1、1主动语态变被动语态的方法1. 基本方法将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，将主动谓语变为被动谓语(be+过去分词) ，将主动语态的主语变为 by 短语(在被动句中用作状语 )：He stole our money.Our money was stolen by him.【注】(1)若不强调动词执行者，被动语态中的 by 短语通常可以省略：The house was built in 1978. 这座房子是 1978 年建的。(2) 在转变语态时，要注意保持两种语态时态的一致性：The students will study the problem.The problem will be st
2、udied by the students.A friend of ours is repairing the roof.The roof is being repaired by a friend of ours.2. 双宾动词的被动语态双宾动词即指带双宾语的动词，它们在变为被动语态时，有以下两种情形值得注意：(1) 有些双宾动词(如 award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell 等) 在变为被动语态时，既可把间接宾语(指人 )变为被动语态的主语，而把直接宾语 (指事物)保留下来( 称为保留宾语)，也可把直接宾语 (
3、指事物)变为被动语态的主语，而把间接宾语改为介词 to 或 for 引起的状语(到底用 to 还是 for，与所搭配的动词有关)。比较：He gave her some money. 他给她一些钱。 She was given some money. / Some money was given to her.He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一快表。 A watch was bought for her. / She was bought a watch.(2) 有些双宾动词(如 bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, writ
4、e 等)通常用直接宾语(指事物)作被动语态的主语，而将间接宾语用作保留宾语(其前根据情况用介词 to 或 for)：Father made me a doll. A doll was made for me.He wrote her a letter. A letter was written to her.(3) 有些双宾动词(如 answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare 等)通常用间接宾语(指人) 作被动语态的主语，而将直接宾语用作保留宾语：He answered me that question. I was answered that questi
5、on by him.3. 含有情态动词的被动形式若主动语态中谓语含有情态动词，在相应的被动语态中通常应保留该情态动词，其结构为“情态动词+be(或 be 的适当时态形式)+过去分词”：Everyone must know this. This must be known by everyone.请看以下带情态动词被动句实例：This cant be done in a short time. 这不是短期内可以完成的。She may have been sent to work elsewhere. 她可能被派到别处工作去了。The door must have been locked by m
6、y wife. 门一定是我妻子锁的。The environment should be improved. 环境应当改善。The second point neednt be discussed today. 第二点今天不必讨论。动语态的主要用法2当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用 by 短语。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。( 不知谁打破的)They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。 (没必要指出工资是谁付的 )突出或强调动作的
7、承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用 by 短语。The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。( 要突出的是 “时间”)These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书)为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：You are requested to make a speech at next meeting. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner.
8、 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：It is generally considered impolite to ask ones age, salary, marriage, etc. . 问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因 those 的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。) 被动语态考点命题的四个
9、切入点1. 在语境中考查被动语态的用法 I dont suppose the police know who did it. Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and _ now.A. has been questioned B. is being questionedC. is questioning D. has questioned答案为 B。根据常识，被抓的嫌疑犯应该是 “被”审问，故应用被动语态；再根据句末的now 可知，应用现在进行时。2. 利用汉语干扰考查被动语态The water _ cool when I
10、joined into the pool for morning exercise.A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels答案为 C。尽管句中的 feel 含有被动意味，但由于它是不及物动词，所以不能用于被动语态，故排除 A 和 B；再根据其后的 joined 可知，应用一般过去时。3. 综合考查被动语态与时态I got caught in the rain and my suit _.A. has ruined B. had ruined C. has been ruined D. had been ruined答案为 C。此题可用排除法来做。根据 m
11、y suit 与 ruin 的关系可知，此处应用被动语态，故可排除选项 A 和 B；再根据 get caught in the rain 与 be ruined 的先后关系，显然应是先被雨淋，然后才是衣服被弄脏，所以不能选 D。4. 综合考查被动语态与虚拟语气If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what _ in science and technology.A. had discovered B. had been discoveredC. has discovered D. has been discovered答案为 D。此题可
12、用排除法来做。根据 what 与 discover 的关系可知，此处应用被动语态，即指被发现的东西，故可排除选项 A 和 C；由于句子使用了虚拟语气， 所以此题的迷惑性很大，许多考生会误选 B。其实，由于句中的虚拟语气是对现的情况进行假设(注意句中的 today)，而且 “在科学和技术方面所取得的发现”指的是现在的事实，而非假设，所以3此处要用现在完成时，而不能用过去完成时被动语态的主要用法当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用 by 短语。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗
13、被打破了。( 不知谁打破的)They have been poorly paid. 他们的工资太低。 (没必要指出工资是谁付的 )突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用 by 短语。The time-table has been changed. 时间表已变动了。( 要突出的是 “时间”)These books are written especially for children. 这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“”这些书)为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如：You are requested to make a speech at next meeting
14、. 请您在下次会议上作个发言。It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner. 据说她要嫁给一个外国人。出于修辞的原因，或是说为了更好地安排句子。如：It is generally considered impolite to ask ones age, salary, marriage, etc. . 问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别
15、遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因 those 的定语太长了，若用它作主语，主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。)8 种常用时态的被动语态由“助动词 be + 动词的过去分词”构成。助动词 be 有时态、人称和数的变化。(1) 一般现在时：am/is/are + 过去分词。如：Rice is grown in south China. 华南种植水稻。(2) 一般过去时：was/were+过去分词。如：The glass was broken yesterday. 这块玻璃是昨天打烂的。(3) 现在进行时：am/is/are being +过去分词。如：The project is be
16、ing carried out. 这个计划正在执行中。(4) 过去进行时：was/were being +过去分词。如：This road was being built this time last year. 这条路去年这个时候还在修建。(5) 一般将来时：will be +过去分词。如：The cars will be sent abroad by sea. 这些汽车将由水路运往国外。(6) 过去将来时：would be +过去分词。如：The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. 经理说这
17、个工程在年底前将会完成。(7) 现在完成时：have/has been +过去分词。如：This novel has been translated into several languages. 这本小说已被译成了几种语言。(8) 过去完在时：had been + 过去分词。如：When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. 我到达剧院时，发现票已卖完了。一要注意被动语态的不同时态被动语态由“be+过去分词” ，其中的助动词 be 根据情况可使用各种不同时态。如：She is respecte
18、d by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。(一般现在时)The book will be reprinted soon. 这本书很快会重印。(一般将来时)4The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。 (现在进行时)They have been given a warning. 他们受到警告。( 现在完成时)二要注意带情态动词的被动语态该结构的基本形式为“情态动词+be(或 be 的适当形式)+过去分词 ”。这类结构非常有可能作为语境题出现在考卷中。如：The rules must be obeyed. 这些规章制度必须遵守。They shouldnt have
19、been told about it. 这事是不应当告诉他们的。三要注意非谓语动词的被动语态1. 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人。2. 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词 ”构成。如：I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。3. 现在分
20、词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护，他感到很安全。4. 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：Having been invited to speak, Ill start making preparations tomorrow. 因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。The subject having been opened，he had to go o
21、n with it. 话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。5. 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：She likes being looked at. 她喜欢被人瞧。He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。6. 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感
22、到遗憾的事。After having been instructed to drive out of town, I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。注：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着。四要注意“get+过去分词”构成的被动语态英语被动语态通常由“助动词 be+过去分词”构成，有时也可用“get+过去分词”构成。如：James got beaten last night. 詹姆斯昨晚被打了。How did that window get op
23、ened? 那个窗户是如何打开的？但总的说来，用 get 构成的被动语态不如用 be 构成的被动语态常见，尤其是在含有施动者的 by 短语时，用 get 构成被动语态更是少见。不过有时用 be+过去分词构成被动语态构成误解时，人们可能会选 get+过去分词来避免这种误解：The window was broken. 窗户破了(表状态)。/ 窗户被打破了 (表动作)The window got broken. 窗户被打破了(表动作)五要注意哪些动词不用于被动语态1. 不及物动词没有被动语态。因为不及物动词没有宾语，所以若将其用于被动语态则没有5主语，故不能用于被动语态。但是值得注意的是，有些英语
24、中的不及物动词，译成汉语时却可能是“及物”的，很容易出错，这类动词如：take place(发生) ，happen(发生)，come about(发生 )，break out(爆发)，appear(出现) ，disappear(消失)，last(持续)，arise(出现，发生)等：Influenza usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。Use this money when the need arises. 有需要时就使用这笔钱。2. 英语中的静态动词(如 have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble 等)通常不用于被动
25、语态：My shoes dont fit me. 我的鞋不合适。The young man lacks experience. 这个年轻人缺乏经验。六要注意两类被动句型的相互转换英语中有一种主动句可以转换成两种被动句型，它们通常是一些表示客观说明的句子。如：People believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。Its believed that she is honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。She is believed to be honest. 大家相信她是诚实的。比较上面两类被动句型可以发现，一类是“it+be+过去分词+that 从句” ，另一
26、类则是“主语+be+过去分词 +不定式”( 其中的“主语”为前一类句型中 that 从句中的主语)，通常可用于这两类被动句型的动词有 assume, believe, expect, fear, feel, know, presume, report, say, suppose, think, understand 等，比较(同时注意其中时态和动词形式的变化)：Its known that he was a good singer. / He is known to have been a good singer. 大家知道他曾是位优秀的歌手。Its reported that he was
27、driving fast. / He is reported to have been driving fast. 据说他当时车开得很快。关于主动形式表示被动意义1. 连系动词(如 look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove 等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词，它们没有被动语态形式。如：The building looks very beautiful. 这座建筑看上去很美。Your idea proved to be wrong. 你的想法证实是错的。2. 当 open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, c
28、lean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义：The door wont shut. 这门关不上。The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。3. 有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：Her coat caught on the nail. 她的大衣被钉子钩住了。Her eyes filled with tears. 她眼睛里充满了眼泪。4. 不定式 to blame, to let 用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。如：Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢？The h
29、ouse is to let. 此屋出租(from ) 。5. 某些“be+形容词+to do” 结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The book is difficult to understand. 这书很难懂。The music isnt pleasant to listen to. 这音乐不好听。The picture is interesting to look at. 这幅画看起来挺有趣的。注：这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式，但习惯上却要用主动表被动。这类形容词常见的有 convenient, dangerous,
30、difficult, 6easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等。6. 不定式用于某些动词(如 have, have got, get, want, need 等) 的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗?I have some clothes to wash. 我有一些衣服要洗。I want something to drink. 我想喝点
31、什么(from )。注：若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式，比较：I have something to type. 我有些东西要打(字)。( 指自己打字)I have something to be typed. 我有些东西要打( 字)。( 指请人打字)7. 在 tooto do sth 和enough to do sth 这两个结构中，若句子主语与其后不定式为 to do sth 被动关系，则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用被动式)。如：The writing is too faint to read. 这笔迹太模糊，看不清。These boxes are n
32、ot strong enough to use to be used as a platform. 这些箱子不够牢，不能用作站台。8. be worth 后的动名词要用主动表被动。如：This movie is worth seeing. 这部影片值得一看。Shes not worth getting angry with. 犯不上跟她生气(from )。注：与 worth 相似的 worthy 却不一样，其后不接动名词而接不定式 (若接动名词则其前应有介词 of)，且要用被动式表示被动含义：This book is worthy to be read of being read. 这本书值得
33、一读。9. 在 need, want, require 等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The house needs cleaning. 房子需要打扫了。These children require looking after. 这些孩子需要照看。This wall requires repairing. 这面墙需要修理了。注：该结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表被动。如：1. 动词 bear(适宜于), deserve(应受到 ), need(需要), require(需要), stand(忍受), want(需要)等后面接动名词时，该动名词通常用主动形式
34、表示被动意义。如：His sufferings dont bear thinking about. 他受的苦难简直不堪回首。The desk needs repairing. 课桌需要修理。The flowers want watering. 花需要浇水。The man deserves punishing. 他这个人是罪有应得。注：其中有的动词也可直接跟不定式的被动式。如：The man deserves to be punished.The desk needs to be repaired.The flowers want to be watered. (from )2. 不定式用于某些
35、动词(如 have, have got, get, want, need 等) 的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动意义。如：I have a lot of work to do now. 我有很多事要做。I want something to drink. 我想喝点什么。I want to get something to read. 我想找点东西阅读。注意：如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被动式，比较：I have something to type. 我有些东西要打(字)。( 指自己打字)I have something to be ty
36、ped. 我有些东西要打( 字)。( 指请人打字)73. 形容词 cheap, comfortable, dangerous, difficult, easy, exciting, expensive, fit, good, funny, heavy, important, interesting, nice 等接不定式做状语时，不定式的主动形式表被动意义。如：This wine is pleasant to drink. 这种葡萄酒很好喝。A bicycle is cheap to run. 使用自行车是很经济的。The question is difficult to answer. 这个
37、问题很难回答。4. 形容词 worth 后接动名词时，该动名词要用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。Theres never anything worth watching on TV. 电视上从来没有值得看的节目。5. 在 tooto do 结构中，不定式的主动形式表被动意义。如：The text is too difficult to understand. 这篇课文难以理解(from )。6. 表示感觉或变化的 feel, look, smell, sound, taste, turn, prove, get 等系动词的主动形
38、式表示被动意义。如：The dish smells nice. 这道菜气味好闻。His words prove true. 他的话证明是真的。7. 由及物动词转类而来的不及物动词 catch, close, lock, open, read, sell, wash, wear, write 的主动形式表示被动意义，而且它们的状语一般是表示效果或程度的副词，如：well, easily, smoothly。如：The cloth washes easily. 这种布容易洗。The pen writes fluently. 这支笔写起来流利。8. 动词 let, blame 的不定式做表语时，它的
39、主动形式表示被动意义。如：The house is to let. 这座房子出租。He cant be to blame. 他不能受责备(from )。9. There be 结构中的不定式做定语时，主动形式表被动意义。如：In the past, there were too many people to feed. 在过去需要养起来的人太多了。There are many clothes to wash today. 今天要洗的衣服太多了。10. 某些动词 (如 build, burn, cook, print, make 等)的进行时，可用主动形式表示被动意义。如：The house i
40、s building. 房子正在建。The book is printing. 书正在印刷。The house needs to be cleaned. 房子需要打扫了。These children require to be looked after. 这些孩子需要照看。英语不用被动语态几种的情形1. 谓语为连系动词时，不用被动语态。如：He looked fine. 他气色好。The food tastes delicious. 这食物味道很好。2. 谓语为不及物动词(短语)时，不用被动语态。如：The war broke out in the end. 战争终于爆发了。I happene
41、d to meet him there. 我碰巧在哪儿见到了他。3. 宾语为不定式、动词的-ing 形式或从句，表示主语的一些想法、爱好或愿望时，一般不用被动语态。如：He decided to go with us. 他决定跟我们一起去。8I want to buy a computer. 我想买一台电脑。(from )4. 宾语是相互代词、反身代词、同源宾语等时，一般不用被动语态。如：We should help each other. 我们应该相互帮助。We live a happy life here. 我们在这儿过着幸福的生活。He thinks of himself too muc
42、h. 他对自己想得太多。5. 宾语是处所、地点时，一般不用被动语态。如：We will reach the station in two hours. 我们再过两个小时就会到站了。He has gone to London now. 他去伦敦了。6. 谓语部分(动词与宾语) 是一个不可分割的动词短语时，一般不用被动语态。如：The ship set sail this morning. 这艘轮船今天早晨起航了。He saw the doctor yesterday evening. 他昨天晚上看了医生“be said+不定式 ”的七种结构结构一 “be said+ 不定式一般式”该结构主要有两
43、个用法：1. 表示不定式所表示的动作尚未发生或即将要发生。如：They are said to leave soon. 据说他们很快就要离开。He is said to move to the South this winter. 据说他今年冬天要搬到南方去。2. 有时不表示将来，而表示一般情况（尤其是当不定式表示状态而非动作时） 。如：This friend of hers is said to be very rich. 她的这个朋友据说很有钱。His company is said to be in trouble. 据说他的公司遇到了困难。People who cannot disti
44、nguish between colours are said to be colour-blind. 不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。Women are often said to be more emotional than men. 女人常常被说成是比男人易于动感情。结构二 “be said+ 不定式进行式”该搭配表示不定式所表示的动作正在进行。如：He is said to be doing fine at school. 据说他在学校表现很好。The children are said to be playing by the river. 据说孩子们在河边玩。结构三 “be said+
45、不定式完成式”该搭配表示不定式所表示的动作已经完成。如：They are said to have left London. 据说他们已经离开伦敦。He is said to have written another TV play. 据说他又写了一部电视剧。Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer. 据说布朗先生死于肝癌。结构四 “be said+ 不定式完成进行式”该搭配强调不定式所表示的动作迄今为止已经持续了一段时间。如：The family was said to have lived there for 30 years. 据说这一
46、家人在那儿住了 30 年。The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行两天了。结构五 “be said+ 不定式一般式的被动式”该搭配表示不定式所表示的动作尚未发生或即将要发生，同时它还表示被动意义。如：The case against Mr. White is said to be heard tomorrow. 据说怀特先生被起诉一案定于明天开庭。有时也可以不表示将来，而表示一般情况。如：The old castle is said to be haunted. 这座古堡据说有鬼魂出没。结构六 “be sa
47、id+ 不定式的完成式的被动式”9该搭配表示不定式所表示的动作已经发生，同时它还表示被动意义。如：Mr Smith is said to have been told the news. 据说已经有人把这消息告诉了史密斯先生。They were said to have been killed in the battle. 据说他们已在战斗中被杀死了。This book is said to have been translated into English. 据说这本书已译成英语。结构七 用于“There be said+不定式”There is said to be plenty of o
48、il off our coast, 据说我国沿海有大量的石油。There is said to have been an earthquake in Japan. 据说日本发生了一次地震。There was said to be disagreement between the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary. 听说，首相和内政大臣意见有分歧。 【几点注意】1.“be said+不定式 ”结构只有被动式，没有主动式。如：据说他懂得许多语言。正：He is said to know many languages.误：They say him to kn
49、ow many languages.但是，可以换成 its said that句式。如：正：It is said that he knows many languages. (from )2.“be said+不定式 ”结构中的不定式有时可能是目的状语。如：These words were said to frighten you. 说那些话是为了吓唬你。【思维发散】与“be said+不定式”结构相似的还有“be reported (believed, supposed, thought, etc) + 不定式”等，其用法和搭配均大致相同。如：She is believed to be staying with her aunt. 可以相信她住在她姑姑家里。There is supposed to be a train at 12:37. 12 点 3
