1、1新 疆 医 科 大 学 教 案 首 页编号：_No.2_课程名称 English Grammar 专业 English Major 班级 Grade 2012主讲教师 Zhao Yan 计划时数 2 periods 专业层次 Under-graduates专业技术职 称 Teaching Assistant 编写时间 Oct. 10th, 2012章节名称 Lecture Two: Subject-verb Concord 使用时间 Oct. 19 th, 2012教学目的与 要 求Students should be able to:1) Use the basic grammatical
2、 terms to explain subject-verb concord2) Understand the basic rules of subject-verb concord3) Solve problems related to the lecture重点与难点1. Grammatical terms related to subject-verb concord: 2. Three principles of subject-verb concord: grammatical concord, notional concord, proximity教学内容更新情况1. Graspi
3、ng grammatical terms related to subject-verb concord2. Understanding the 3 principles of subject-verb concord in detail.教学方法与组织安排1 st periodStep 1:Revision of last lessonStep 2: Words related to subject-verb concordStep3: General introduction of subject-verb concord.Step 4: Detailed study of subject
4、-verb concord- Problems of concord with nouns ending in s2 nd periodStep 1: Detailed study of subject-verb concord- Problems of concord with collective nouns as subjectStep 2: Homework教学手段 Teaching materials and other related materials and booksComputer-based teaching and the materials on CAI. Using
5、 blackboard for some important words learning基本教材和参考书1. English Grammar Course book2. Teachers book 3. Information from Internet集体备课 教 研 室审查意见2English Grammar CourseLecture 2Subject-verb concordPart 1 General plan1 st periodStep 1:Revision of last lesson (10 minutes)Step 2:Words related to subject-v
6、erb concord (5 minutes)Step 3: General introduction of subject-verb concord. (10 minutes)Step 4: Detailed study of subject-verb concord- Problems of concord with nouns ending in s (25 minutes)2 nd periodStep 1: Detailed study of subject-verb concord- Problems of concord with collective nouns as subj
7、ect (48 minutes)Step 2: Homework (2 minutes)Part 2 Detailed planObjectives:Students will be able to:1. use the basic grammatical terms to explain subject-verb concord2. understand the basic rules of subject-verb concord ( three principles and 5 basic rules)3. solve problems related to the lecture1 s
8、t periodStep 1 Revision of Lecture 1 (10 minutes)3Step 2 Study of grammatical terms (5 minutes)Before we learn this part, I want to know how many grammatical terms related to this lecture you have known.Ok, look at the following words and try to remember them:1)一致 concord/agreement 2)成分 element 3) 人
9、称 person 4) 数 number5) 语法一致 grammatical concord 6) 意义一致 notional concord7)就近原则 the principle of proximity 8)单数 singular number 9) 复数 plural number 10)中心词 headword11)可数名词 countable noun 12)不可数名词 uncountable noun13) 单位词 unit noun 14)集体名词 collective noun15)个体名词 individual nounStep 3: General introducti
10、on of subject-verb concord ( 10 minutes)Question: Can you explain what subject-verb concord means in English?Answer: Subject-verb concord means the agreement between subject and verb in number. And there are 3 principles guiding subject-verb concord.They are -Grammatical concord-Notional concord-pro
11、ximityPair workFirst step: ask students to choose the right answer and explain the reason. Their earning (comes, come) to 500 dollars a week. Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university(was, were) accepted. Two weeks( are, is) quite a short time for us to finish the wor
12、k. The audience (is, are) listening to a Beethoven symphony. Neither Tom nor Mary( is, are) coming to the party, but one of them has to stay home. No one except his own supporters(agree, agrees).Second step: let students draw the conclusion of the principlesGrammatical concord refers to the rule tha
13、t the verb must match its subject in number.Two cases:-if the subject is plural, the verb should take the plural form.-if the subject is singular or is a mass noun, the verb should take the singular form.Notional concord refers to the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according
14、 to the 4notion of number rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that notion.Proximity denotes: The choice of the verb depends on the subject which is very closely to it.Note that grammatical concord is the basic principle, but when the subject is realized by a collective n
15、oun, a coordinate form or an expression of quantity, the other two principles will have to be considered.Step 4: in this part, we will explain it in details from 5 aspects that often arise difficulties. (35 minutes)1. Problems of concord with nouns ending in sThe plural form of a noun is often forme
16、d by adding-s/es.Question: Are all the words end in s/es countable?Answer: N-s -treated as singular-treated as plural-treated either as singular or a pluralAll these 3 cases can be dealt with under the following aspectsWhole class activity( discuss the sentences together) Darts _ a free and easy gam
17、e. (is, are) Three darts _ thrown at each true.( is, are) Economics_ a required course for all the students. (is, are) The economics of the project _ still being considered.(is, are) The United States _ a country of people with varied origins.(is, are) In early January 1976 the Netherlands _ hit by
18、its worst storm since 1953.(was, were) The West Indies, apart from the Bahamas, _ commonly divided into two parts. (is, are) The Himalayas _ a magnificent variety of plant and animal life. (has, have)Conclusion:1.1: Disease and game names ending in sDisease:Such as: arthritis(关节炎),bronchitis(支气管炎)mu
19、mps( 腮腺严 diabetes(糖尿病)etc. They are mostly treated as singular, but there are a few words like: measles, rickets which can be used either as singular or plural. Game: Such as: darts, marblesGame names ending in s are generally used as singular with the exception of cards which is usually treated as
20、plural.1.2: Subject names ending in icsThese words such as: physics, mathematics, mechanics, politics, statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics, optics, acoustics are usually treated as singular. But when they are used in other senses than subject name, it will be different.1.3: Geographical na
21、mes ending in sFrom the examples, we can see that the name of the country will be treated as singular, but the names of archipelagos, mountain ranges, straits and falls are generally used as plural.1.4: Other nouns ending in s1.4.1:For example: The chopsticks _ used by Chinese and Japanese for lifti
22、ng food.(is, are) One pair of chopsticks _ enough.(isnt, arent ) Two pairs of pliers_ missing from my tool box.(is, are)Now we can see clearly that names for things made of two parts are usually used as plural. But when they are preceded by such unit nouns as “a pair of, two pairs of” the number for
23、m of the following verb is 5generally determined by the number marker of the unit nouns.1.4.2: How to deal with such words?( Archives, arms, clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains, stairs suburbs, thanks, wages)Nouns like the above generally used as plural with the exce
24、ption of “whereabouts, dramatics” which may be treated either as plural or as singular.1.4.3 Nouns ending in -ingsSuch as : clippings, diggings, etc, are generally used as plural with the exception of tidings which can be used both ways.1.4.4 How to deal with words like: barracks, headquarters, mean
25、s, series, species, works?the singular and plural number of these words share the same form. These nouns are treated as plural when used in the plural sense, or vice versa.For example: A barracks was stormed by the enemy troops Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded. The only means to achi
26、eve success is to appeal to arms. All means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.Notes that: the word “remains” When it means the dead body, corpse, it is used as plural. When it means what is left, it is used both ways62. Problems of concord with collective nouns as subject:Finis
27、h off the following exercises: It seems the cattle on the sides of the dykes (was, were) the only living creatures in these desolate surroundings. The British police (has, have) only very limited powers. A team which (is, are) full of enthusiasm (is, are) likely to win. The family (is, are) a very h
28、appy one. The Board of Directors (is, are) shaking (its, their) heads at the Chairmans speech. I think (it, they) (disapproves, disapprove) of what he is saying. Collective nouns are singular in form but plural in meaning. The choice between grammatical and notional concord is mostly dictated by usa
29、ge.2.1 collective nouns usually used as plural.Such as: people, police, cattle, militia, poultry, 2.2 Collective nouns works as uncountable nouns usually used as singular Such as: foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise2.3: Collective nouns used either as plural or as singularThere are
30、 collective nouns that can be used either as plural or as singular. The choice of the verb form following such nouns depends on the exact meaning of the noun in a specific context.Two cases:- when the noun is used in the sense of a collective as a whole, the verb takes the singular form.- if, on the
31、 other hand, the noun is used in the sense of the individuals that make the collective, the verb takes the plural form.2.4: A committee of , ect. +plural nounWhen a plural noun is preceded by a committee of/ a board of/ a panel of, the verb usually takesthe singular formEg. A committee of five men a
32、nd three women is to consider the matterThe board of directors is responsible for the management of the company.2 nd periodStep 1: problems of concord with a coordinate construction, a quantitative expression, or a nominal clause as subject. (48 minutes) 3. Problems of concord with a coordinate subj
33、ectThe following rules are to be observed in the case of a coordinate subject.Pair work7First step: Ask students to discuss the following exercises with their partner: Rain, hail and wind (have, has) caused an estimated $22,000,000 damage to crops and livestock Ham and eggs( is, are)a good breakfast
34、. Every flower and every bush( is, are) to be cut down. Many a man and woman in this community(finds, find) himself or herself in need. War and peace(is, are) a constant theme in history. Was and peace (is, are) alternatives between which man must constantly choose. Not only one, but all, of us (is,
35、 are) hoping to be there. Either my father or my brothers are coming. Neither the players nor the coach was/were overconfident. Not only the switches but also the old wiring has/ have been changed. Milking the cows, in addition to several other chores, (was, were) his responsibility. My wife, more t
36、han anyone else in the family, (is , are)anxious to go there again. The vessel, with its entire crew and cargo, (was, were) lost. No one except two boys was late for dinner.Second step: ask students to give the conclusion according to the exercises above.According to the exercises we have done, lets
37、 draw a conclusion:1) Coordination with “and” or “both and”Conclusion:Usually it is treated as plural when it refers to two or more than two persons/ things,It is treated as singular when it refers to only one person or thing.2) Coordination with “or”/ “either, or”/, “nor”/ “neithernor”, “not onlybu
38、t also”Here the problem of concord is generally dealt with according to the principle of proximity. But in informal style, items coordinated by “neithernor” or “not onlybut also” can sometimes be regarded as plural.3) subject + as much as/ rather than/ more than, no less than /as well as/ in additio
39、n to/ with/ along with/ together with/ except4. Problems of concord with expressions of quantity as subjectQuantitative expressions fall into two categories: definite and indefinite1) concord with expression of definite quantity as subjectPair workDiscuss the following exercises in pairs and choose
40、the best answer: Where (is, are) that five pounds I lent you? (emphasize the single unit) There (is, are) 30 dollars in each of the drawer.(emphasize the individuals that constitute the quantity) Only 25 per cent of the capital( is, are) American-owned. Two- thirds of the people present(is, are) aga
41、inst the plan. Twenty-five from thirty (leaves, leave) six.( minus and divide often use singular) Seven plus five (makes, make) twelve.(plus and multiply can use both ways) One out of twenty (was, were) badly damaged. ( in formal and in informal)Conclusion:8Description of the Chart:According to the
42、above exercises, we can draw the following principles:a) when a definite quantity is regarded as a single unit, the verb takes the singular form and when used inthe sense of the individuals that constitute the quantity. The verb takes the plural form.b) If the subject is “a fraction/percentage + of-
43、phrase”, the form of the verb is determined by the noun in theof-phrase. A plural noun in the of-phrase requires a plural verb; a singular or a mass noun in the of-phrase isto be followed by a singular verb. c) If the subject is an expression of “A plus/and B” or “A multiplied by B”, the verb can ei
44、ther take thesingular or the plural form. If, on the other hand, the subject is one of “A minus B” or “A minus B” or “Adivided by B”, the verb can only be singular.d) If the subject is a noun phrase composed of “one in/one out + plural noun,” the verb takes the singularform in formal style, but in i
45、nformal style it can be plural.2) Concord with expression of indefinite quantity as subjectPair workDiscuss the following exercises in pairs and choose the best answer:9 All of the fruit (looks, look) ripe. All (are, is) eager to leave now. Few of my family really (understands, understand) me. Neith
46、er of the girls (is, are) over eighteen. ( both cases are ok) The substantial portion of reports (is, are) missing. There is a kind of rose, which (fills, fill) the air with fragrance when may comes. Roses of this kind (is, are) very sweet. There (is, are) several sorts of cheese for sale in the sho
47、p. These type of cars (is, are) inexpensive. (in informal occasion) Many a person in these circumstances (has, have) hoped for a long break. More than one student (has, have) failed the exam. The majority (is, are) not always in the right. The majority of the damage (is, are) easy to repair. An aver
48、age of 25 applications a month is not unusual. (the average is unusual).Conclusion 10Description of the chart:a) when the subject is a noun phrase composed of “all of, some of, none of, half of, most of, etc”, the number of the verb is determined by the noun in the of-phrase. This is also true of “l
49、ots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of + noun”,b) When the subject is a noun preceded by “a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of”, the verb invariably takes the singular form, whatever the forms of the noun. Likewise, when the subject is a noun, singular or plural, preceded by “a kind/sort/type of” or by “this kind/sort/type of”, the verb takes the singular form. If “kind/sort/type of” is preceded by “these/those” and followed
