1、1常用术语总结一、基本概念及用法债权人：obligee 债务人：obligor一方：one party对方相对人：the other party； 善意相对人：the other party in good faith债权：creditors right; right to performance; right债务/义务： obligation标的物：subject matter责任：liability要约：offer; 承诺：acceptance; 要约邀请：invitation to offer; 要约人：offeror受要约人：offeree收件人：recipient代理人：agent被
2、代理人/本人：principle行为人：person performing (such) act代理权：agency authority应当：shall可以：may不能：may not不正当：improperly有权做. . .：may; is entitled to do履行义务：perform obligation, render performance订立合同：enter into a contract; conclude a contract; form a contract带来损失：cause loss to . . .损害利益：harm somebodys interest赔偿损失
3、：indemnify the other party for its loss由某人承担费用：expenses shall be borne by sb.承担损害赔偿责任：be liable for damages各自承担相应的责任：bear their respective liabilities accordingly要求承担违约责任：hold . . . liable for breach of contract享有权利、承担义务：assume right and obligation二、各个条文中的术语合同订立采取. . .方式： a contract is concluded by
4、the exchange of. . .(e.g. by the exchange of an offer and an acceptance; by the exchange of electronic messages) . . .的意思表示：manifestation of intention to do something做出表示：manifest his intention (to do)接受履行：accept the performance 2订立合同时：in the course of concluding/ negotiating a contract; at the time
5、 of its conclusion 符合 规定：meet the requirement of . . .承诺的撤回：withdrawal of acceptance书面形式：in writing合同书形式：memorandum of contract具有本法. . .条规定的情形： fall into any of the circumstances set forth in Article. . .撤回：withdraw; 撤销：cancel 拒绝追认：decline; 拒绝履行：reject受约束：be bound；is binding upon somebody表明：indicate
6、价目表：price list拍卖公告：announcement of auction招标公告：call for tender招股说明书：prospectus商业广告：commercial advertisement数据电文：electronic message指定特定系统：designate a specific system快速通讯方式：instantaneous communication device国家指令性任务或国家订货任务：state mandatory plan or state purchase order根据需要/要求：in light of its requirement格
7、式条款：standard terms条款：provision提请注意义务：duty to call attention应. . .要求，做. . .：do something upon the request of . . .与对方协商：negotiate with the other party预先拟定：prepare in advance重复使用：repeated use提供格式条款一方：the party supplying standard terms免除或限制责任：exclude or limit liability加重对方责任：increase the liabilities of
8、 the other party排除对方主要权利：deprive the other party of material rights合理的方式：in a reasonable manner对格式条款的理解：construction of standard term通常理解：common sense不一致：discrepancy between and 解释：interpret 缔约过失责任：pre-contract liabilities恶意磋商：negotiate in bad faith以. . .名义：under the pretext of隐瞒与. . .有关的重要事实： conce
9、al material facts relating to . . .提供虚假情况：supply false information商业秘密：trade secret泄露或不正当使用商业秘密：disclose or improperly use trade secret3在订立合同的过程中获悉：become aware of in the course of negotiating a contract生效条件：conditions precedent 解除条件：conditions subsequent阻止促成条件成立：impair/facility satisfaction of a co
10、ndition对合同的效力约定附条件：prescribe that the effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions附生效/解除条件的合同：a contract subject to condition precedent/subsequent 条件成立：condition is satisfied附期限的合同：contract term生效/失效期限：a time of commencement/expiration限制民事行为能力人：a person with limited capacity for civi
11、l act法定代理人：legal agent追认：ratify纯获利益的合同：a contract from which such person accrues benefits only与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应：be appropriate for his age, intelligence, mental health催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认：demand legal agent to ratify the contract within one month视为拒绝追认：is deemed to decline ratify the contract撤销的权利：someb
12、ody is entitled to cancel. . .以通知的方式做出：be effected by notification以. . .的名义：on ones behalf没有代理权：lack agency authority超越代理权：act beyond his agency authority代理权终止：agency authority is extinguished请求人民法院或仲裁机构变更或撤销：petition the Peoples court or an arbitration institution for amendment or cancellation重大误解：
13、material mistake显失公平：grossly unconscionable 欺诈：fraud胁迫：duress乘人之危：take advantage of the other partys hardship真实意思：true intention受损害方：aggrieved party合同无效、被撤销或者终止：invalidity, cancellation or discharge of a contract不影响. . .条款的效力：not impair the validity of the contract provision concerning. . .争议解决方法：th
14、e method of dispute resolution返还财产：make restitution of property过错方：the party at fault折价补偿：allowance be made in money based on the value of the property在合同约定的交付期间：during the prescribed period of delivery交付时的价格：price of delivery迟延交付标的物/提取标的物 /付款：delay in delivering the subject matter; delay in taking
15、delivery; delay in making payment4同时履行： simultaneous performance互负债务：owe performance toward each other没有先后履行顺序：there is no order of performance履行不符合约定：render non-conforming performance拒绝其相应的履行要求： reject its corresponding requirement for performance部分履行：partial performance债务人部分履行给债权人增加的费用：additional
16、expenses incurred by obligee due to obligors partial performance代位权：subrogation怠于行使到期债权：delay in exercising its creditors right that was due专属于. . .人本身：exclusively personal to somebody转让债权：assign a right受让人取得与债权有关的从权利：assignee assumes any incidental right associated with the obligees right让与人与受让人：as
17、signor, assignee接到. . . 通知：upon receipt of notice of assignment债务人可以向受让人主张抵销：the obligor may avail itself of any set-off against the assignee对某人享有债权： have right to performance by/against somebody合并/分立：a party has effected combination/division合并/分立后的法人：legal person resulting from combination/division
18、行使合同权利，履行合同义务：assume the rights and obligations享有连带债权，承担连带债务：jointly and severally assume the rights and obligations合同解除：terminate合同终止：discharge债务互相抵销：obligations were set off against each other将标的物提存：place the subject matter in escrow免除债务：release the obligor from performance 毁损、灭失的风险：the risk of da
19、mage or loss孳息：fruits of subject matter违约责任：liabilities for breach of contract履行合同义务：perform obligations under a contract符合约定的履行合同义务：perform obligations in accordance with the contract; render conforming performance继续履行：specific performance采取补救措施：cure of non-conforming performance赔偿损失：payment of dam
20、ages预期违约：anticipatory breach明确表示：expressly state行为表明：indicate by conduct违约金：liquidated damage一定数额：a certain sum/amount of 根据违约情况：in the light of degree of breach因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法：a method for calculation of damages for the loss 5resulting from a partys breach.适当减少：decrease the amount as appropriate公平
21、原则：the principle of fairness诚实信用原则：the principle of good faith三、 “效力”的词汇. . .的效力：effectiveness/validity of . . .e.g. effectiveness of contract/offer生效：become effective失效：extinguish有效：valid无效：invalid四、时间的词汇到达时间：time of arrival承诺期限：the period for acceptance信件载明的日期或电报交发之日： date shown on the letter or t
22、he date on which the telegram is handed in for dispatch邮戳日期：the posting date stamped on the envelop超过承诺期间：after expiration of the period for acceptance履行期限：time of performance. . .期间自开始计算：the period for. . . commences on the date when. . ./once . . . 6五、常用句型： 符合情况的，视为：A is deemed as C, if B. 表示假设，用”
23、where” or ”if” 如果是个长句子，内容为：在一个大前提 A 下，又有几个不同的条件(B、C)，每个条件下的结果（D 是 B 的结果，E 是 C 的结果）都不同。可以用：Where/When A, if B，D；if C, E. 例如：合同法第 16 条36 条。 A 时间被视为 B 时间：the time when. . .is deemed as time of. . .（the time when the electronic message enters into such specific system is deemed as time of arrival） . . .
24、时 A 成立：用 once/when/upon，e.g. A contract is formed once the acceptance becomes effective. A contract becomes effective upon its formation.An offer become effective when it reaches the offeree. 在 之前，或同时到达：reach before or at the same time as . . . e.g. the notice of withdrawal shall reach offeror befor
25、e or at the same time as the acceptance. 具有本法. . .条规定的情形，则. . .：. . .is . . ., if it falls into any of the circumstances set forth in Article. . . hereof. E.g. A standard term is invalid, if it falls into any of the circumstances set forth in Article 52 hereof. 法律、行政法规规定. . ., 依照其规定：Where. . .is sub
26、ject to provisions of relevant law or administrative regulation, such provisions apply. 附生效/失效期限的合同，自 . . .时生效/失效：A contract subject to a time of commencement/expiration becomes effective/ is extinguished at such time. . . . 除外：. . . , except where 句子 e.g. 第 72 条 除非双方另有约定：. . . , unless otherwise ag
27、reed by the parties 法律规定或者当事人约定的其他. . .情形：any other circumstances of . . . provided by law, or prescribed by the parties 法律、行政法规规定或当事人约定. . .： . . . as required by the relevant law or administrative regulation or as agreed by the parties . . . 的范围，以. . .为限：the scope of . . .is limited to the extent of. . . 有下列情形之一的，. . . ：. . . in any of the following circumstances 无论. . . ：regardless of whether/when/where. . .
