1、1定语从句基本概念（一）定义及相关术语1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有 when, where, why 等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A 、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is
2、 shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词 the man， “who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词 the man，在定语从句中作主语。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句 1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，做宾语时可省略。The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. The man who you met just
3、now is my old friend.2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy (whom) I want to see. 3which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most boys. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. The house w
4、hich is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 4that 指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于 which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. The
5、person that/whom you introduced to me is very kind. The season that/which comes after spring is summer. Yesterday I received a letter that/which came from Australia. 5whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I
6、 once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom of which the door is broken will soon be repaired.（三）“介词+关系代词” 引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关
7、系代词”引出。2The school (which/that) he once studied in is very famous.=The school in which he once studied is very famous. Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which/that) you asked for.=Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with y
8、esterday.=This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.=Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditi
9、ons.=The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.注意：1. 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) This is the watch for which I am looking . (误)The babies (whom / who / that
10、) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误）2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用 whom，不可用 who, that；关系代词指物时只可用 which，不可用 that。关系代词是所有格时用 whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that / who you talked just
11、now is my neighbour. (误)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正) The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误)3.“介词+关系代词” 前还可有 some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him
12、. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. （四）关系副词引导的定语从句1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I
13、 first came to this school. The time when we got together finally arrived. October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents？ 2 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the city where I was born. The
14、house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised. Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 3 why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. I dont know the reason
15、 why he looks unhappy today. 3注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. The reason why / for which he
16、refused the invitation is quite clear. （五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句形式上 不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。 用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。 只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上 译成先行词的定语：“的” 通常译成主句的并列句。A作宾语时可省略 A不可省略B可用 that B不用 that关系词的使用上C可用 who 代替 whom C不可用 who 代替 whom限制性定语从句举例：The teacher told me tha
17、t Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定语从句举例：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. Last summer I visite
18、d the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 特殊情况（一） 限制性定语从句中 只能用 that 引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是 everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some 等代词时，或当先行词受 every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that M
19、r. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you. He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who，如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do
20、such a thing. All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 2当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4当先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I wan
21、t to buy. After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 4注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词 who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5当先行词前面有 who, which 等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6当先行
22、词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. （二）指人只用 who，不用 that1在非限制定语从句中。如：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 2先行词是 one, anyone, those 时。如：One who has nothing to fear for h
23、imself dares to tell the truth. Anyone who breaks the law shall be published. Those who are against the plan put up your hands please. 3在 there / here be 开头的句子中。如：Here is a boy who wants to see you. 4先行词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。如：I was the only person in my office who was invited.（三）关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句as 和
24、 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，都可以代表整个句子1. 位置上：as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。如：As is known to all, China is a developing country. He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. John, as you know, is a famous writer. Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which
25、I dont believe. 2. 意义上：as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义；which 有“这、这一点”的含义。如：Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 3. 当先行词受 such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用 as。如：Ive never heard such stories as he tells. He is not such a fool a
26、s he looks. This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 注意：当先行词受 the same 修饰时，偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句，但与 as 引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。(四) 以 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句中 way 做状
27、语时 通常由 in which 或 that 引导，而且通常可以省略。如：The way (that / in which) he answered the questions was surprising. I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 5注意：She did it in the way (that /which) I have never seen.（五）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A.I know a place whe
28、re we can have a picnic. I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. B.I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. This is the reason that / whi
29、ch he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. （六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. （定语从句）The fact that he has already died is quite clear. （同位语从句）2定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词 t
30、hat 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由 where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。The news that he told me is true.（定语从句）The news that he has just died is true.（同位语从句）The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.（同位语从句）The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句）The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer.（同位语从句）
