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常用前缀的小结.doc

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1、常用前缀的小结(2010-11-16 15:51:35)转载标签: 教育 “a-”:古英语前置词 on 的缩写形式,含义为“在之上” , “在之中” , “进入到” ,“到” ,构成一个谓语或状语成分:aside 等;古英语前置词 of 的缩写形式:afresh; anew 等;少数情况下不指动作的全过程,只涉及其终结:abide (by)等;ab 的异体字,用在字母 p 和 v 之前。 “ab”含义为“从,离开” ,含义相当于 off:absent; abstract;ad的异体字,亦作 a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap, ar-, as-, at-等。通常有

2、“向;增加,增长”的含义,相当于 off:absent; abstract。需要和介词构成搭配;an 的异体字,通常有“无,缺少”的含义:anecdote 等。“be-”:含义为“附近,到处,周围” ,有强调的意味,也常有轻蔑,贬低的意味。常用使不及物动词、名词、形容词等变为及物动词。 “bi, by”为其非强调形式。“com-”:表示 “与” , “共” , “合” , “全” , “完整” , “相关 ”等,有 co-, con-, col-, cor-等变体形式。“contra-”:“反对” , “相反” , “针对”:contrast 等;“低” , “下” 。“counter-”:“

3、反对” , “相反” , “针对” , “面对” , “响应”等;“补充” , “对应” ,“类似” , “报答”等;“替代” , “副本”等。“de-”:“否定” , “取消” , “相反” , “颠倒”:decentralize ;“向下” , “下降”:decline; “离开,脱离” (di-,dis-为变体形式):derail, detrain;“完全地(加强语气) ”(dia 为变体形式):defunt, denude 等; 异体字“di”含义为“经过” , “在之间” ,“越过” , “属于” 。“di-”:“二” ;异体字 “dia”, “彻底” , “完全的” ;异体字“di

4、a ”含义为“经过” ,“在之间” , “越过” , “属于” 。“dis-”:否定或相反的含义(见 de-, un-) ;“除去的” , “分开的” , “离开” ;存在变体“bi”:“ 完全地” ; 变体“di ”近似“bi” ,含义为“二” 。“en-”:该前缀存在“em- ”等变体。“在里面” , “进入 ”, “放进” , “放在上面” ;“使” , “使成为” , “使处于状态” ;加在动词的前面,使它们成为及物动词;如果本身就是及物动词,则赋予它们及物的符号。“epi-”:“ 在上面” , “在之上” ;“在旁” , “在附近” ;“在之前” ,“在之后” 。“ex-”:该前缀存

5、在“e-” , “ec-”, “ef-”, “el-”, “em-”, “is-”等变体。“出自” , “从” ;有时还有相反或否定的含义;该前缀含有“全部地” , “彻底地”的含义。“fore-”:“前” , “先” , “预” ;前部的;(位置)在上的;变体为“for-”:“离去” , “极度” , “过度” , “不当” 。“in-”:(有变体 en-; em-; im-; ir-等)与动词结合,起及物与强调作用;(有变体 ig-; il-; im-; ir-等)具有反义和否定的作用,可以自由地和英语单词结合构成新词,尤其可与英语的形容词及其派生词、名词结合。“inter-”:含义主要有

6、:“在之间” , “在之中” , “相互地” , “在一起” 。“intra-”:含义主要有:“ 在内” , “进入” , “向内” 。“meta-”:含义主要有:“继后” , “带有” , “同一道” , “超过” , “在中间” , “位于后”等。其他前缀“ortho-”以及“para-”有类似的用法。“mis-”:单纯的否定;“坏” , “误” , “错误” , “不正确的 ”等。“non-”:通常起到单纯的否定作用。“ob-”:变体形式为 “o-”, “oc-”, “of-”, “op-”等。含义为“向” , “到” , “在上面” ,“在上空” , “对”等;现在用来表达“逆” ,

7、“反” , “非” , “倒”等。“out-”:出现于各种意义的复合词中,亦可构成许多及物动词,表示在某种指明的行动中的超出、超越或胜出。“over-”:出现于各种意义的复合词中,尤用于下列含义:“超过界限” , “过度” , “过分”, “太” ,以构成动词、形容词、副词和名词。“para-”: 含义为“旁” ;有时还有 “附近” , “超越” , “侧面” , “偏差”等含义;含义为“保护” , “防护” , “防止” , “为防止而作好战斗的准备;避开(危险) ”等。“per-”:变体为“pol-” 。“通过” , “彻底地” , “完全” , “十分”等;“高” , “过”等。“per

8、i-”:含义为“大约” , “附近” , “周围” , “超过”等。“post-”:含义为“后” , “次”等。“pre-”:含义为“在前” ;“在之前” , “早的” , “预先的” , “在前的”以及其他的比喻用法。“pro-”:变体形式为“pur-; por-”。含义为“亲” , “赞成” , “偏袒” ,为“anti-”的对立面;表示“在空间或时间上优先” ,尤其包含“向前进,向前或向外突出”等;常加在不用作词的词干前面。“re-”:“回复,回报,相互”:repay, restore, react, revenge;“又,再,重新,反复”:remarry, reappear, rete

9、ll;“反对,对立”:rebel, repel, resist;“在后,往后”:recall, remain, repent, retard, revert;“退隐,隐秘”:recluse, reticence;“离开,放掉,去,下”:resign, repress 等。“se-”:含义主要有: “离去 ”, “离开” , “往侧面移动,离开 ”。“sub-”:变体形式有 “su-”, “suc-”, “suf-”, “sug-”, “sum-”, “sup-”, “sur-”, “sus-”等。“在下面” , “在下方”等;“轻微地” , “不完整” , “近乎”等;“次要的” ,“次要的”

10、 , “附属的” 。“super-”:变体形式为 “sur-”等。“上” , “超”等;“上面” , “超出” , “另外” ,“过度”等。“syn-”:“与” , “共” , “同” , “合”等;“同时”等;“相同” , “相像” , “相似”等。“trans-”:“横过” , “穿过” , “超越” , “贯通” , “通过 ”, “切地改变” , “横断”等;“切”等。“un-”:“不” , “非” , “未”等;构成动词的前缀,在英语中用法自由,表示相反的动作或状态,或去除,剥夺或解脱。“under-”:前缀定语性用法,表示:(地点或位置) “在下” , “低于”等;(级别或地位)

11、“次于” , “低于” ;(程度,范围或数量) “低于” , “少于”或“不足”等。“with-”:“往回,离去”:withdraw;“反对,对抗”:withhold, withstand。特别提示】在英语语言历史演变的过程中,单词的词形和词义都会发生或多或少的变化,但是“万变不离其宗” 。词根、词缀是构成英语单词的元素,了解、牢记和把握这些元素,可以牢固地掌握单词的意义,达到事半功倍的学习效果。对于应试的读者,词根在篇章中所起到的一致性和连贯性的作用更是非同小可。本词根表中,出现的词汇仅仅为考试大纲词汇表所要求的,但是如果掌握好这些词根,也同样为将来的学习打下了坚实的基础。“-acer-/-

12、egr-”: sour; sharp(酸;锋利) acid; acute; acrimony; eager; vinegar“-act-/-ag-”: do; perform; drive(做;行为;冲)act; action; actor; activate; activity; agency; agent; agenda; agitate; essay; exact; interact; react; transaction; activist*; agile*“-aer-/-air-”: air; mist(空气)aerial; aeroplane; airplane; aerobics

13、; air; aircraft; airline; airport“-aesm-/-aesti-”: estimate; value(估计)aim; estimate; esteem“-agri-/-ager-”: field; land(田野;地) agriculture; agrarian; pilgrim“-add-/-dere-/-agger-”: heap; put(堆积;放置)add; additional; addition; exaggerate“-agon-”: struggle; anguish(痛苦)agony“-aisl-/-isle-”: wing(翼) aisle“

14、-ali-/-alt-/-el-”: foreign; other; (change)(外;其他;变化)alien; alter; alternate; altruism; else; elsewhere; unalienable*; adulterate*“-alti-/-alto-”: high; top(高;提高)altitude; alto; enhance; old“-am-/-ama-/-ami-”: love(爱)amateur; amiable; enemy“-ambi-”: going around(走动)ambassador; ambiguous; ambition; am

15、bulance; amble“-amplus-”: spacious(大;宽敞)ample; amplify; amplifier“-anima-”: life; breath; mind(生命)animal; animate; unanimous; animate*“-ann-”: years(年)anniversary; annual“-ante-/-ant-/-anti-”: before(前;之前)anticipate“-apt-/-ept-”: fit; fitted; suitable; fasten(适当;紧)apt; adapt; adaptation; inept“-arc-

16、”: bow(弓)arch“-archi-”: chief(主要)architect; architecture“-arm-”: weapon(武器)arm; alarm“-art-/-arti-/-ert-”: craftsmanship(艺术;技艺)art; artist; artificial; inertia“-aster-/-astr-”: stars(星星)astronaut; disaster; disastrous“-atmo-”: vapor(气)atmosphere“-auc-/-aug-/-auth-”: increase; growth(增加)auction; augm

17、ent; author; authority; auxiliary“-aud-/-aur-/-edi-”: hear; hearing; ear(听)audience; audit; aural; obedience; obedient; obey“-auto-/-auth-”: self; genuine(自己;真正的)authentic; automate; automobile; automatic; automation“-avan-/-aban-/-ante-”: set out before(前)advance; advanced; advantage; disadvantage;

18、 vantage“-avia-”: bird(鸟)aviation“-balk-/-balc-”: beam; ridge(横梁;阻碍)balcony“-ball-/-bull-/-bu-/-bow-/-pill-”: dance; globe(球;圆)ball; ballet; balloon; bowl; bowling; bubble; bulb; bull; bullet; bulletin; bully; pill“-band-/-bend-/-bond-/-bind-/-bunc-”: join; combine (limit)(结合;限制)abandon; ban; band;

19、bandage; bend; bind; bond; binding; bound; boundary; bunch*; bondage*“-bank-/-bench-/-banqu-”: bench(长凳“过去为金融交易的地方 ”)bank; bankrupt; bench; banquet; bench“-bar-”: stick; rod(长木条) bar; barrel; embarrassment“-bas-/-bass-”: of low height; pedestal(基础)base; baseball; basic; basis; database“-bat-/-bar-/-

20、bell-”: club; hit(木棍;打击)bar; barrel; barrier; bat; battery; battle; combat; debate; batter*; belligerent*; abate*; baton*; billiard*; rebuke*“-bene-/-bon-”: good(好;善)benefit; beneficial; bonus“-bi-/-bin-/-bo-”: two; twice(二;两;双)binary; balance; bicycle; billion; biscuit; both; combination; combine“-

21、biblio-”: books(书)Bible; bibliography“-bill-/-bull-”: seal; document; boss(玉玺;印章)bill; bulletin; bull; bully“-bio-/-bi-”: life(生命)biography; aerobics“-blam-/-blasm-”: blaspheme(亵渎)blame; blaspheme*“-brac-”: arms(双臂)brace; bracket; brake; embrace“-bread-/-breed-/-brib-”: crumb; morsel(面包)bread; breed

22、; bribe; bribery“-break-/-breach-/-brick-”: break(打破)break; breach; brick; brisk“-brev-/-brief-”: short(短;简)brief; brevity“-bri-/-brill-”: shine(闪耀) bright; brighten; brilliant“-cal-/-car-/-char-”: heat(热量)calm; calorie; carbon; charcoal; coal“-camp-/-champ-”: field; plain; battlefield(战场;田地)camp; c

23、ampus; campaign; champion“-can-/-chan-/-cap-/-cat-/-chief-”: small vessel; tube; head; chief(小容器;管/头;首)achieve; cabbage; can; canal; candy; canoe; cannon; cap; cape; capital; capitalism; captain; cattle; chapter; cheek; chef; chief; choke; escape; channel; *cane; canyon*; cunning*; uncanny*“-cap-/-c

24、ab-/-cip-/-cas-/-cach-/-chas-/-ceiv-/-cept-/-ceit-/-cup-” : take; catch; seize; realize; contain; hold(拿;抓;捕;握)anticipate; accept; capture; captivity; cable; capable; capacity; capsule; captive; captivity*; case; cash; cashier; cassette; catch; cater; chase; conceive; concept; conception; cop; copy;

25、 deceive; deceit; except; exception; occupation; occupy; participate; perceive; prince; receipt; receive; reception; recipe; reciprocal; recover; recovery; susceptible; capricious*; capsize*; conceit*; recuperate*; apperceive*; caption*; covert*; disciple*; encapsulate*; precept*; preoccupy*; recept

26、acle*“-car-/-char-”: cart; carry; wagon; load(车;载)car; career; cargo; carpenter; carriage; carrier; carry; cart; charge“-card-/-chart-”: paper(纸)card; chart; charter“-cav-”: cave; hollow(洞穴)cave; cavity*; concave*“-ceal-/-cel-/-cul-”: hide(躲藏)conceal; occult*“-cel-/-cell-/-celer-”: rise up; swift; h

27、igh(升高;快速)excel; excellent; accelerate; decelerate; culminate*“-cent-/-cens-/-chant-”: sing; song; chant(歌唱)accent; charm; chorus; incentive; cant*; enchant*“-cent-”: a hundred; hundredth(百;百分之一)cent; centigrade; century; centimeter“-cent-/centr-”: center(中心) center; central; concentrate; eccentric“

28、-cern-”: mingle with; mix(混合) concern; discern; discreet; decree*“-cerp-/-carp-”: select; pluck(选择)excerpt; scarce; scarcely“-cert-”: certain; strive; work(确证/争取)ascertain; certain; certainly; certainty; concert; uncertainty; certificate; certify; decertify*“-cess-/-ceed-/-ced-/-ces-”: move; go(行,走,

29、动)access; ancestor; cease; cheese; concede; concession; exceed; exceedingly; excess; precede; precedent; preceding; predecessor; procedure; proceed; proceedings; process; procession; recede; succeed; success; successful; succession; successive; successor; incessant*; deceased*“-chai-/-cait-”: chain;

30、 link(联系)chain“-chiev-/-chef-/-chief-”: head; conclusion(头,首)achieve; chef; chief; mischief“-cid-/-cad-/-cas-/chans-”: fall(下降;降落;天意)accident; case; casual; casualty; chance; cheat; coincide; coincidence; decay; incidence; incident; incidentally; occasion; occasionally; recidivism*; decadent*“-circ-

31、/-cycle-”: round; ring(圆;环)bicycle; circle; circuit; circular; circulate; circumstance; circus; cycle; cylinder; recycle; search“-cis/-cid-”: cut(剪,砍,剁)cement; concise; decide; decision; precise; precisely; precision; scissors; suicide“-cit-/-civ-”: citizen(公民)citizen; city; civil; civilian; civiliz

32、e; civilization“-cite-/-cit-”: rouse; summon; excite; stimulate(唤;召;激)cite; excite; excitement; exciting; recite; entice*“-claim-/-clam-”: shout; call; appeal(呼,唤,争) acclaim; claim; exclaim; proclaim; reclaim; declaim*“-clar-/-clear-”: clear(清楚,清晰)clarity; clear; declare; declaration“-class-”: rank;

33、 fleet(队,级)class; classify; classified; classification“-clim-/-climb-”: ladder(梯)climax; climb“-clim-/-clin-”: incline; tend; bend(倾,弯)climate; climax; decline; incline“-clud-/-claus-/-clos-”: close; shut(关,闭,合)clause; close; conclude; conclusion; disclose; enclose; enclosure; exclude; exclusive; in

34、clude; inclusive; preclude; secluded*“-cogn-/-quain-/-gnos-/-know-/-gnor-/-gna-”: to know perfectly(认知)acquaintance; cognitive; acknowledge; diagnosis; ignorance; ignorant; ignore; know; knowledge; narrative; noble; notice; noticeable; notify; notion; notorious; recognition; recognize; cognition*; q

35、uaint*“-colo-/-cole-/-cult-”: farm; settlement; cultivate; inhabit(殖,植)agriculture; colony; colonial; culture; cultivate; cult*“-commo-/-commu-”: general; universal; share(共,普,享)common; communicate; communication; community“-contra-/-counter-”: against; opposite(反对,对抗) contradiction; contrary; contr

36、ast; country“-cord-/-cor-/-cour-”: heart; gut(心,内脏)accord; cord; cordial; core; courage; discourage; encourage; record; recorder“-coupl-/-cop-”: birth; pair(结子;连接)couple“-corp-/-corpus-”: body(身体)corporate; corporation; incorporate“-cosm-/-kosm-”: universe; order; world(宇宙,世界)cosmic“-count-”: count;

37、 calculate; compute(计,算,数)account; accountant; count; counter; county; discount“-coup-/-cop-”: cut; to strike(剪,击)coupon“-cours-/-cor-/-cur-”: run; flow(跑,流)corridor; course; current; currency; curriculum; discourse; excursion; hurry; incur; intercourse; occur; occurrence; recur; recourse*“-covr-/-c

38、over-”: cover over(覆盖)cover; discover; uncover“-creat-”: make; produce(产生;创造)create; creation; creativity; creature; creationism; recreate“-cred-”: credit; faith(相信)credential; credit; discredit; credible; credulous; grant; incredible; creed*“-cres-/-creas-/-cruit-”: grow(增加,增长)concrete; crew; decre

39、ase; increase; increasingly; recruit; crescent*“-crim-”: verdict; accusation(裁决,判决;指控)crime; criminal; criminologist*“-crimin-/-cris-/-crit-/-cros-/-crux-”: cross; divide; decide; able to discern(十字形;分开,区分)cross; crucial; cruise; / crisis; criteria; discriminate; discrimination; crusade*“-crop-”: sp

40、rout; craw(萌芽;芽) crop; cruise“-crud-/-crud-/-crue-”: press; hurry(血腥,粗糙;敦促;急迫)crude; cruel; cruelty; crowd“-cuit-/-cuis-”: cook(烹饪)biscuit“-cum(u)-/-cil-”: heap up(堆积)accumulate; council; coil; cull*“-cur-/-car-/-cher-”: care; dear(关心;珍爱)accurate; accuracy; care; careful; caress; charity; cherish; c

41、ure; curious; secure; security; charity*; precarious*“-cus-/-curs-”: curse(诅咒) accuse; curse; excuse“-damn-/-demn-/-temn-”: damn(谴责)condemn; contempt; damage; damn; danger“-day-/-dai-”: day(日;天)dial; daily; day; diary“-dec-/-deci-”: ten(十)dean; decade; December; decimal“-dece-/-deco-”: ornament(教堂装饰

42、)decent; decorate“-demo-”: people; folk(民;民众)democracy; democratic; epidemic; demography*“-dense-”: thick(厚;浓)condense; dense; density“-deterior-”: worse(更糟糕)deteriorate“-di-/-du-/-doub-/-dub-”: two(二,两,双;怀疑,可疑) dilemma; double; dubious; duplicate; dual*; doubt; doubtful; undoubtedly“-dic-”: fix(固定;

43、决定) addict“-dic-/-diti-/-dex-/-doc-/-dox-”: speak; teach; show; belief(说;教,信仰)condition; contradict; contradiction; contradictory; dedicate; dictate; dictation; discipline; index; indicate; indication; predict; verdict; /doctor; doctrine; document; orthodox; paradox; indict*; jurisdiction*; docile*;

44、 dogma*“-digni-/-divi-/-divu-/-dei-”: god; worth; merit(神;价值,优点) divine; dignity; indignity*; disdain*“-domai-/-domi-”: lord(贵族;封地) domain; dome; domestic; dominant; dominate; domineering*; dauntless*“-dorm-/-diz-/-doz-/-daz-”: sleep; quiet; lull; weak(睡眠;眩目;安静)dazzle; dizzy; doze; dormant; dormitor

45、y; daze*“-dot-/-dote-/-don-/-dat-/-dos-/-dit-”: give; grant(给予;授予) anecdote; donate; dote; data; date; dose; dosage; edit; editor; edition; editorial; endow; pardon; render; tradition; treason; update; up-to-date“-drain-/-dry-/-drou-”: dry(干燥)drain; draught; dry; drought; drug; draw; dredge*“-dram-/

46、-dras-”: do; perform(做;履行)drama; dramatically; drastic“-dress-”: direct; straight; arrange(直接;安排)address; dress“-drift-/-drive-”: float(漂移) drift“-duc-/-duct-/-doc-”: lead(领,导) conduce; conduct; deduce; dock; educate; education; induce; introduce; introduction; produce; product; production; producti

47、vity; reduce; reduction; reproduce; seduce*“-due-/-dev-/-deb-”: owe(欠) debt; due; duty; endeavor; undue; unduly*; dues*“-dur-/-duur-”: last; harden(延续;艰辛)door; durable; duration; during; endurance; endure; indulge“-dare-/-durr-/-turr-”: venture; dare(冒险)dare“-ease-/-aise-”: comfort; to relieve(安逸;减轻

48、)disease; ease; easy; uneasy“-eco-”: life; environment; money(生命;环境;金钱)ecology; economic; economical; economics; economy“-equa-”: to equal; level(平等;等同)adequate; equal; equality; equation; equivalent“-ern-”: energetic; activity(能量;活动)earnest; energy“-err-”: wanderer; to err(偏移;过错)erroneous; error“-e

49、sse-/-ens-/-esse-/-est-”: to exist; to be(存在)absent; absence; entity; essence; interest; presence; present; presently; represent; representative“-eston-/-stun-”: strike with thunder(打击;惊异)astonish; pierce“-et-/-eat-/-ed-”: eat(吃)eat; eatable; edible“-ethn-/-ethno-”: nation; race(民族;种族)ethnic“-exam-/-exem-”: weigh; take out(掂量;取样)exam; examinatio

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