动词的非谓语形式.doc

1、戴氏英语1动词的非谓语形式：动词不做谓语时的固定形式。(1) 动词的非谓语形式包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式；其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。(2) 动词不定式： 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号 to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是：“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。 *它的被动形式： “to be +过去分词”。*它的完成形式：“to have +过去分词”。 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定

2、式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。 动词不定式可以放在谓语前句子作主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用 for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如：To help animals is helping people.(帮助动物就是帮助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.(对于我们而言) 学好汉语是非常的困难)/ It took me half an hour to work out this proble

3、m.(解出这道题花了我一个小时的时间 ) 动词不定式可以作谓语动词(及物动词) 的宾语。A 及物动词 +不定式一般形式：谓语动词(vt.)+不定式(作宾语)说 明want(想 ) / try(试图) / decide(决定 ) / would like(想要)/ hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / afford(提供)/ agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / mean(意味着) / prefer(宁愿) / wish(希望) (无)help(帮助 ) to 可以省略begin(开始 )/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨 ) 也可跟动名词,意义变

4、化不大forget(忘记) / remember(记得 )/ like(总爱) + to (do)也可跟动名词,意义变化较大如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我现在想休息一下 )/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他们开始在屋子里搜寻小偷)/ He liked to have a 戴氏英语2swim in the pool near his house.(他喜爱在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么时候开始学英语的

5、？)/ Dont forget to close the door when you leave.(你离开时别忘了关门)比较 He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了关灯.) (没关)/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘记关过灯.)(关了) / Please remember to ring me up.(记得给我打电话.)(还没打电话 ) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我记得昨天给你打电话了,但是你忘记了.)(打过电话)B 及物动词+疑问词+不定式：谓

6、语动词(vt.) +wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语)说明tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) / wonder(疑惑) / learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人) / discuss(商讨)what where+ how + to (do)whowhich不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道该选哪个)/ Tell me

7、how to get to the station.(告诉我怎么样去火车站)/ She asked me what to do for todays homework.(她问我今天家庭作业做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎样上网吗？)C 不定式作宾语而后面又有宾语补足语时,通常用 it 代替作形式宾语,而不定式则后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我发现学骑车不很容易) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作定语,放在名词或代词后面。A 记住下面的一些结

8、构：被修饰部分 + 不定式(作后置定语) 汉 语 意 思a key to lock the door 锁门的钥匙a box to hold these things 装这些东西的箱子give her a book to read 给她一本书读Is there any (+名词/代词) to (do)? 有要(做的)吗?Its time to go. 是走的时间了。/ 该走了。Do you have any work to do? 你有工作要做吗?Id like something to eat. 我要点儿吃的。戴氏英语3I have nothing to say. 我没有话要说。Would y

9、ou like something to drink? 你要点儿喝的吗？B 在这种情况下,如果不定式动词是不及物动词 ,则后面必须加介词。如：They could not find a place to live in.(他们找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(请给我一张椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.(他找到了写字的毛笔 ) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作 状语,有下列几种情况：A 放在不及物动词(come, go, stop, finish, wait 等词)的后面。如：He c

10、ame to see her yesterday.(他昨天来看望她)(表示来的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下来休息一会儿)(表示停下来的目的)B 放在完整的谓语之后(即“ 谓语+宾语”、 “谓语+宾语+ 补语” 、 “动词+表语”之后) 。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我们打扫了房间以便让他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打开窗子以便看得更清楚点儿)C 有时表示目的的不定式短语可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on

11、time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(为了按时到达,我们比平时早起了一个小时)(表示早起的目的)注意 stop to do 与 stop doing 的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他们停下来看看)( 不定式作 “停下来”的目的状语)/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他们停止向窗外望,开始听老师讲课)(动名词作宾语,表示“停止”的内容) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作表语,限用于连系动词之后。

12、如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球门) 动词不定式可以在句子中用作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。谓 语 动 词(vt.) + 宾语 (人 / 物) +不定式 (作宾语补足语)ask(请) / tell(关照) / teach(教) / want(想要) / would like(想要 ) / get(让) / help(帮) / invite(邀请) / like(喜欢) / warn(警告) / +sb. / sth. +to (do)make(使得 ) / let(让) / hear(听) / see( 看)/ feel(感觉) / watch(观看)

13、/ have(使得) +sb. / sth. + (do)戴氏英语4/ help(帮助) 如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(妈妈叫我帮助她做饭)/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你见见我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常让工人们一天工作 14 小时)/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(现在让我来听你拉小提琴) 注意 help 之后做宾补的不定式符号 to 可以省

14、略；hear / see / feel / watch 之后的宾补用不定式与现在分词时 ,含义不同 ,需特别注意,(参见现在分词部分)。试比较：I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路过时听到她正在哭)(指当时瞬间的情况)I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近听她唱新歌)(指整个过程 )(3) 动名词 动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰；它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语) 等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构

15、成动名词短语。 动名词可以作主语。一般可用 it 作形式主语而将动名词短语后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自学好英语不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.) 动名词可以作宾语。A want / need 之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)( 头发被理 )B remember / forge / s

16、top / finish 之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)( 写了却忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)C enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go 等词一般用动名词作宾语。如：Do you mind my closin

17、g the door?(把门关上你介意吗？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行 )/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他戴氏英语5们每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)D like / love / start / begin / learn 后面用动名词时,与用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我们在小学时就开始学英语了) / We b

18、egan studying English when we were at primary school. (我们在小学时就开始学英语了 ) 动名词可以作表语 ,此时特别注意不要与现在进行时混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把这些部件拼起来) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把这些部件拼起来 ) 动名词与现在分词构成相同,但是含义不同,动名词主要表示事情,而现在分词则主要表示进行着的动作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health.

19、(动名词短语,作主语) / Seeing is believing.(动名词短语,分别作主语和表语) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(现在分词,作定语) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(现在分词,作宾补)(4) 分词： 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点) 主要区别：现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思；过去分词有被动或动 作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。A 作定语：分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前

20、,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕 ) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)B 现在分

21、词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)谓语动词(vt.) 宾语 宾语补足 语keep(保持 ) / see(看到 ) / hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到)sb./sth. (do)ing如：Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时戴氏英语6看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on m

22、y foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)C 现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)D 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表 ”主要表示状态 ,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有：be worri

23、ed (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in (对 感兴趣)等等。例略。 E 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意：have sth. done 表示动作由别人来做,而 have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)动词用法辨析：(1) “Why

24、not+动词原形 +?”(干嘛不?) 是简略句,完全形式是：Why dont you +动词原形+? 如：Why not go and have a look?(干嘛不去看看？)/ Why not try it once again?(为什么不再试试？)(2) seem(好象)的用法：记住几个结构： sb./sth. + seem + (to be+)形容词+；sb./sth. + seem + like +； sb/sth + seem + to (do)；It seems that + 从句。如：He seemed (to be) very happy when he was called

25、 by the headmaster. (被校长叫到名字时他好象很开心) / It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim. (除了吉姆好象没有什么人会做出如此愚蠢的事情来)(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：记住几个结构：be afraid of sth; be afraid of (doing); be afraid to (do); be afraid that+从句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有点怕蛇)/ Dont be so afraid to

26、 stay at home alone at night.(别害怕晚上一个人在家)/ Im afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了 ,因为他犯了那么大的错误)(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：记住几个结构： be sorry for (sth); be sorry for (doing sth); be sorry to (do); be sorry that+从句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so lon

27、g.(不好意思让你久等了)I am sorry to 戴氏英语7trouble you.(对不起,麻烦你了)/ I am sorry (that) he isnt here at the moment.(恐怕他现在不在)(5) be sure (确信)的用法：记住几个结构： be sure of (sth); be sure to(do); be sure that+从句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她给我讲过多次她一定会来的) / Are you sure of your answer?Maybe its wrong

28、.(你对你的答案有把握吗？也许是错的。 )/ I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我确信爸爸会帮着我做这件事情的)(6) make 与 do 的用法：一般情况下表示进行活动或者做工作用 do,表示创造建构某事物用 make. 如：I dont know what to do.(我不知道该干什么)/ Im not going to do any work.(我不准备做什么)/ My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾经做过一只船)此外还要记住一些固定说法：do good / harm / busines

29、s / ones best / a favourmake a decision / an effort / a mistake / a noise / a phone call / money / war / the bed / sure,. (7) put on、wear 、haveon、be in、try on、dress 的用法：put on 强调“穿、戴”这个动作过程 ,wear 则表示“穿着、戴着”这一状态,have+ 衣物+on 主要表示状态,be in(+颜色/衣物)也是表示一个状况,dress(+ 人) 表示“ 给人穿衣”。如： Please put on your new s

30、hoes.(请穿上你的新鞋)/ The twins are wearing the same clothes.(双胞胎穿着相同的衣服 )/ Today she has an overcoat on.(今天她穿着一件大衣) / Do you know the woman who is in black?(你认识那个身穿黑衣的女人吗？ )/ Dad is dressing Tom now.(爹正在给汤姆穿衣)注意 dress 与 wear 或 put on 的区别：wear 或 put on 常用衣物作宾语,而dress 常用人作宾语。表示给自己穿衣时常用“get dressed”或“dress

31、oneself”表达。 be dressed in 与 wear 基本同义。dress up 意为“穿上盛装、乔装打扮”。如： Could you dress the baby for me?(你能替我给宝宝穿衣吗？)/ He is eight but cant dress himself.(他八岁了,还不会穿衣服)/ She was dressed in a red coat.(她穿着一件红上衣)/ Do I have to dress up to go to Jims party?(我得穿上好衣服去参加吉姆的聚会吗？ )(8) like、love 与 enjoy 的用法：三个词都含有“喜欢

32、”的意思,但是,like 和enjoy 后面跟动名词,love 后面一般跟动词不定式。 like 后面有时跟动词不定式,表示一种习惯或嗜好(往往与具体的时间或地点有关)。enjoy 后戴氏英语8面还可以加名词、反身代词,表示“享受乐趣；玩得开心” 。如：Do you like shopping?(你喜欢购物吗？)/ He likes to have a swim when he gets home every afternoon.(每天下午放学后他总爱游个泳)/ They love to sing foreign songs.(他们喜爱唱外国歌曲 )/ Did you enjoy yourse

33、lf at the party?(在聚会上你玩得开心吗？)/ He enjoys living in China.(他喜欢在中国生活)(9) study、learn 的用法： study 主要表示“学习、研究”, 指过程；而 learn 主要表示“学会 ”,指结果。表示 “学”时可以互换。如： How many subjects do you study?(你学多少门课程？) / Have you learned it yet?(这个你学过了吗？)/ How long have you studied/learned English?(你学英语多久了？) learn 还可以表示 “听说”,如：

34、He learned the musician himself was in town.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里)(10) think、want、would like 的用法：三个词都含有“想” 的意思,但 think 指“思考、考虑 ”,want 指“想要、愿望、企图”,would like 指“想要”,think 后面一般跟介词短语或从句,want 和 would like 后面跟名词或动词不定式。如：Do you think that China will become a developed country in 40 years? (你认为中国会在 40 年后成为发达国家吗？)/

35、I am thinking of the money I once lent to Li Min.(我正在想着以前借给黎敏的钱)/ What do you really want to say?(你到底想干什么？)/ Which of these cakes would you like (to have)?(这些饼子中你想吃哪些？ )(11) look for、searchfor、find、find out 的用法：前面两个词语表示动作过程,后面两个表示结果,look for 指“寻找”不见的或丢失的东西,但还没有找到；searchfor指“为找而搜寻”；find 指“找到”了东西；find

36、 out主要指“查明一个事实真相” 。如：Hey, Monkey, what are you looking for in the cupboard?(嘿,猴儿！你在厨子里面找什么呢？)/ Have you found the lost key to your car?(你找着丢失的车钥匙了吗？)/ The soldiers were searching the room for the spy when they heard a loud noise.(士兵们正在房间里面搜寻间谍突然间他们听到了衣声巨响)/ Lets try to find out who broke the window.

37、(让我们查查谁把窗子打破了)注解 find 的几个结构：find sb. sth“为某人找到”,find sth./sb. + adj./n.“发觉某人是”,find it +adj. + to do(或+ 宾语从句)“ 发现(做)如何”。如：His mother found her daughter a very clever girl.(他的母亲发现她的女儿是个聪明的女孩)(名词作补语补足语) / You can easily find it not good for your health to eat cold food.(你很容易就会发现吃冷食对你的身体是不利戴氏英语9的)(12)

38、listen to、 hear 的用法：两个词与听觉有关,listen to 指“ 听”这一过程,hear指“听到” 这一结果。如： Are you listening to me,Jim? Yes,I have heard your words.(吉姆 ,你在听我说吗？是的,你的话我全听见了)(13) look、see、watch、read 的用法：四个词均与眼睛有关,look 指放眼去“看”( 不管是否看得到), 指“看”的过程；see 指“看见”这一结果,有时 see还引申为“明白 ”,表示“ 看”时后面加“电影” 等词；watch 指专注的看,含有“注视、监视 ”之义,后面常跟 “电视

39、、比赛”等词；read 限制为看书面材料,译为“看、阅读 ”,后面跟“ 书、报纸、杂志”等词。如： What are you looking at?(你在看什么？)/ Please look at the blackboard. (请看黑板)/ Let me go to see the film, mum, will you? (妈妈,让我去看电影吧,好吗？)/ He wont feel well until he finishes watching the football match. (要看完了足球赛他才会感觉好些)/ Reading gives us knowledge.(阅读给我们知

40、识 )(14) hear、hear of、hear from、learn 的用法： hear“听说”, 后面可以跟名词、代词、从句表示听见的内容,hear of“听说”,后面跟人,指对某人有耳闻但没有见过面；hear from“收到的来信”,后面加人；learn“听说、得知”,后面跟从句,含义与 hear 相似。如： I hear Mr Green is coming to see us tonight. (我听说格林先生今晚要来看望我们)/ Have you ever heard of the man who once went to the Himalaya Mountains? (你是否

41、听说过那个去过喜马拉雅山的人？)/ How often do you hear from your father? (隔多久你收到你父亲的信？)/ He learned the musician himself was in town.(他听说音乐家本人就在城里) (15) speak、talk 、say 、tell 的用法：四个词与“说”有关。speak“讲话、发言、演说”,是不及物动词 ,涉及人时要加介词 to,speak 作及物动词时后面跟语言名称；talk“谈话、闲谈”, 是不及物动词,涉及人时用介词 with、to 等,涉及事情时后面跟介词 about 等；say 是及物动词,后面跟

42、名词、代词、从句等,表示说的内容；tell 是及物动词,后面首先要跟人,然后再跟从句或者介词短语等。如：Do you speak English? (你讲英语吗？)/ Who spoke at the meeting? (谁在会上发了言？)/ Our teacher is talking to Lin Taos parent. (我们的老师正在跟林涛的家长讲话)/ Can you say it in English? (你能用英语说出它吗？)/ Please tell me something about the strange flying object. (请跟我讲讲那个奇怪的飞行物的事情

43、吧 )(16) be able to(do)、can 的用法： can 是情态动词,有许多含义,表示“ 可能、可以、会”等意思 ,只有现在式 can 和过去式 could 两种形式；be able to 表戴氏英语10示能力上“会 ”,有多种时态形式 ,to 后面跟动词原形,有时可以与 can/could互换。如：Can you speak English? (你会说英语吗？)/ He couldnt(wasnt able to) swim when he was 12. (他十二岁时不会游泳 ) (17) there be、have 的用法：两个词都可以译为“有”, 但是,have 表示的是

44、“ 拥有”,主语必须是人或者物；there be 表示“存在”的概念,主语在 there be 之后。如：How many brothers and sisters do you have? I have only one brother. (你有多少兄弟？我只有一个兄弟。)/ How many chairs and desks are there in their classroom? There is none. (他们教室里有多少张桌椅？一张也没有。)注解 there be sb./sth doing 与 there be sb./sth to do 有所不同：用 doing表示一个正在

45、发生的事情,而用 to do 则表示一个滞后或迟于 there be 的动作。如： Look! There is a dog lying on the stairway. / Take your time. There is nothing for you to do tonight.(18) borrow、 lend、keep 的用法：表示“借” 的三个词,borrow“ 借进” 、lend“出借”都是一次性动作 ,不可以和表示一段的时间状语连用；keep“保存” 用来表示借一段时间。如： I have lost the book I borrowed from my teacher. Wh

46、at can I do? (我丢掉了从老师那里借来的书)/ How long have you kept my dictionary,eh?For more than two months! (呃,我的字典你借了多久了？两个多月了！)(19) bring、take、carry、send、lift 的用法：bring 指从远处“拿来” ；take 指从面前“拿走 ”；carry 指一般的搬运,不涉及方向；send 主要指“送、派遣、寄”；lift 指把东西由低向高“ 提起、拎起”。例略。(20) hope、wish 的用法：两个词都表示“希望”, 但是,hope 表达有把握或信心实现的事情,后面

47、直接跟动词不定式或者宾语从句,不可以跟动名词或作宾语补足语的不定式；wish 表达实现的可能性不大的事情 ,后面跟名词、宾语从句(用过去时) 或者作宾语补足语的不定式。如：We all hope to see him very soon. (我们全都希望尽快见到他 )/ I hope it will be fine tomorrow so that we can go out. (我希望明天天好 ,这样我们就能出去了。)/ How I wish it was not raining at the moment!(我多么希望此刻不在下雨！)(事实上天正在下雨)(21) take、spend、pa

48、y、cost 的用法：spend 的宾语通常是金钱或时间,句型： sb.+(spend)+时间/金钱+on sth / (in) doing sth. ；戴氏英语11take 的主语通常是事情,句型： sth./It + (take)+sb.+时间+to do 。(如果是动作则常用 it 作形式主语将动词不定式后移)； cost 的宾语通常是时间、金钱、力气,句型： sth. +(cost)+sb.+时间/ 金钱/力气. ；pay 的宾语通常是金钱 ,句型： sb.+(pay)+金钱+for+事物. 如：She spent the whole night reading the novel.

49、(她花了一个晚上看那本小说)/ This job will take me two days.=It will take me two days to do the job. (做这件事情要花我两天的时间 )/ How much does a house like this cost? (像这样的房子要花多少钱？ )/ I paid him twenty dollars for the book (我花了 20 元从他那儿买了书)(22) begin、start 的用法：begin 在大多数情况下可以替代 start,(反义词是 end),后面接不定式或动名词时区别不大,但是 start 还可以表示“开始、出发、启动”,反义词是 stop；某事停止后再重新开始一般用 start.如：When did you begin/start to learn English? (你什么时候开始学英语的？)/ They started getting in the crops after the rain stopp