1、更多资料请进入”高中生资料大全网”：高三英语第二轮复习知识网络一、句子种类结构特点 正常语序，即主谓语序肯定陈述 We study English.陈述句 否定陈述 We dont like English.结构特点 倒装语序，即谓语或谓语的一部分被提到主语前一般疑问句 能用 yes 或 no 回答，意味“ 吗？”提出具体问题，要求具体回答特殊疑问句结构 疑问词一般疑问句（疑问词做主语除外）选择疑问句 提供两种以上情况，要求选择回答，用 or 等词连接对某种情况有一定判断，但需要提问证实。回答用 yes 或 no 结构 陈述句简短问句（前肯定，后否定；前否定，后肯定）疑问句反意疑问句注意 回答
2、反意疑问句时，要根据答案本身肯定与否定来选用 yes 或no表示请求或命令。祈使句的主语是第二人称 you，句中一般省略肯定式 原形动词（其它） 。如：Come in, please. Be quiet!祈使句结构 否定式 Dont原形动词（其它） 。如： Dont be late next time.What名词主谓结构！如：What nice weather it is!感叹句结构 How形容词或副词主谓结构！如：How cold it is today! How hard she studies!二、句子类型结构只有一个主谓结构的句子（可以有多主语或多谓语）简单句 例句Many peop
3、le are out of work nowadays.Li lin and I often work together and help each other.结构有两个（或两个以上）主谓结构（即分句） ，各分句间常用并列连词and，but，or ， so，for（因为）等连接，并用逗号隔开并列句 例句You must hurry, or youll be late.It must be snowing, for it is so bright outside.结构由一个主句和一个（或一个以上）从句构成，主句是句子的主体，从句从属于主句，只做主句的一个成分，从句由从属连词引导（详见从句做句子
4、成分部分）复合句例句It is known to us all that Li lin is honest.（主语从句）Do you know that what I mean?（宾语从句）三、倒装句概念把谓语的全部或一部分提到主语前叫倒装。倒装句有时是语法要求（如大多数疑问句和 there be 句型） ，有时是为了表示强调。几种类A. 以 never, hardly, seldom, neither, nor, little, not until, nosooner than 等否定词和 only开头的句子。如：Not until the war was over did he see h
5、is wife.B. 把 so 或 neither，nor 放句首，表示前面的情况也适用于后面如：My wife enjoys listening to music. So do I.C. 让步状语从句可把表语提前，用 as 引导主系结构；也可把 although 提前，后跟主系正常结构。表语as主系结构（或 although主系正常结构） 如：Old as he is, he works hard. (=Although he is old, )D. 虚拟语气的条件句可倒装，即 were, had, should主要动词如：Had you asked me, I would have hel
6、ped you.(=If you had asked me,)E. 强调表语或状语 如：In front of the house stands a tall tree.型及例句F. 直接引语后注明谁讲的话（主语是名词时用，代词不用）如：“Lets begin our class,”said the teacher(or he said).四、强调句句式：It is(was) 强调成分 that（强调部分为人时，可以用 who）可强调成分及例句（以普通句 I met her in the street yesterday 为例）：A.强调主语 如：It was I that (who) met
7、 her in the street yesterday.B.强调宾语 如：It was her that I met in the street yesterday.C.强调状语 如：It was in the street that I met her yesterday.It was yesterday that I met her in the street.五、句子成分成分含义 可做该成分的形式主语一句话的主体，说明“谁” 、 “什么”等名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动名词、不定式、从句谓语回答主语“是什么” 、 “怎么样”等 动词（谓语动词）宾语接收动作的对象或介词涉及的对象
8、与做主语的相同表语用于系动词之后，说明主语的身份、状态、性质、特征等。系动词表语谓语名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句补语补充说明宾语（被动语态中的主语） 名词、形容词、不定式（see, let 等后不带to） ，分词、副词等定语修饰、限制名词或代词的成分 形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、分词、动名词、副词、介词短语、不定式、从句状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子 副词、介词短语、不等式、分词、独立主格结构、从句同位语紧跟在一个名词或代词后，进一步说明它名词、从句等注意：一般的句子至少有主语和谓语两个部分。谓语只有动词能做，在不表示动作的谓语中，勿丢掉
9、动词。六、句子（从句）名词主语从句 做主语，用 that，whether ，what（the thing that）等连接词（原疑问词）引导宾语从句 做宾语，用 that（可省略） ，if，whether（or not） ，what（the thing which）等连接词（原疑问词）引导表语从句 用 that（一般不省略） ，whether ，what（the thing which）等连接词（原疑问词）引导性从句同位语从句用 that（常用在 news，thought ，idea 等词后） ，whether 等连接词（原疑问词）引导做定语，修饰名词或代词，这个被修饰的词叫做先行词关系代词
10、who 指人，做主语；whom 指人，做宾语（可省） ；whose 指人或物，做定语；which 指物，做主语、宾语（可省） ；that 指人或物，做主语、宾语（可省）引导词（本身也做从句中的句子成分）关系副词 when 做时间状语；where 做地点状语；why 做原因状语；how 做方式状语限制性定语从句定语从句紧跟在所修饰的词后面，与被修饰的词关系密切，没有它主语意思就不完整。一般的定语从句多为此类。形容词性从句定语从句非限制性定语从句定语从句是先行词的补充说明，去掉它主语意思清楚，常用逗号与主句隔开，关系词不用 that类型 连词时间 when, while, until, as so
11、on as, before, after, etc.地点 where, wherever原因 because, since, as, once, etc.条件 if, unless, as (so) long as（只要） , in case（假如）目的 so that, in order that, etc.结果 so (such)that, etc.让步 though, although, whoever, no matter who, etc.副词性从句状语从句比较 than, asas, etc.七、短语短语类型 构成 功能介词短语 介词名词/代词（做介词的宾语）动名词短语 动名词自己
12、的宾语和（或状语） 同动名词不定式短语 不定式动词自己的宾语和（或状语） 同不定式分词短语 分词自己的宾语和（或状语） 同分词八、单词（实词）名词：表示人或事物的名称。 见附表 1代词：指代人或事物。 见附表 2动词：表示动作或状态。 见附表 3形容词：表示人或事物的特征。 见附表 4副词：表示行为特征或性状特征。见附表 4数词：表示数量或顺序。 见附表 5九、构词法构词方法 举例合成法 blackboard, man-made, overthrow, however, everyone转化法 hand(n.)hand(v.) break(n.)break(n.) empty(adj.)emp
13、ty加前缀：dis-, in-, re-, un-, non-派生法加后缀：-able, -al, -an, -ful, -ive, -er, -ese, -ist, -ment, -ness, -tion, -fy, -ian, -ing, -is(z)e, -ly, -teen, -ty, -th, -y附表 1 名词个体名词 teacher, student, piano 功能可数名词集体名词 family, committee, people物质名词 wood, water, steel抽象名词 friendship, progress不可数名词专有名词 John, Smith, Be
14、ijing名词所有格 由名词右上方+s 或“”构成。如：Womens Day, students reading-room, Toms uncle名词的复数 可数名词数量在二或二以上。构成略。名词在句中可做主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语附表 2 代词代词类别 例 词 功 能主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 只做主语人称代词 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 做及物动词或介词的宾语形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their 只做定语物主代词 名词性
15、 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs 做主语、宾语、表语反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves做宾语、同位语、表语指示代词 this, that, these, those 做主语、宾语、定语、表语相互代词 each other, one another 做宾语疑问代词 who, whom, what, which, whose, etc. 引出疑问句关系代词 that, who, whom, whose,
16、etc. 连接定语从句不定代词 some, any, no, either, neither, all, none, each, somebody, no one, everybody, etc.视情况而定，一般的可做定语、主语、宾语等附表 3 动词附表 3.1 谓语动词附表 3.1.1 时态时 态 构 成 时间特点一般现在时 动词原形（第三人称单数+s）always, usually, often, sometimes, every,etc.一般过去时 动词过去式 yesterday, the day before yesterday, the other day, last,ago, et
17、c.will（shall）+动词原形一般将来时be going to+动词原形tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next, in two days, etc.过去将来时 would+动词原形 多用于间接引语的宾语从句中现在进行时 am（is, are ）+现在分词 now, during these days, etc.过去进行时 was（were）+现在分词 at eight（ this time）yesterday, etc.现在完成时 have（has）+过去分词 already, just, yet, since, for, etc.过去完成时 had
18、+过去分词 by,before, etc.现在完成进行时 have（has）+been+现在分词for, since, etc.附表 3.1.2 语态主动语态主语为施动者 如：We study English, French, Russian, Italian and Chinese.主语为受动者 构成 be+过去分词 如：He is respected by us all.被动语态 注意：被动语态也有时态的变化，也可以与情态动词一起使用。如：The road is being built now. This machine can be used to detect gold.附表 3.1.
19、3 虚拟语气一、带条件句和结果句的虚拟语气虚拟类型 条件句 主 句与现在事实相反 过去式（be 用were）should, would, could, might +原形动词与过去事实相反 had +过去分词 should, would, could, might +have +过去分词与将来事实相反should +原形动词were to+原形动词过去式should, would, could, might +原形动词二、其它形式的虚拟句A虚拟条件句有时被介词短语代替或省略虚拟条件句或主句。Bwish, suggest, demand, propose 等词后面的宾语从句的谓语用 should
20、（可省略）+原形动词表虚拟C在 wish 后面的宾语从句中，谓语用过去时态表虚拟。DIt is time that we went home. May you succeed! 等为特殊虚拟句。 附表 3.2 非谓语动词类 别 形式（以 do为例）功 能动名词 doing 做主语、表语、宾语、定语不定式 to do 做主语、宾语、宾补（在 let, make, see, feel, notice 等动词后做宾补时不带 to）、表语、状语、定语现在分词 doing分词 过去分词 done做定语、表语、状语、宾补（常用在 see, find, feel, keep, get, have 等动词之后
21、）注意：不定式和现在分词有时态、语态的变化。见下表（以 do 为例）时态语态一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时不定式 to do to be doing to have done to have been doing主动语态 现在分词 doing - having done -不定式 to be done - to have been done -被动语态 现在分词 being done - having been done -附表 4 形容词和副词项目 功能形容词 做定语、表语、宾补副词 做状语、表语、定语、宾补Aas+原级+as；not so（as）+原级+asB比较级+thanCthe+
22、最高级+ 介词短语Done of the+最高级+ 名词复数常用句型Ethe more, the more比较级和最高级 构成略附表 5 数词功能 做主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语A记 31 个词：基数词 119，2029 整十位数和 hundred, thousand, million, billionB会读个、十、百位数读法三要点 C由右向左每三位数前的逗号分别读做 thousand, million 和 billion,逗号之间的按百位以内的数读A表示“几百”、“几千” 时，hundred, thousand 等词不加 s基数词注意 Bhundred, thousand 等词为复数时做名
23、词，表示“数量很多”的意思A一般的基数词后+th，多位数的基数词只变最后一位。如：tententhB整几十的基数词，去掉词尾的 y 再加 ieth，如：thirtythirtieth构成C几个不规则词：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 序数词 功能 做定语，前面加 the；年、月、日中的日；表示“第几”时；分数中的分母听辨 音 从所给的三个选项中选出所听到的单词或短语语句理解 根据所听句子，判断是否与所给句子相符、相近或选择答案情景反应 根据所听内容，作出相应反应或选出正确的应答语对话理解 根据所听到的简短对话及所提出的问题
24、，判断是否与所给句子相符或选择正确答案语篇理解 根据所听到的一段对话、独白或短文内容及所提出的问题，选择正确答案或填入所缺单词写 叙述文说明文描写文议论文应用文常见题材看图作文主题部分发展部分基本构成结尾部分确立主题列出大纲搜集材料选择材料基本思路罗列材料说基本要求学会用英语思维 注意培养英语语感 正确区分交际场合 了解英语社交功能读准确获取有效信息的能力领会推断隐含意义的能力扫读（scanning ） 基本技能略读（skimming ） 掌握语篇或段落主旨大意 从文章或段落中找出主题句理解文中某些（事实）细节 如数字等，可直接从文中找出对文章进行概括、归纳，推断深层含义根据事实、细节、自然景
25、物等的描写，从单句或短文中进行推断基本题型及解题思路判断词义 从句子结构、段落、文章中推断借助作者对词义的解释运用常识进行判断根据构词法推断词义领会作者意图，理解人物性格 根据人物对话、动作或心境等判断辨认图形及数据推理 根据文章提供的事实、细节等推断日常交际用语1. 问候 Greetingsa. Good morning/afternoon/evening.Hello/Hi.How are you?Fine, thank you, and you?Very well, thank you.b. Best wishes/regards to.Please give my regards/lov
26、e to.Say hello to.Please remember me to.2.介绍 Introductionsa. This is Mr /Mrs/Miss/comrade.May I introduce you to.Id like you to meet.b. How do you do?Nice/Glad/Pleased to see/meet you.Nice meeting you, Mr/Mrs/Miss.c. My name is.Im a (student/teacher, etc.).d. Im Chinese.3. 告别 Farewellsa. Im afraid I
27、 must be leaving now.I think its time for us to leave now.Its time I met/did. I have to go now.b. Good-bye! (Bye-bye! Bye!)See you later/tomorrow (See you).Good night.4. 感谢和应答 Thanks and responsesa. Thank you (very much).Thanks a lot.Many thanks.Thanks for.b. Its very kind of you to.Not at all.Its/T
28、hats all right.Youre welcome.5. 祝愿、 祝贺和应答 Good wishes,congratulations and responsesa. Good luck!I wish you good luck/success!Good journey (to you)!Have a good trip.Have a nice/good time.b. Id like to congratulate you on.Thank you.c. The same to you.Happy New Year!Merry Christmas!Happy birthday to yo
29、u.6. 道歉、遗憾和应答 Apologies, regrets, sympathies and responsesa. Sorry/Pardon. Im sorry.Im sorry for /about.Im sorry to.(have +v.-ed)/that.b. Excuse me (for.).Im afraid of.What a pity/shame!Its a pity that.c. Thats all right.It doesnt matter.Thats nothing.7.邀请与应答Invitations and responsesa. Will you come
30、 to.?Would you like to.Id like to invite you to.b. Yes, Id love to (.).Yes, its very kind/nice of you.c. Id love to, but.8.提供（帮助等)和应答Offers and responsesa. Can/Could/Shall I help you?Would you like me to.?Is there anything ( else) I can do for you?Do you want me to.?Let me do/carry/help. ( for you).
31、Would you like some.?b. Thanks. That would be nice/fine.Thats very kind of you.Thank you for your help.Yes, please.Here, take this/my. c. No, thanks, I can manage it myself.Thank you all the same.Thats very kind of you , but .9.约会 Making appointmentsa. Are you /Will you be free this afternoon?How ab
32、out tomorrow morning/afternoon?Shall we meet at 4:30 at .?b. Yes, thats all right.c. Yes ,Ill be free then.d No, I won t be free then . But Ill be free. . All right. See you then.10.意愿与希望 Intentions and wishesa. Im going to.I intend/mean/plan to.I will.I feel like v.-ing (going out for a walk).Id li
33、ke to.I (do not) want/hope to.Im ready to.I would rather not tell you.b. I want/hope/wish to.I wish that.I would like to.If only I could see him.11.请求、允许和答应Asking for permission and responsesa. May I.?Can/Could I.?I wonder if I could.Would you mind if I open the window?b. Yes/Sure/Certainly.Yes , (d
34、o)please.Of course (you may).Go ahead , please.Thats OK/ all right.Not at all.c. Im sorry you cant.Im sorry , but.Youd better not.12.同意和不同意Agreement and disagreementa. Certainly/Sure/of course.No problem.Yes, please.Yes, I think so.Thats true.All right/OKThats a good ideaIts a good idea to/that.I/We
35、 agree with you.I agree to./that-clause.b. No, I dont think so.Im afraid not.Im afraid I (really) cant agree with you.13.喜好和厌恶 Likes and dislikesa. I like/love.(very much).I like/love to.b. I dont like(to)I hate (to).14.决断和坚持 Determination,decision and insistencea. I will.I have decided to/that.I ha
36、ve decided wh-clause.b. I insist on/that.15.判 断 和 意 见 Judgement and opiniona. It certainly is.Its correct to do.Well done/Good work!b. In my opinion.It seems.So far as I know.16.职责 ObligationYou must/have to/should/ought to.It is necessary to/that.17.能力 AbilityI can.He is able to.18.偏爱 PreferenceI p
37、refer. to. Hed prefer them not to.Hed rather begin at once.19.责备和抱怨 Blame and complainta. He is to blame.She blamed him for.He shouldnt have done it.b. Im sorry to have said that, butWhy cant you do something about it?20.肯定和不肯定Certainty and uncertaintya. Im sure (of that).Im sure (that).b .Im not su
38、re that.Im not sure whether /if.I doubt if.c. Perhaps/ Maybe.21.禁止和警告Prohibition and warningsa. You cant/ mustnt.If you., you ll.Youd better not do it.Dont be late!b. Look out!Take care!Be careful!22.可能和不可能Possibility and impossibilitya. He can/may.It is possible that.b. He may not .He is not likely
39、 to.It is likely that.23.预见、猜测和相信Prediction, conjecture and beliefa. He will.b. I guess that.He must have done.It seems (that).It looks as ifc. I believe that he is right.24.请求 Requestsa. Can/Will/Could/Would you.for me?Will/Can/Could/Would you please.?May I have.?b. Please give/pass me.Please wait
40、(here/a moment).Please wait (for) your turn.Please stand in line/line up.Please hurry.Make sure that., please.c. Dont rush (hurry)/crowd.No noise, please.No smoking, please.25.劝告和建议Advice and suggestionsa. Youd better (not).You should/ought to.You need (to).I suggest that.b. Shall we.?What/How about
41、.Why not.?Why dont you.?26.许诺 PromisesI promise.You shall have.tomorrow.I will give.to you.27.提醒 RemindingDont forget to.Dont you remember the days when.?Make sure that everything is OK now.28.表示焦虑 Expressing anxietyWhats wrong?Whats the matter (with you)?Im/Hes/Shes worried.Oh, what shall I/we do?W
42、e were all anxious about.29.表示惊奇 Expressing surpriseReally?Oh, dear!Is that so?Good heavens!30.表示喜悦 Expressing pleasureIm glad/pleased/happy to.Thats nice/wonderful/great.Hopefully tomorrow will turn fine.31.谈论天气Talking about the weather a. Whats the weather like today?Hows the weather in.?b. Its fi
43、ne/cloudy/windy/rainy.Its getting cold/warm.Its rather cold/hot today, isnt it?Its a beautiful day today.32.购物 Shoppinga. What can I do for you?May/Can I help you?b. I want/Id like.How much is it?Thats too expensive, Im afraid.Thats fine, Ill take it.Let me have.c. How many/much do you want?What col
44、or/size/kind do you want?d. Do you have any other kind/size/color?33.问路和应答Asking the way and responsesa. Excuse me. Wheres the mens/ladies room?Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to.?How can I get to.?I dont know the way.b. Go down this street.Turn right/left at the first/second crossing.Its about.m
45、etres from here.Go straight ahead till you see.34.问时问、日期和应答Asking the time, date and responsesa. What day is (it) today?Whats the date today?Excuse me. What time is it by your watch?Whats the time, please?b. Its Monday/Tuesday.Its January 10th.Its five/twenty-five/a quarter past (to) six.Its time fo
46、r/to.35.就餐 Taking mealsa. What would you like (to have)?Would you like something (to eat/drink)?b. Id like.A piece of cookie/two eggs., please.c. Would you like some more.?Help yourself to some.d. Thank you. Ive had enough.Im full, thank you.Just a little, please.36.打电话 Making phone callsa. Hello! I
47、s (Tom) in?May/Could I speak to.?Is that. (speaking )?b. Hold on, please.Hello, who is it?He/She isnt here right now.Can I take a message for you?c. Hello, this is.speaking.I called to tell/ask you.37.传递信息 Passing on a messagea. Wi1l you please give this note/message to.?basked me to give you this n
48、ote.c. Thanks for the message.38.看病 Seeing the doctora. Theres something wrong with.Ive got a headache and a cough.I feel terrible (bad).I dont feel well.Ive got a pain here.This place hurts.b. Take this medicine three times a day.Drink plenty of water and have a good rest.Its nothing serious.Youll be all right/well soon.39.求救 Calling for helpa. Help.Thief!b. Whats the matter?40.语言困难 Language difficultiesPardon?Would you please say that again/more slowly?What do you mean by.?Im sorry I cant follo
