black have a son called Tom.注：虽然由 and 连接，但实际上是指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概

4、念时，谓语动词应当用单数。这时应注意冠词的用法，例如：His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.The poet and writer has come.There is a knife and fork on the table.Here is a needle and thread for you.The bread and butter has gone bad.Bread and butter tastes good.Bread and butter is a daily food in the west.cf. The bread and

5、the butter taste good.在某些谚语中，由 and 连接的两个并列主语表示同一概念时，谓语动词一般用单数，如：All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.（3）由 and 连接的并列单数主语之前如果分别由 each, every 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式（此时强调的是每个） 。例2如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right t

6、o receive education.Each man and each woman is asked to help.（4）主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有 but ,except, besides, with as well as 等介词短语，谓语动词仍用单数（实际上作修饰语的介词结构不影响主语）,这也称为就远原则 。例如：The teacher with his students is going to visit the museum.Nobody but two boys was late for class.（5） 一些只有复数形式的名词，如 people, police, cattl

7、e, clothes 等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。例如：A lot of people are dancing outside.The police are looking for lost boy.（6）由 each, some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词都用单 数。例如：Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.（7）有两部分构成的物体的名词，如 glasses, shoes, trousers, chopsticks, scissors 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Where are my

8、shoes? I cant find them.Your trousers are dirty. Youd better change them.如果这类名词前用了 a pair of 等，则往往用作单数，谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于 pair 的单复数形式。例如：Here are some new pairs of shoes.My new pair of socks is on the bed.（8）由 some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词作主语时，都作单数看待，谓语动词用单数，例如：Something is wrong with the machine.Nobody

9、 knows where Tom lives.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Nobody wants to go there, does he?Is anybody going to tell him the news?Everything is ready.There is nobody in the house.Someone wants to see you.（9） 、 “many a(n) +单数动词”在意义上表示复数，且强调数量之多，但其谓语动词应使用单数，如：Many a foreign guest has come

10、to China to visit the Great Wall.Many a boy has made such a funny experiment.Many a man has sacrificed his life for the cause of the revolution.注：当 a good / great many +复数名词作主语时，谓语动词应用复数，如：There are a great many students working in the room.（10） 、 “more than one +单数名词”作主语，尽管意思为“不止一个” ，但因有 one ，谓语动词要

11、用单数，如：More than one person was dismissed.More than one person has made the suggestion.More than one person was involved in the case.More than one student was praised at the meeting.There is more than one answer to your question.注：如果 more than 直接加复数名词作主语，则谓语动词用复数，如：More than two hundred people are to

12、 attend this meeting.More than two hundred people have visited the village.注：如果 more than one 后面没有名词，那么谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这要取决于 more 和 one 哪一个重读，如：3More thanone is going.More than one are going.（11）单个的不定式（短语） ，动名词（短语）或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数，如：Serving the people is my great happiness.Playing with fire is

13、 dangerous.To see is to believe.To master a foreign language requires at least several years.What he says is wrong / is quite right.When and where to build the factory is not decided yet.cf. When to build the factory and where to build it are not decided yet.注：如果两个或两个以上的并列词组或从句作主语，表示两件事，并且不使用形式主语时，谓

14、语动词大多使用复数形式，如：Reading and listening are two different skills.Swimming and skating are my favourite sports.What he says and what he does do not agree. （12）either 和 neither 作主语时，在正式文体中要与单数动词连用；但在非正式文体和美国英语中可与复数动词连用；当 either或 neither 后面跟有 of them, of the books 等时，用复数动词较好，如：I wrote to John and Henry but

15、 neither (of them) has / have replied; in fact, I doubt if either (of them) is / are coming.Neither of the answers is correct.Either of you is to stay here.Neither of them knows / know the answer.（13）在定语从句中，关系代词 who, that, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与主句中先行词的人称和数相一致，如：I, who am old, have never seen such a t

16、hing.Those who agree with him raise their hands. He lives in the house which is near our school.It is I who am knocking at the door.但是在“one of + 复数名词 +定语从句”结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式有下列三种情况： 根据先行词为复数名词而定，采取复数形式，如：Tom is one of the boys who are on time.His brother is one of the students who are ready to hel

17、p others. 当 one 之前有 the only (或 the) 等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句应根据 one 而定，采取单数形式，如：She is the only one of the girls who comes from the countryside.She is the only one of the singers who was invited to give us a talk last year. 在非正式文体中， “one of +复数名词 ”之后的定语从句中的谓语动词也可用单数形式，如：Mr White is one of those people who be

18、lieves in ancient maths.（14） 、以-s 结尾的群岛、瀑布、山脉等名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数，如：The Alps rise over four countries.The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean.Niagara Falls are not as high as Victoria Falls.The Andes are in South America, and the Alps are in Europe2. 意义一致的原则（1）表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数（作为抽象概念来看待

19、） 。例如：Twenty years is not a long time.Ten dollars is too dear.（2）有些集合名词，如 family, team 等作主语时，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数；如指其中每个成员，则用复数。例如：My family is big one.My family are watching TV.4（3）不定代词由 all, most, more, some, any, none 作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。 （实

20、际上在这两种情况下，既可单数也可复数）例如：All of the work has been finished.All of the people have gone. none of 与复数名词连用时，谓语动词可以是单数，也可以是复数，这主要看说话人的态度；在非正式文体中复数更常见，例如：None of my friends ever come(s) to see me.None of us are / is afraid of difficulties.None of the passengers were / was injured.None (of them) have / has a

21、rrived yet.None have had their lunch. (None has had his lunch.)注：none 用于三个或三个以上的人和物的否定；两者用 neither。 none 代表不可数的东西（ none of +不可数名词）时，谓语动词则用单数，如：None of this worries me.None of the money is mine.None of the sugar was left.There is none of it left.（4）疑问代词作主语时，其谓语动词也有两种情况：主语表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数；主语表示单数意义，则谓语动词

22、用单数。例如：Who is your brother?Who are League members?（5） “分数或百分数+of+名词”构成的词组作主语时，其谓语动词要以 of 后面的名词而定（也即正在做主语的是后面的名词） 。名词是复数，谓语动词用复数：名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。例如：It is said that 35 per cent of the doctors are women.Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.（6）half, the rest 等表示不定数量的名词作主语时，如果所指为复数意义，动词用复数；如果所指

23、为单数意义，动词用单数。例如：I have read a large part of the book, the rest is more difficult.Only ten students attended the class because all the rest were off sick.（7） 、连接代词 what 引导的主语从句，其单复数意义要取决于后接表语的数，如：What disappointed us most was his refusal.What they want are financial aids.What she said is correct.What

24、she left me are a few old books.（8）凡是以“定冠词+形容词（或分词） ”作主语，往往根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果这种主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数；如果指的是一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.The dead is a famous person.注意：有些以-ch, -sh, -ese 结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与定冠词 the 连用，指整个民族，表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数，如：The English like to

25、 be with their family at Christmas.The Chinese are kind and friendly.当上述形容词转化为名词，作某种语言解时，谓语动词用单数，如：French is spoken in many countries.(9). 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 是英语爱好者熟悉的一本好书。 （10）one, the other, another 作主语时，谓语动词应当用单数，如：5One of

26、 them is my friend; the other is a stranger to me.cf. Where are the other students?（11）both, a few, many 等代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，例如：Both of them havent read this story.A few of them know French.Many were without shoes.We work hard, and many are doing very well.（11） 、 “a kind (或 sort, type, series) of + 名词”作

27、主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：A series of his works has been printed.There is a kind of rose in the garden which fills the air with fragrance when May comes.注：在“this kind of + 名词”结构中，不管名词是单数还是复数，谓语动词都用单数形式，如：This kind of man annoys me.This kind of men is dangerous.This kind of apples is highly priced.This kind

28、of book(s) is useful to us.注：在“these / those kind of + 复数名词”结构中，谓语动词则用复数， （kind of 前后的词均为复数） ，如：These kind of tests are good.These kind of cars are made in Japan.These type of machines are up-to-date.These kind of men annoy me.注：kind 本身为复数，谓语动词也应当用复数形式，如：Some kinds of bamboo grow very fast.There are

29、 many kinds of apples.Those kinds of apple trees have not yet grown up.There are different kinds of animals in the zoo.注：如果以 apples / men 作名词词组的中心词，谓语动词自然也用复数，如：Apples of this kind are highly priced.Books of this kind are useful to us.Men of this kind are dangerous.Films of this kind are not worth s

30、eeing（12）mathematics, physics, politics 用作学科名称时，谓语动词用单数，如：Physics studies heat, light, sound, etc.Mathematics was the only course he failed in.Politics is now taught in all schools.注：如果指某人在该学科方面的实用能力或学习成绩时，谓语动词单复均可，如：His mathematics is / are rather weak.I think your physics is / are better than mine

31、.My politics are / is not so good.注：politics 如果作“政治策略/观点/事务”解时，谓语动词应当用复数形式，如：What are your politics?（13）bellows, means, works 以及 sheep, deer, species 等是单复同形的词，作主语时，如表示复数意义，动词用复数；如表示单数意义，动词用单数，例如：A chemical works has been built here.There are two iron and steel works in our province.There is / are no

32、 means of learning what is happening.Is /Are there any other means of getting there?Every possible means has been tried since then.All possible means have been tried since then.6（14）lots of, a lot of, plenty of, heaps of, loads of 等作主语时，其谓语动词应根据 of 之后的名词的单复数来决定，例如：Lots of food is going to waste.Lots

33、 of people are waiting outside.There is a lot of air in loose snow.A lot of visitors have been there.Plenty of the money comes from donations.Plenty of the members are willing to do the work.（15）a number of 意为“许多” ，修饰可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数；the number of 意为“的数目” ，表单数，谓语动词用单数，如：A great number of factories hav

34、e been set up here since 1987.The number of the students is small in this school, but a large number of books are lent at the library.3. 邻近一致的原则（1）由连词 or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致。例如：Either you or I am right.Neither the children nor the te

35、acher knows anything about it.（2）在“There be” 句型中 ,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。There are two apples and one egg in it.（3）以 here 开头的句子，其谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。Here is a letter and some books for you. 注意一些名词单复同形 eg: deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin， yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar,

36、two dollars; a meter, two meters 【实例解析】1. (2004 年天津市中考试题)How time flies! Ten years _ passed.A. have B. has C. is D. are答案：B。该题考查的是主谓一致。Ten years 通常被看作是一个时间整体，谓语动词用单数形式。2. (2004 年南通市中考试题)Not only his parents but also his brother _ to the Summer Palace. They havent been back.A. have been B. have gone

37、C. has been D. has gone答案：D。该题考查的是主谓一致。如果由 not onlybut also 连接两个并列主语，其谓语动词同相邻的主语保持一致，谓语动词应用单数形式。又因为他们还都没有回来，所以用 has gone 而不用 has been。3. (2004 年吉林市中考试题)Neither my father _ going to see the patient.A. nor I am B. nor I areC. or me are D. or me is答案：A。该题考查的是主谓一致。 Neithernor 是一组连词，可连接连个并列主语，其谓语动词应同靠近的主

38、语 I 保持一致, 因此应选 A。4. (2004 年包头市中考试题)7Look! There _ playing with the tourists on Yinhe Square.A. are a number of deer B. are a number of deersC. is a number of deer D. is a number of deers答案：A。该题考查的是主谓一致。这个句子的主语是 a number of deer, 是个复数概念，因此谓语动词应用复数形式。（deer 单复数相同）高考真题：1.All but one_here just now.A.is B

39、.was C.has been D.were(MET87)2.Not only I but also Jane and Mary_tired of having one examination after another.A.is B.are C.am D.be(MET89)3.A library with five thousand books_to the nation as a gift.A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered(MET90)4.When and where to build the new facto

40、ry_yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided(MET91)5.The number of people invited_fifty,but a number of them_absent for different reasons.A.were;was B.was;was C.was;were D.were;were(NMET96)1.D。all 为主语,而 but one 修饰 all,谓语动词应该同它保持一致。很多考生认为是考时态, 或是将此句型同 neither.nor 或 n

41、ot only.but also 混为一类, 结果误认为 B 是正确答案。2.B。在 not only.but also.句型中 ,其谓语动词应同最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。如果将 Jane 或 Mary 删掉一个,那么 A 则是答案;如果将 I 和 Jane and Mary 的位置对调,C 为答案。3.A。其考查目标除主谓一致外,还涉及到语态的问题。 “向某人提供某物”应说 offer sth. to sb.,这里的 sth.由 a library 来承担,故应用 offer 的被动态形式 ,句中的 with five thousand books 作 a library 的定语(a library 为主语),故排除 C。一般来讲, 主语后面除带有but,with 外,如果是 together with,as well as,rather than,no less than 等词语时,其谓语动词也应随主语而变化。84.A。此题既考查了主谓一致问题 ,又涉及到时态和语态问题, 部分考生只注意题干中 yet 一词,以为该题只考时态问题,所以误选了 C 或D。该题从结构讲是动词不定式短语作主语,不定式短语所表达的意义在逻辑上作动词“decide”的宾语,所以该题应该用单数形式的被动语态。