1、非谓语动词一、动词不定式一、动词不定式一）一） 、不定式结构作主语、不定式结构作主语To see one time is better than to hear a hundred times.To persevere means victory!注注 ：在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，常采用先行 it 代替主语，而把不定式后置：Its a great pleasure to be here.It is not an easy thing to master a language.注注 ：这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子，如：It took us five hours t
2、o get there.It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.注注 ：不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“ for + 名词词组” 来表示，如：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It was difficult for me to do the work.注注 ：某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时，常在不定式之前加上 “of + 名词词组” 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况，如：Its kind of you to think so much of us.Its
3、very nice of you to be so considerate.二）二） 、不定式结构作表语、不定式结构作表语1主语和表语都是不定式（其含义往往一是条件，一是结果） ，如：To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主语是以 aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以 what 引导的
4、名词性从句表示，后面的不定式说明其内容，如：My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.Your mistake was not to write that letter.My suggestion is to start work at once.注注：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动作动词 do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号 “to”，All we have to do is push the button.The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.All I could do was s
5、end him a telegram. 三）三） 、不定式结构作动词宾语、不定式结构作动词宾语1 “动词动词 + 带带 to 的不定式结构的不定式结构 ”。这类动词常见的有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean, intend, begin, 等，例如：Iv
6、e arranged to meet him at ten oclock.I didnt expect to find you here.2 “动词动词 + 疑问词疑问词 + 带带 to 的不定式结构的不定式结构” 。 （这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句） 。这类动词常见的有：tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, understand, wonder 等。疑问词（也称连接代/副词）有：what, where, who(m
7、), when, how, whether, which（why 除外） ，如：I dont know what to do / where to go / who(m) to ask / when to stop / how to get there注意不定式符号的省略问题！注意不定式符号的省略问题！ 四）四） 、不定式结构作定语、不定式结构作定语1不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后，如：Its time to go to bed.He is not a man to bow before difficulties.Have you anything to declare?She us
8、ually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.I want to get something to read during the vocation.2能带不定式结构作宾语的动词，转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语，如：I dont wish to quarrel with you.I have no wish to quarrel with you.They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the r
9、iver tonight.She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词，转化成名词时，也能带不定式结构作定语，如：He was obviously anxious to go. His anxiety to go was obvious.4不定式结构与所修饰的名词，有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系，如：He has a large family to support (= that he must support).五）五） 、不定式结构作状语、不定式结构
10、作状语不定式结构可以作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词等，表示 目的、目的、原因、结果、条件原因、结果、条件等。1表示目的：表示目的：They ran over to welcome the delegates.He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly.He went home to see his mother.2. 表示结果：表示结果：What have I said to make you so angry?He came round to find himself in hospital.不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型不定式结构表示结
11、果更常见于下列句型 ： so as to Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle / tell me the time? such () as to Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to The boy is old enough to go to school. too to His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. only to不定式之前有时可以加上 only 或 but only，以加强语气，如：He got
12、 to the station only to be told the train had gone.3. 表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）表示原因：（不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作）She wept to hear the news.I pretend to be happy to know him.He laughed to see such fun.She seemed surprised to meet us.六）六） 、不定式结构作宾语补足语、不定式结构作宾语补足语Dont force yourself to write when you have nothi
13、ng to say.七）七） 、不定式的完成式有下列用法、不定式的完成式有下列用法1构成复合谓语，如：He is said to have written a new book about workers.(It is said that he has written a new book about workers.)The enemy was reported to have surrendered.(It was reported that the enemy had surrendered.)She seemed to have heard about it already.(It s
14、eemed that she had already heard about it.)2在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语，如：You are lucky to have got tickets to the concert.(=You are lucky that you have got tickets to the concert.)Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.(=Im sorry I have given you so much trouble.)She was very glad to have done something fo
15、r the people.3在某些动词后作宾语，如：He pretended not to have seen me.I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.4有时还可以作主语、定语或构成复合宾语，如：It was a great satisfaction to have revisited our native village.（主语）So you are the one to have cleaned all these rooms.（定语）They thought it a pity not to have inv
16、ited her.（复合宾语）She felt it an honour to have taken part in the work. （复合宾语） 如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不如果主要谓语所表示的动作（或情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行，这时，不定式就要用进行式。定式就要用进行式。八）八） 、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法、不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法1构成复合谓语，如：They are said to be building another bridge across the river.They seem to be ge
17、tting along quite well.I happened to be going that way too.2在某些动词后构成复合宾语，如：We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.3在某些动词后作宾语，如：He pretended to be listening attentively.4有时可以作主语或状语，如：I am glad to be working with you. (状语)Its nice of you to be thinking of us. (主语) 九）九） 、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直
18、在进行，就需要用完成进行式，、如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行，就需要用完成进行式，如：如：They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.She wished to have been training as hard as the others.Its a great pleasure to have been working with you.分分 词词一、形一、形 式式 现在分词： 过去分词只有一种形式。二、二、 功功 能能1作表语。作表语。现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词多表示主
19、语所处的状态，如：The news was exciting.The situation is encouraging.She looked disappointed.He appeared satisfied with my answer.He seemed quite delighted at the idea.Dont get excited.注注 ： 已经成为形容词的分词，可以用 very 修饰；没有完全成为形容词的分词宜用 much 或 quite，有时也可用 very much，如：Im very much pleased.Hes very much worried about h
20、is health.注注 ： 过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。系表结构系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点； 被动结构被动结构强调谓语动作，指主语所承受的动作。此外还有：系表结构系表结构 ：a. 常用一般现在或一般过去时态；b. 一般不带状语；c. 可以有不及物动词的过去分词。被动结构被动结构 ：a. 有多种时态，常与主动语态的时态一致；b. 可以带时间、方式或 by 短语作状语；c. 必须是及物动词。The small village is surrounded by trees. (状态)The small village was soon surrounded by ene
21、my soldiers. (动作)Im interested in chess.I was interested by what you told me.The sun is risen.This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2作定语：作定语： 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed breadBarking
22、dogs seldom bite.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注：注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语从句，如：developing countries = countries that are developinga growing city = a city that is growingliberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：
23、Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door?They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains.They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history.Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：a. 表示正在进行的动作, ( 变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：Tell th
24、e children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise.Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如：They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street wa
25、s built in 1955. 过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示的动作可以在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，也可以是没有一定的时间性，如：Is this the book recommended by our teacher?The meeting held last week is very important.He is a man loved by all.I hate to see letters written in pencil. 注注 ： 如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用 现在现在分词的被动形式分词的被动形式来表示，如：The meeting be
26、ing held is very important.We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.注注 ： 如果所表示的是一个未来的动作，可以用一个 不定式的被动形式不定式的被动形式来表示，如：The meeting to be held next week is very important.Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. 分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句） ，这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：A
27、ll my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists.All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister. 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完
28、成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为 who has come from Beijing)Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为 who have finished)The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为 who gave us) 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：Those being busy dont h
29、ave to go. (应改为 Those who are busy dont have to go.)His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为 who is) 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (应改为 which/that died) 3作状语：作状语： 现在分词作状语，表示 陪衬性的动作或伴随情况陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如：The children ran out of the r
30、oom, laughing and talking merrily.They stood there for an hour watching the game.She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.注意：注意：a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语之后；e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。 现在分词作状语， 表示行为方式或手段表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在
31、句中。其他参考上述 a-c） ，如：Following the guide, they started to climb.Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost.Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. 现在分词作状语， 表示原因或理由表示原因或理由，如：Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.
32、Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注：注：如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如：Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the cit
33、y well. 现在分词作 时间状语时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句） ，如：Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. 注注 ： 这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构，
34、如：Be careful when crossing the street.Dont mention this while talking to him.注注 ： 如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction. 现在分词作状语还可以 表示结果、条件和让步表示结果、条件和让步，如：Her husband died in
35、 1942, leaving her with five children. (结果)The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果)Working hard, you will succeed. (条件)Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (条件)Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步) 过去分词短语过去分词短语 作状语作状
36、语，可以修饰谓语， 说明动作发生的背景或情况说明动作发生的背景或情况，如：Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly.Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room.The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 过去分词短语 表示原因表示原因（相当于
37、一个原因状语从句） ，如：The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once.He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted) 过去分词短语有时可以 表示时间表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句） ，如：United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united )Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heate
38、d )Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.注：注：过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时可以加上 when, if, while, though, as if 等连词，这种结构可以看作是一种省略的状语从句（省略部分多为 “主语 + be 的多种形式”） 。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同，如：If / When heated, water changes into steam.Even if invited, I wont go.We will not attack unless attacked.The girl is ve
39、ry shy, and never speaks until spoken to.现在分词的完成形式和被动形式现在分词的完成形式和被动形式 现在分词的完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如：Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.注：在独立结构中，也可以用现在分词的完成形式，如：His comrades having all left for the front,
40、 he didnt want to stay in the rear. 在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作 定语、状语定语、状语或 构成复合宾语构成复合宾语，如： That building being repaired is our library. （定语）He asked who was the man being operated on. （定语）Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语）As we entered the
41、village, we saw new houses being built. （宾语补足语）Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.（状语）Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （状语） 有时还有完成被动形式，如：Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?在用分词短语作状语在用分词短语作状语时时 , 它逻辑上的主语一般必
42、须与句子的主语一致它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致 , 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语语 , 这种结构称为这种结构称为 : 独独 立立 结结 构构独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况 , 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如：He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况 )The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间)So many students being absent, we decided to put the meet
43、ing off. (原因)Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (条件)All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home.The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.现在分词和过去分词用法之异同现在分词和过去分词用法之异同 现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：
44、过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下： 一、分词作定语一、分词作定语1.There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed 2.The Olympic Games, _
45、 in 776 B. C., didnt include women until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be playing 3.Whats the language _ in Germany? A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak 4.Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists. A. invited B. to invite C. being invite
46、d D. inviting 5.Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa. A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited 6.The computer centre, _ last year, is very popular among the students in this school. A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened 7.The first textbooks _ for tea
47、ching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written 2、 分词作表语分词作表语 1.This news sounds _. A. encouraging B. encouraged C. encourage D. to encourage 2. -How did Bob do in the exams this time? -Well, his father seems _ with his
48、 results. A. pleasing B. please C. pleased D. to please 3. -How did the audience receive the new play? -They got very _. A . excite B . excited C . excitedly D . exciting 三、分词作宾语补足语三、分词作宾语补足语1.The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 2. -Good morning. Can I help you?-Id like to have the package _, madam. A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed 3. I can hardly imagine Peter _ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. A. sail B. sailing C. to sail D. to have sailed 4.If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel the air _ ag
