1、常用微生物学专业名词词汇表 active immunity（主动免疫）: Immunity acquired through direct stimulation of the immune system by antigen.active transport（主动运输）:Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration) with the aid of proteins in the cell m
2、embrane and energy from ATP.Alcohol fermentation（乙醇发酵）：is the formation of alcohol from sugar. Yeast, when under anaerobic conditions, convert glucose to pyruvic acid via the glycolysis pathways, then go one step farther, converting pyruvic acid into ethanol, a C-2 compound.aerobe（好氧微生物）: A microorg
3、anism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2).aflatoxin（黄曲霉毒素）: From Aspergillus flavus t, a mycotoxin that typically poisons moldy animal feed and can cause liver cancer in humans and other animals.AIDS（爱滋病）: Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome. The complex of signs and sym
4、ptoms characteristic of the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ames test（艾姆氏实验）: A method for detecting mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic agents based upon the genetic alteration of nutritionally defective bacteria anabolism（合成代谢）: The energy consuming process of incorp
5、orating nutrients into protoplasm through biosynthesis.anaerobe（厌氧微生物）: A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.antibiotic（抗生素）:A chemical substance from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts.antibody（抗体） : A large protein
6、 molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen.antigen（抗原）: Any cell, particle, or chemical that induces a specific immune response by B cells or T cells and can stimulate resistance to an infection or a toxin.antigenic determinant（抗原决定基）:The precise molecul
7、ar group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response.antimetabolite（抗代谢物）:A substance such as a drug that competes with, substitutes for, or interferes with a normal metabolite.antiseptic（防腐剂）：A growth-inhibiting agent used on tissues to prevent infection.antiserum（抗血
8、清）：Antibody-rich serum derived from the blood of animals (deliberately immunized against infectious or toxic antigen) or from people who have recovered from specific nfections.antitoxin（抗毒素）： Globulin fraction of serum that neutralizesa specific toxin. Also refers to the specific antitoxin antibody
9、itself.arthrospore（节孢子）： A fungal spore formed by the septation fragmentation of hyphae.ascospore（子囊）：A spore formed within a saclike cell (ascus) of Ascomycota following nuclear fusion and meiosis.asepsis（无菌）：A condition free of viable pathogenic microorganisms.autoantibody（自身抗体）：An “anti-self anti
10、body having an ffinity for tissue antigens of the subject in which it is formed. autoantigen（自身抗原）： Molecules that are inherently part of self but are perceived by the immune system as foreignautoimmune disease（自身免疫疾病）：The pathologic condition arising from the production of antibodies against autoan
11、tigens. Example: rheumatoid arthritis. Also called autoimmunitybacteriophage（噬菌体）： A virus that specifically infects bacteria.bacteriostatic（抑菌）：Any process or agent that inhibits bacterial growth.binary fission（二分裂）： The formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent
12、 cell division.B lymphocyte (B cell)： A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells and antibodies.broad spectrum（广谱）： A word to denote drugs that affect many different types of bacteria, both gram-positive and gram-negative.Capsid（衣壳）：The protein covering of a viruss nucleic acid core. Capsids
13、 exhibit symmetry due to the regular arrangement of subunits called capsomers.capsomer（衣壳粒）： A subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc.capsule（荚膜）： In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of simple polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associat
14、ed with virulence.Catabolism（分解代谢）： The chemical breakdown of complex compounds into simpler units to be used in cell metabolism.cell-mediated immune（细胞介导免疫）： The type of immune responses brought about by T cells, such as cytotoxic, suppressor, and helper effects.chemoautotroph（化能自养菌）：An organism th
15、at relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and carbon dioxide for its carbon. Also called a chemolithotraphchemotaxis（趋化性）： The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).Chemotherapy（化学治疗剂）： The use of chemical substanc
16、es or drugs to treat or prevent disease.Chitin（几丁质）：A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the homy substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungicomplement（补体）：In immunology, serum protein components hat act in a definite sequence when set
17、in motion either by an antigen-antibody complex or by factors of the alternative (properdin) pathway.Conldia（分生孢子）：Asexual fungal spores shed as free units from the tips of fertile hyphae. Conjugation（接合）：In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of gene
18、tic material such as plasmids. Can involvespecial (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans.Colony(菌落)： A macroscopic cluster of cells appearing on a solid medium, each arising from the multiplication of a single cell.Contaminant（污染物）：An impurity; any undesirable materia
19、l or organism.Culture（培养物）：The visible accumulation of microorganisms in or on a nutrient medium. Also, the propagation of microorganisms with various media. curddifferential medium（鉴别培养基）： A single substrate that discriminates between groups of microorganisms on the basis of differences in their ap
20、pearance due to different chemical reactions.differential stain（鉴别染色）： A technique that utilizes two dyes to distinguish between different microbial groups or cell parts by color reaction.Disinfection（消毒）：The destruction of pathogenic nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate sur
21、faces.ELISA（酶联免疫）： Abbreviation for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a very sensitive serological test used to detect antibodies in diseases such as AIDS。endospore（芽孢）： A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative ce
22、ll. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridiim are typical sporeformers.endotoxin（内毒素）： A bacterial intracellular toxin that is not ordinarily released (as is exotoxin). Endotoxin is composed of a phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls.
23、Endotoxins can cause severe shock and fever.enriched medium（加富培养基）： A nutrient medium supplemented with blood, serum, or some growth factor to promote the multiplication of fastidiousmicroorganisms.enveloped virus（包膜病毒）： A virus whose nucleocapsid is enclosed by a membrane derived in part from the h
24、ost cell. It usually contains exposed glycoprotein spikes specific for the virus. essential nutrient（必须营养）： Any ingredient such as a certain amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin, or mineral that cannot be formed by an organism and must be supplied in the diet. A growth factor. eucaryotic cell（真核细胞）： A ce
25、ll that differs from a procaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bound subcellular organdies, and mitotic cell division.Exotoxin（外毒素）：A toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target. Examples: botulin, tetanospasmin,
26、diphtheria toxin, and erythrogenic toxin.Facultative（兼性的）：Pertaining to the capacity of microbes to adapt or adjust to variations; not obligate. Example: The presence of oxygen is not obligatory for a facultative anaerobe to grow. Fermentation（发酵）：The extraction of energy through anaerobic degradati
27、on of substrates into simpler, reduced metabolites. In large industrial processes, fermentation can mean any use of microbial metabolism to manufacture organic chemicals or other products.Flagellum（鞭毛） - Hair-like structure attached to a cell, used for locomotion in many protists and prokaryotes. Th
28、e prokaryotic flagellum differs from the eukaryotic flagellum in that the prokaryotic flagellum is a solid unit composed primarily of the protein flagellin, while the eukaryotic flagellum is composed of several protein strands bound by a membrane, and does not contain flagellin. The eukaryotic flage
29、llum is sometimes referred to as an undulipodium.Genotype（表型）：The genotype is ultimately responsible for an organisms phototype, or expressed characteristics.Glycolysis（糖酵解）：The energy-yielding breakdown (fermentation) of glucose to pyruvic or lactic acid. It is often called anaerobic glycolysis bec
30、ause no molecular oxygen is consumed in the degradation.Gram stain（革兰氏染色）：A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet-mordant retention; whereas gram-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal violet and
31、absorbance of the safranin counterstain.Granulocyte（粒细胞）： A mature leukocyte that contains noticeabte granules in a Wright stain. Examples: neutrophils, eoainophils, and basophils.growth factor（生长因子）： An organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet to facilitate
32、 growth. An essential nutrient.Halophlle（嗜盐菌）： A microbe whose growth is either stimulated by salt or requires a high concentration of salt for growth.H antigen（H-抗原）： The flagellar antigen of motile bacteria. H comes from the German word hauch that denotesthe appearance of speading growth on solid.
33、helper T cell（辅助 T-细胞）：A class of thymus-atimulated lymphocytes that facilitate various immune activities such as assisting B cells and macrophages. Also called a T helper cell.Heterotroph（异养菌）： An organism that relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs.Immunity（免疫）：An acquired r
34、esistance to an infectious agent due to prior contact with that agent.immunogen（免疫原）： Any substance that induces a state of sensitivity or resistance after processing by the immune system of the body.immune system（免疫系统）：One of the eleven major body organ systems in vertebrates; defends the internal
35、environment against invading microorganisms and viruses and provides defense against the growth of cancer cells.immunoglobulin（免疫球蛋白）： The chemical class of proteins to which antibodies belong.Inclusion（内含物）： A relatively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage granules, glycogen, fat, or some o
36、ther aggregated metabolic product.Infection（感染）： The entry, establishment, and multiplication of pathogenic organisms within a host.infectious disease（感染性疾病）： The state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious agent.Inflammation（发炎）： A natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury
37、that protects the host from further damage. It stimulates immune reactivity and blocks the spread of an infectious agent.Inoculation（接种）： The implantation of microorganisms into or upon culture media.Interferon（干扰素）： Naturally occurring polypeptides produced by fibroblasts and lymphocytes that can b
38、lock viral replication and regulate a variety of immune reactions.Isolation（分离）： The separation of microbial cells by serial dilution or mechanical dispersion on solid media to achieve a clone or pure culture.Latency（潜伏）： The state of being inactive. Example: a latent virus or latent infection.L for
39、m（L-型菌）： L-phase variants; wall-less forms of some bacteria that are induced by drugs or chemicals.Lipopolysaccharide（脂多糖，LPS）： A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria is an endotoxin with generalized path
40、ologic effects such as feverLysis（溶解）： The physical rupture or deterioration of a cell. Lysogeny（溶原性）： The indefinite persistence of bacteriophage DNA in a host without bringing about the production of virions. A lysogenic cell can revert to a lytic cycle, the process that ends in lysis.lysosome （溶酶
41、体）：A cytoplasmic organelle containing lysozyme and other hydrolytic enzymes. lysozyme（溶菌酶）： An enzyme that attacks the bonds on bacterial peptidoglycan. It is a natural defense found in tears and saliva.macrophage A while blood cell derived from a monocyte that leaves the circulation and enters tiss
42、ues. These cells are important in nonspecificmixed culture（混合培养）： A container growing two or more different, known species of microbes.monoclonal antibody（单克隆抗体）： An antibody produced by a clone of lymphocytes that respond to a particular antigenic determinant and generate identical antibodies only
43、to that determinant. Monocyte（单核细胞）： A large mononuclear leukocyte normally found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and loose connective tissue. This type of cell makes up 3% to 7% of circulating leukocytes.Mutagen（诱变剂）： Any agent that induces genetic mutation. Examples: certain chemical subs
44、tances, ultraviolet，light, radioactivity.Mutation（突变）： A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell. Mycelium（菌丝体）： The filamentous mass that makes up a mold. Composed of hyphae.narrow spectrum（窄谱）： Denotes drugs that are selective and limited in their effects. For exa
45、mple, they inhibit either gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria, but not both.negative stain（负染色）：A staining technique that renders the background opaque or colored and leaves the object unstained so that it is outlined as a colorless area nitrogen fixation（固氮）：A process occurring in certain bacte
46、ria in which atmospheric Na gas is converted to a form (NH usable by plants.Nucleocapsid（核衣壳）： In viruses, the close physical combination of the nucleic acid with its protective covering.Nucleoid（拟核）：The basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome.Nutrient（营养物质）：
47、Any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth. Macronutrients are required in large amounts, and micronutrients in small amounts.Obligate（专性的）： Without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic. Example: An obligate parasite survives and grows o
48、nly in a host; an obligate aerobe must have oxygen to grow; an obligate anaerobe is destroyed by oxygen.Parasite（寄生）： An organism that lives on or within another organism (the host), from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. The parasite produces some degree of harm in the host indirect
49、ly by donation of preformed immune substances (antibodies) produced in the body of another Individual.Pasteurization（巴斯德消毒）： Heat treatment of perishable fluids such as milk, fruit juices, or wine to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores. It prevents infection and spoilage.Pathogen（病原体）：Any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth, that causes disease.Saprophytes(腐生型) Organisms that obtain their nutrients from decaying plants and animals. Saprophytes are important in recycling or
