1、新编英语语法教程PPT 之 Word 版被动语态（Lecture 9）被动语态(the Passive Voice)动词语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态：The cat caught the mouse.主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。The mouse was caught by the cat.1、(a)被动语态构成形式：be + 过去分词,如果要指出动作的执行者是谁，可以由介词 by来引起，如：History is made by the people.(历史是人民创造的)This tree was planted by my grandfather这棵树是我祖
2、父种的。 (b)被动语态的现在、过去及完成时态的例句：主动态： We keep the butter here我们把黄油放在这儿。被动态： The butter is kept here 黄油在这里放着。主动态： They broke the window 他们把玻璃窗打碎了。被动态： The window was broken玻璃窗被打碎了。主动态: People have seen wolves in the streets人们在街上见到过狼。被动态: Wolves have been seen in the streets在街上看到过狼。(c)各个进行体的被动态要求用 be 的进行式加上
3、主要动词的过去分词，be 的这种进行时形式在其他方面很少使用：主动态： They are repairing the bridge. 他们正在修桥。被动态： The bridge is being repaired桥正在修理。主动态： They were carrying the injured player off the field 当时，他们正把受伤的选手抬出比赛场地。被动态 : The injured player was being carried off the field 当时，受伤的选手正被抬出比赛场地。(d)情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。主动态: You mus
4、t/should shut these doors你必须把这些门关上。被动态： These doors must/should be shut 这些门必须关上。主动态： They ought to/should have told him他们本该告诉他才是。 （不定式的完成主动式）被动态： He ought to/should have been told 本应该告诉他才是。 （不定式的完成被动式）(e)其他不定式结构表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词+宾语 + 不定式，由不定式的被动式构成其被动语态：主动态：He wants someone to take photographs
5、他想找个人来照些相。被动态：He wants photographs to be taken.(译文同上。)表示命令 /请求/劝告/邀请的动词+宾语+不定式，可用主动词的被动式来构成被动语态：主动态： He invited me to go 他邀请我去。被动态： I was invited to go 我被邀请去。但是，如是 advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+宾语+不定式+宾语的结构，则可构成两种被动语态：或如上所述将主要动词变为被动语态，或用 advise 等+that should+被动式：1主动态：He urged the Council to reduce
6、 the rates他敦请市议会减轻捐税。被动态：The Council was/were urged to reduce the rates市议会被敦请减轻捐税。He urged that the rates should be reduced他敦请减轻捐税。至于 agree/be anxious/arrange/be determined/determine /decide/demand+不定式+宾语，则通常用 that should 结构来表示被动语态，与上面所述的第二种方式相同：主动态：He decided to sell the house 他决定把房子卖了。被动态 He decid
7、ed that the house should be sold他决定，房子必须得卖掉。若主动语态时宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词多为感官动词：feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch，如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom. I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).We saw him play football on
8、the playground. He was seen to play football on the playground.(f)表示“ 据说”或 “相信” 通常用一个形式主语 “it”被动语态，然后 that 引出的从句 , 如：believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see,suppose, think, understand如：It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that大家相信 It is hoped that 大家希望It is w
9、ell known that 众所周知 It is thought that大家认为It is suggested that 据建议 It is taken granted that 被视为当然 It has been decided that 大家决定 It must be remembered that务必记住的是例如：It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.(g)动名词结构的被动语态：advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+ 动名词+宾语结构，通常由 thatshould 结构来表示被
10、动语态：主动态：He recommended using bullet-proof glass他建议用防弹玻璃。被动态：He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used他建议该使用防弹玻璃。其他动名词结构的被动态由动名词的被动式来表示，如：主动态：I remember them taking me to the Zoo我记得他们曾带我去过动物园。被动态：I remember being taken to the Zoo 我记得被带到动物园去过。（h）let 的用法 1）当 let 后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带 to 的不
11、定式。例如：They let the stranger go.他们放陌生人走了。- The stranger was let go. 2）当 let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用 allow 或 permit 代替。例如：The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。- I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.(i)短语动词的被动语态: 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如： My si
12、ster will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。 Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。2(j)在口语化的话语中，有时用 get 代替 be, 在这种被动式里不用 by + 动作执行者，如：The eggs got（=were） broken鸡蛋破了。又如：There was a fight at the pub, but fortunately nobody got hurt.Did any of these houses get damaged in the storm l
13、ast night?2、被动语态的使用场合：被动态用于以下各种情况：1） 不知道动作的施行者是谁，如：Hes almost been murdered.I felt as if I was being watched.2） 施行者是谁不重要,说话的重点在承受者，如：Such items should be packed.3）施行者显而易见或已经提及，如：I was shocked by her attitude.4）施行者泛指人们，如：The house was believed to be haunted.5）说话人不希望或认为不必要透露施行者的身份，如：This letter has be
14、en opened. 6）对所做的事比对做事的人更感兴趣时，如：The house next door has been bought（by a Mr Jones） 3、两种被动句型的转换:（Pages 252-254)People believe that he is ill.转为：It is believed that he is ill. 或 He is believed to be ill.4、主动结构表示被动意义：有些动词能以主动结构表示被动意义,主语通常指物:（Pages 258-256)The book is printing. (= The book is being prin
15、ted.)My voice doesnt carry well. (我的声音传不远。)The window wont shut. (这窗关不上。)比较：His novels dont sell.他的小说销路不佳。His novels are not sold. 他的小说没有卖掉。 主动结构表示被动意义的词大致可归纳为：1） wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell 等。例如： The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily.
16、这刀子很好用。2）blame, let （出租） , remain, keep, rent, build 等。例如：I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。3） 在 need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。4）特殊结构：m
17、ake sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见/ 理解自己）等。例如：Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。5、被动形式表示主动意义，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married 等。例如：He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意：表示同某人结婚，用 marry
18、sb. 或 get married to sb.均可。例如：He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。He got married to a rich girl.6、不用被动语态的情况 1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如 appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place 等没有被动语态。例如： Af
19、ter the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。 比较： rise, fall, happen 是不及物动词；raise, seat 是及物动词。Right or wrong?（ 错 ） The price has been risen.（ 对 ） The price has risen. 3( 错 ） The accident was happened last week. ( 对 ） The accident happened last week.（ 错 ） The price has raised. （ 对 ）
20、The price has been raised.（ 错 ） Please seat. （ 对 ） Please be seated.注意：要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词（多为表示状态的及物动词）或动词短语，如 fit, have, enter, own, wish, cost, benefit, escape, flee, lack，survive, consist of, agree with, burst into, exist on, fee
21、d on, lie in, live on,arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。例如：This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。3） 系动词无被动语态，如 appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, lo
22、ok, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 等。例如：It sounds good. 听上去不错。4） 带同源宾语的及物动词如 die/death, dream/dream， live/life 等，以及反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态。例如：She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。5） 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。例如：（对） She likes to swim.（错） To swim is liked by her.7、被动结构还是系补结构（Pages260-263）：被动
23、语态是助动词 be +及物动词的-ed 分词构成，但这种结构不一定都是被动态，有些 -ed 分词能做形容词用，当它们与主动词 be 连用时就构成通常所谓的“系补结构”，即-ed 分词作主语补语,也就是表语。比较：I am (very ) surprised at your behavior.I am surprised by a knock at the door.同样, get +及物动词的-ed 分词也有系补结构，在系补结构中，主动词除用 be 和 get 外，还可用 become, feel, look, seem, remain 等其它连系动词。例如：He is tired./ He
24、looks tired./He seems tired./He feels tired.注意：被动结构表示的是一种动作，而系补结构表示的却是一种状态。在系补结构中，-ed 分词已具有形容词的性质，因而能与 very 等副词的修饰，如： This question is very, very complicated.而且有些还有其固定的介词搭配关系，但这个介词不是“by”.例如：He is addicted to alcohol. 他嗜好喝酒。He is engaged in letter writing. 他正忙于写信。We are all concerned for/about her sa
25、fety. 我们都为她的安全而担心。Youll soon get accustomed to the change of climate. 你很快就会适应气候的变化。People will soon get tired of you if you behave that way.如果你行为不检，人们很快就会讨厌你。Exercises1. John told Mary that he _ what he was doing during the vacation.a. was just asked b. was just asking c. had just been asked d. had
26、just asked2. Now that you _ , what are you going to do?a. are being returned b. have been returning c. have been returned d. have returned3. Everything on the earth _ all the time.a. is changing b. is changed c. has changed d. has been changed4. We _ fine weather for the past few days.a. have b. are
27、 having c. have been had d. have been having5. It _ every day so far this month.a. is raining b. rains c. has rained d. has been rained6. The little girl _ by the drug-pusher to carry drugs into the country.a. was made use b. was made used c. was made use of d. was made used of7. The new type of mac
28、hine _ the year after next.a. is going to turn out b. is going to being turned outb. is going to have turned out d. is going to be turned out 8. Large sums of money _ each year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships, and other exposed structures.a. have spent b. have to be spent c. have to spen
29、d d. spend9. The police _ in what the informer reported.a. interested b. had interested c. were interesting d. were interested10. A candidate for the post at the moment.a. is interviewing b. being interviewing c. interviewing d. is being interviewed11. By the end of last year the railway _.a. was be
30、ing completed b. would be completed c. had been completed d. had completed12. She told me that her proposal _.a. needed to take into consideration b. needed to be taken into consideration c. needed to be taking into consideration d. needed to have taken into consideration13. Mr. Wilson asked me if these islands _ to Japan.a. belong b. are belonging c. are belonged d. have been belongedkey:cdadc/cdbdd/cba4
