1、1流程图和其他数据图最大的区别在于：流程图是纯文字的，以描述为主，属于说明文。相比之下，柱状图、饼状图、表格等数据图则需要对数据进行分析和比较。从这个角度来说，其实数据图更难。写好流程图，需要注意以下五个方面：一、时态相对单一，主要用一般现在时。二、经常使用被动语态，显得比较客观和正式。三、找出流程图的始末点，并划分中间的步骤或阶段。四、掌握表示“顺序”的连接词(Sequencing Words)，用来说明过程的各个步骤和先后顺序。重点掌握以下几个词。例如，表示过程用“process“ 或“procedure“，过程的各个阶段和步骤可以用“stage“或“step“来描述。在谈到第一个步骤时可
2、以用连接词“At first“、“To begin with“、“In the first stage“等引出。在进入中间的步骤时可以用“Then“、“Next“、“After that“或“The second stage“等，最后一个步骤可以用“Finally“、“Lastly“或“The final stage“。当然，如果有一些平行的步骤也可以用“At the same time“、“Meanwhile“等来引出。五、对于题目里出现的专业词汇或生词，不认识也没关系，只需照抄即可。简单地说, 流程图的本质其实就是要求学生将图中出现的文字信息用连贯的语言串起来，不需要过多地发挥。建议同学们
3、考前可以多看几篇流程图作文的范文，例如剑 6 的 Test3，以及写作机经里的流程图例子等等。只要熟悉流程图的特点和写作方法，真正做到有备而来，那么流程图作文对你来说将会是小菜一碟。WRITING TASK 12You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting
4、 the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.Brick manufacturingThe process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry can be outlined in seven consecutive steps. First the raw material, clay, which was just below the surface of soil in certain cla
5、y-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger.Then the lumps of clay are placed on a metal grid in order to break up the big chunks of clay into much smaller areas, which fall through the metal grid onto a roller, whose motion further segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are added to make a homog
6、enous mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or cut into brick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.Those fresh bricks are then kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours, several dozens if not hundreds of bricks at a time. The dried bricks are then transferred to a s
7、o-called kiln, another type of high temperature oven. First they are kept at a moderate temperature of 200 -1300 . This process is followed by cooling down the finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber.Once the bricks have cooled down and have become hard, they get packaged and deliver
8、ed to their final destination, be it a building site or storage. (215 words)【考官评语】Band 9This response fully satisfies the requirements of the task. All key features of each stage of the process are appropriately and accurately presented. An excellent overview is given at the beginning of the respons
9、e and this skillfully incorporates part of the rubric, changing the grammatical function, to give a brief summary of the whole process. The message is very easy to read, with seamless cohesion that attracts no attention. Paragraphing, linking and referencing are all skillfully managed. The language
10、used is very fluent and sophisticated. A wide range of vocabulary and structures are used with full flexibility and accuracy. Only rare minor slips can be found and these do not detract from the high rating.3WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The illustrations above show
11、how chocolate is produced. Summarise the informaiton by selecting and reporting the main features. Write at least 150 words. The diagram shows the stages in the process of making chocolate.【所有的小作文第一句话都要用一般现在时。流程图必备三个词：process：整个过程, stage：阶段，step：步骤】Chocolate comes from the cacao tree, which is grown
12、 in parts of South America, Africa and Indonesia.【开头不能冲上来就直接介绍 cacao tree，而是通过主题词 chocolate 引出，否则显得太唐突】 【流程图特点之一：介绍过程要使用一般现在时】 【流程图特点之二：大量使用定语从句，将有关联的两句话连接。 】 【流程图特点之三：大量使用被动语态】The tree 4produces large red pods which contain white cocoa beans. Firstly,【流程图特点之四：使用一些表示顺序的连接词】when the pods are ripe, th
13、ey are harvested, the beans are removed and they are fermented for several days in large wooden boxes.【三个句子的并列：“句子 A，句子B and 句子 C”。 】During the fermenting process, the beans turn brown.【流程图特点之五：要适当地添加个别图中没有交代但能从图片中直接读出来的的一些内容，否则可能达不到字数要求。但是一定要把握尺度，千万不要加上自己的主观观点，否则会扣分】Next, the brown beans are spread
14、 in the sun to dry. They are then put in large sacks and transported by train or lorry. After this, the beans are taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at temperatures of between 250 and 350 degree Celsius.After being roasted, the beans are crushed and the outer shell is rem
15、oved. This part is not needed for making chocolate. Finally, the inner part of the bean is pressed and liquid chocolate is produced.地图题写作在很多书上都没有系统的指导，它有别于数据图，构思方面没有数据图那么复杂，但在语言驾驭，很多学生都感到很陌生。怎么写地图题，将在下文中一一来解构。地图题分两种，一种为地理变迁题，一种为选址题。首先我们来看地理变迁题，它描述的是一个地方（多为一个城镇）在一段时间的发展变化。如 2006 年 9 月 A 类 TASK 1， 剑 1
16、TEST 4。就这些图形，我们来总结地理变迁题的写作要点。时态如果地图题反映的是一个地方在过去的一段时间的变化，文章用一般过去时。如果地图题反映的是一个地方在将来一段时间的变化趋势，文章用一般将来时或表“估计”的词汇。如果地图题反映的是一个地方从过去到现在的变化，可用现完成时。如：现在停车场改成了一个剧院。The car park has been removed and replaced by a theatre.城镇 A 的家庭数量从 1937 年到 2020 年将翻一番。The number of homes in Town A is likely to double(is likely
17、 to= is predicted to /is estimated to/is projected to/is expected to )又可为：It is likely that the number of homes in Town A will double.(it is likely that = it is predicted/estimated/projected/ expected that)细节变化地图每个细节变化都要提到，不要忽视一个细节5语态地图题用被动语态如： 2000 年在城镇 A 新建了一个医院：A new hospital was established in T
18、own A in 2000.地图题的书写顺序：时间顺序和空间顺序如 2006 年 9 月 A 类 TASK 1The map shows the development of the village of Kelsbey between 1780 and 2000.这篇文章大体框架按时间顺序，BODY 分三段分别描述：1780 年村庄，1860 村庄，2000 年村庄。对每一年的描述，如 1780 年村庄，我们要注意按方位顺序来描述，否则文章会出现混乱。这就需要考生在考前对方位词进行总结。地图题的方位我们说东西南北，不说成左右。A 在 B 的东方/西方/ 南方/ 北方A is/ lies/ i
19、s located/ is situated in/on / to the east/west/south/north of B(in 表 A 在 B 内部， ON 表 A 和 B 接壤，TO 表 A 和 B 分开)A 在 B 内部的某个部位A is in the eastern/ southern/ western/ northern part of B.A 在 B 西北部的 120 千米处A lies 120 km to the northwest of B.A 在 B角落A is at/in the south-eastern corner of B ( at 表示 A 在 B 外部，
20、in 表 A 在 B 内部)在河流或道路的南边/北边等On the south/southern side of the riverOn both sides of the roadOn the other side临近马路的地区The area adjacent to/ near /next to/ just off the road在道路或河流的最南端At the southern end of the riverA 在 B 的对面A is on the opposite side of BA is opposite BA 在 B 东部的边界上（A 在 B 外部）A is on the e
21、astern border of BA 在 B 东部边缘上 （A 在 B 内部）A is on/ along the eastern edge of B“变化”词汇地图题描述的是一个地区的变化，那么“变化”词汇必须过关。6分析发现，变化包括两种：图形原有事物的改变，图形新添事物。我们先看图形原有事物的改变：原有事物可说成：The original/previous/former garden原有事物尺寸上变大/变小：The size of the library has been enlarged/extended/halved/reduced by half原有事物在数量上增多或减少：The
22、 number of homes has increased/risen/grown/reduced /decreased/dropped/fallen/doubled/ tripled/ quadrupled to 500.原有事物没了：The farms completely disappeared/were removed.原有事物被改为：A becomes BA is transformed/reconstructed/redeveloped/converted/changed/turned over to/ into BA is replaced /substituted by B
23、= A gives way to B图形新添事物A newly-built roadA new car park was built/established/set up/constructed/completed and opened in the middle of BA new IT centre has been added to the libraryThe year 2000 saw two additions to the land: a pond in the northern part and a vegetable garden on the opposite side.W
24、RITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The diagram below shows the development of the village of Kelsby between 1780 and 2000. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. 7首先注意两个点： 1. 时态
25、：本文的时间是明确的，是三个过去的时间，因此全文应当使用一般过去时。有些地图会有将来的规划，那么则应使用相应的一般将来时。 2. 顺序：该图属于动态的地图题，这种类型的地图题一律按照时间顺序来写。在这道题中，也就是按照图的顺序依次来写，不要把元素拆开。如果是静态的地图题（即不涉及时间变化的题型），则按照空间顺序来写。 下面我们一起来分析文章的写作。第一段：引言段。 引言段就是把题目进行改写。原文中的 diagram，可以替换成 three maps/ illustrations. 原文中的 shows，可以改为 illustrate/ demonstrate/ indicate 等词。宾语 d
26、evelopment，可以替换成 changes，也可以改为宾语从句 how the village of Kelsby developed/ changed. 题目中给出的时间比较模糊，可以具体化为 in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 【例文】The three maps illustrate how the village of Kelsby changed in 1780, 1860 and 2000. 第二段：介绍 1780 年的情况。 81780 年的情况只涉及到静态的数据，因此只需要用存在句即可表达，不涉及任何变化的单词。但是，考生非常容易把这些元素全部用 there
27、be 这个句型来表达，从而导致句式单一。表示存在的句型除了 there be 之外，还有非常简单的have 句型，还有 lie/ be located/ be situated 这样的结构。另外还有一种倒装句型，比如“桌子上面有一本书 ”，可以翻译为 on the desk is a book. 除此之外，要注意几个元素的顺序问题。这里有四大元素：住宅区 homes，树林 woods，农场 farms，还有一条河流 river。理论上只要按照一定的空间顺序（比如顺时针、逆时针，从左到右）都是可以的，但是要考虑家庭数量的变化是导致其它所有变化的根本原因，因此建议先写。 还有就是土地单位的表达，l
28、and 是不可数名词，因此不能说 a land，只能说 a piece of land。为了表达更加精确，可以用 a plot of land（一小块），a stretch of（一长片），a large expanse of （一大片）。 另外还有注意方位词的表达。地图题中常用的方位词有：in the east/ west/ south/ north of . ; in the eastern/ western/ southern northern part of .; 如果是在角落，可以用 in the southwestern corner of . ; 在河流的上/ 下游：at the
29、 lower/ upper reaches of the river; 在河岸：alongside the riverbank, 在河流的南端：at the southern end of the river. 【例文】In 1780, Kelsby had only 100 homes. There was a large expanse of woods in the eastern part of the village and four plots of farmland in the centre. In the west was a river flowing from north
30、 to south. 第三段：介绍 1860 年的变化。 这一年的变化并没有时间先后，因此还是按照空间顺序来进行。图上多了一个元素，即道路和桥梁的修建。需要特别注意的是，因为考虑到和上文的呼应，这两个元素一定要放在后面讲，而家庭数量的增加和农场、树林面积的减少应当先讲。这个原则我们简称叫“先拆后建” 原则、 第二点是时间的表达问题。上文中刚刚出现过 in 1780，这里还是用 in 1860 的话，句式上就会出现重复。因此可以按照动态图里面学过的表达方法，把年份用作主语，用 saw/ witnessed 这两个词把数据引出来。 第三点是“建 ”这个词的英文表达。常见的词有 build, con
31、struct（一般建筑物），erect（高大的建筑物），establish/ set up（无建筑的物体或抽象的机构），pave（道路的修建）。另外，如果涉及到拆除，则需要记住 demolish, pull down, knock down 这些单词。需要重点指出的是，这些表示“建” 和“拆”的词都应当使用被动语态，这一点和普通流程图是一致的。 9【例文】The year 1860 saw a doubling of the number of homes, but the size of farmland and woods was halved. In the same year, a b
32、ridge was constructed over the river and a road was paved linking the river to the residences. 第四段：介绍 2000 年的变化。 首先还是时间的表达，这里可以再换一种结构，比如 140 years later/ After 140 years。首先还是“先拆后建”，先说树林农场彻底消失，然后在交代新的元素：学校和操场。要记住的是，道路是不需要交代方位的，只需要把起点和终点表达出来即可，用 link A to B 或者 connect A with B 这类词组连接。因此，道路的描写应放到学校、操场的
33、后面。 【例文】140 years later, the number of homes more than doubled to 500, but farms and woods completely disappeared. In their places, several school buildings and sports facilities were constructed at the south-eastern corner of the village, which were connected with the residential areas in the north
34、 via a newly-build road. Some shops opened up along the river bank and a large stretch of wetland for birds was established at the southern end of the river.地图题第二类为选址题 如剑 5 TEST 3 TASK 1The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket. 为一个城镇的超市选址， 有两个位置 S1 和 S2 供选择。选址题并不难写，主要注意两点：位置描述优缺点这篇文章我们 B
35、ODY 段可分两段，分别陈述：S1 的位置及位置相应的优缺点S2 的位置及位置相应的优缺点其中表位置的方位词已在前文有总结，同理， 2006 年 2 月 A 类 Task 1: The diagram below shows the problem of flooding in a UK town and two possible solutions我们 BODY 段可分两段，分别陈述：Solution 1 的解决方案和相应的优缺点Solution 2 的解决方案和相应的优缺点其中，解决方案实际还是要涉及一些方位词。总之，对于地理变迁题，建议考生考前要充分的掌握上述五点，勤加练习，选址题则把握
36、位置和优缺点两个要害，地图题的写作就会明朗化。10开头段The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon.点明了这张图的主题，two proposed locations for a new supermarket主体一段11The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying 1
37、2 kms to the north-west.说明了 S1 的具体位置，指明了两点，位置 outside the town, 交通 off the main road to the town of Hindon(Hindon is) lying 12 kms to the north-west (of S1)，方位关系是地图的一个难点 让我们先看看新概念三第一课中的一句话 A wild puma had been spotted forty-five mile south of London 在伦敦以南 45 英里处发现了一只美洲狮我们再举一个牛津高阶的例子 a town to the ea
38、st of Chicago 芝加哥以东的一个城镇This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking.议论位置 in the countryside (outside the town itself)的好处This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car.议论交通 just off the main road 的好处As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-west), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.谈到了第二个交通 the railway line，并且说明其好处
