1、1. 主谓一致主谓语的一致是指谓语动词和主语在人称和数方面须保持一致。主谓一致的原则有三条：语法一致、概念一致和就近原则。语法一致指单数的主语接单数的谓语；复数的主语接复数的谓语。概念一致指谓语动词和主语的一致是根据主语所表示的单、复数概念来决定的，如：The government have broken all their promises./Sixty people means a huge party. 前句中的 government 是集合名词，指 the memebers of the government，在概念上是复数的。因此动词和人称代词必须用复数形式。后句中的 sixty p
2、eople 从语法标记上看是复数，但表示的概念是单数的：六十个人是一个大群体，因此动词用单数第三人称。就近原则是指谓语动词的人称和数要与靠近它的那个名词或代词取得一致，如：Tom or his brothers are waiting in the room.关于主谓一致的问题，要特别注意以下几点： 主语从句的数的概念：由 whether 和 that，who 和 whoever，what 和 whatever，which 和 whichever，以及 when，where，why ，how 等引导的名词性分句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。但由 what 引导的分句作主语时，如果 what 分
3、句指的是抽象概念或某一个具体实物，what 分句当单数看待，连接的谓语动词用单数形式。但如果 what 在分句中本身就具有复数的概念（即分句的谓语动词也是复数形式） ，这时 what=those things which，例如：Whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.Whether or not he gets the money doesnt concern me.When and where this took place is still unknown.How the book will sell largely depends on its a
4、uthor.What I have seen here today has made a very deep impression on me.What I should like most is a dictionary of modern English usage.What are your problems have become mine now. 并列主语的数的概念：当主语后面跟由 with，together with，but，along with，like，in addition to，as well as，as much as，rather than，except，more t
5、han，no less than 等连接的词组时，其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数形式而定。如：John, as well as his brothers, was responsible for the loss在这里，谓语 be 的形式就要依据主语 John，而不用考虑 as well as 后面加的另外一个名词。但由 or，eitheror，neithernor，not only.but also 连接的并列主语，其谓语动词应和最靠近它的那个名词或代词在人称和数方面保持一致。例如：His parents as well as he are very kind to me.John, Jam
6、es, or Andrew intends to accompany you.Not only the child but also his parents are interested in collecting stamps. 不定式和动名词作主语的数的概念：不定式和动名词作主语时，应接单数谓语动词。由and 联结的两个不定式或动名词，如果指一个概念，应接单数谓语动词，如果指不同的概念，应接复数谓语动词。例如：To be one sided means not to look at problems from all sides.Modernizing our country is a p
7、rofound revolution.To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness.All coming and going was forbidden.To realize the four modernizations and to raise the peoples living standard are our targets for fighting.Hunting and fishing are very good sports. 关系代词的数的概念：关系代词在定语从句中充当主语时，分句的谓语动词必须与关系代词的先行词在人称与数
8、的方面保持一致。如果关系代词 which 的先行词不是一个单独的名词（词组） ，而是一个句子或句子的一部分，这时 which 所引导的是非限制性定语从句。分句的动词也只能是单数。在 one of后面的定语分句中，谓语动词的数应该与 of 之后的那个复数名词（代词）保持一致，用复数形式。如果 one 之前被定冠词 the 或 the only 限定时，分句动词的数应与 one 保持一致，用单数形式。但有时也有 one 之前不加冠词而动词既可用单数又可用复数的场合，这时主要根据句子所要表达的意思来选择。例如：I trust him, who is my best friend.Physics is
9、 the science that deals with matter.Our team won the championship, which was something we had not expected.Bob is one of my friends who are helping me paint my house.Bob is the only one of my friends who is helping me paint my house.He is one of those people who knows how to drive a car.在那些人中，他是唯一懂得
10、开汽车的人。He is one of those people who know how to drive a car. 他是那些懂得开汽车的人之一。2. 谓语动词的时态、语态和语气2.1 时态时态是英语中谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式，常考的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时等八种。这些时态我们并不陌生，但由于英语时态种类多容易混淆，因此要特别注意以下几点： 时态呼应：在英语复合句中，从句中的动词时态往往受制于主句中的动词时态，通常根据主句时态加以适当调整，这种现象叫时态的呼应。一般说来，当主句的动词是过去时态，分句的时态不能用现在或将来的时态。但
11、是在下列情况下，即使主句的动词是过去时态，分句的动词仍可根据句意采用适当时态：（1）宾语分句所指的是一般真理、习惯或特征。如：Columbus proved that the world is round. (2)宾语分句所指的行为或状态在讲话时刻还在继续着（可能还有继续下去） ，或者与现在情况有联系。如：He said just now his son is ill.(3)关系分句和比较状语分句的时态不受主句时态的支配。如：This is the room in which he was born./He works as hard as I worked. 一般现在时表将来时间或动作：在时
12、间、条件、让步、地点、方式等分句中，一般不用will 或 shall 表示将来时间或动作，而用一般现在时代替。但如果强调分句的动作的完成先于主句的动作，分句中的谓语动词要用现在完成时。如果时间分句是由连词 after, when, before, as soon as, after, until 等引导的，由于这些连词的词汇意义已表明前后关系，则用一般现在时和现在完成时区别不大，如：Ill let you know as soon as it is arranged.Well have the party outside if it doesnt rain this evening.Howev
13、er busy he is, hell find time to help us.Well go and work wherever the Party and the people need us.Next time Ill do as he says.Dont smoke until the plane has taken off.When you have signed the cheque, I will hand you the letter. 现在完成时：现在完成时通常和表示不确定的过去时间状语（如：already, before, just, recently, lately,
14、yet 等）和频度时间状语（如：ever, never, once, twice, three/fourtimes 等）连用。现在完成时还可以和表示到现在为止的一段时间状语连用，如：until/till now, up to now, so far, in/for/during/over the past/last+若干时间等。如：I have seen her before/already/recently.Mary has been there for three times.I havent seen her so far/up to now.现在完成时常用于下面两种句型：It has
15、been three years since we entered the college.It is the first/second time I have been to Wuhan. 过去完成时：一个动作在另一个动作发生之前就已经完成了，这个动作就要用过去完成时来表示。在时间状语是由 by (the time+分句) ，before 以及介词词组 by/ before/ towards the end of 引导的句子中，如果指的是过去的时间，谓语动词用过去完成时，表示在过去某一时刻之前已完成的动作。此外，有些动词如 intend, want, hope, plan, mean, th
16、ink 等，用过去完成时，表示打算做而未做成的事。如：The goalkeeper had injured his leg and he couldnt play.By the time you arrived, I had slept for several hours.Before we could stop him, he had rushed on to a potato plot.We had intended to finish writing this grammar book before May.Jim had wanted to act on his own judgeme
17、nt, but he did not do so.The headmaster had planned to attend the meeting in person, but he changed his mind later.过去完成时常用于下面句型中，表示“一就：Scarcely had sb. done sth. when sth. happened.No sooner had sb. done sth. than sth. happened.不表示正在进行的进行时：进行时可以表示某一阶段正在进行的动作，也可指最近一段暂时重复的行为，还能用于表达说话者（不是句子主语）的愤怒、不满、惊讶
18、或赞赏等感情色彩，往往与 always, constantly, continually, forever, all the time 等状语连用。be 用于进行时表示暂时的行为或状态。如：I am working on the college farm these days.I am seeing a lot of John these days.He often goes home once a week, but his week he is going home every day.John is always coming late.(表示不满)My fathers forever
19、losing his keys.（表示不快）I am being careful. 我这次可注意啦。You were being stupid.你当时真傻气。You are being a good girl today.今天你可是个乖孩子。2.2 语态语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。被动语态的构成形式为“be+动词的 ed 分词” 。备考六级改错，要特别注意以下几点： 主动结构表示被动意义：一些由及物动词转化来的不及物动词的主动结构往往表示被动含义
20、，如 act, blow, clean, cut, cook, keep, lock, open, read, sell 等。This kind of glasses clean easily.Make sure the meat cooks slowly.The door wont lock, for it is out of shape.The prose reads smoothly.This cloth washes very well. 英语中不能用于被动结构的动词有： 表示所有关系或状态等的及物动词 have, hold, become, fit, suit, resemble,
21、lack, belong。例如： She has a nice car/ The woolen coat fits her well 系动词 sound， look，become，appear 等也不能用于被动语态。例如：Miss Li became a doctor ten years ago./ This plan sounds a good one 一些词如 happen，take place， occur，last，belong to 等等，在汉语角度看来可用被动结构，但英语只能用主动结构。例如：Great changes have taken place in my hometown
22、 since 1949./This car belongs to my uncle2.3 语气语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。在英语中语气主要分为三类：陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。虚拟语气是六级改错涉及的语法现象之一。考生要记住虚拟语气的一整套用法，尤其要注意以下几个特殊用法： It is (high) time that句型中的虚拟语气：该句型中 that 后的谓语动词要用过去时或 should+ 动词原型构成虚拟语气。如：It is time that he checked the temperature of the water again would r
23、ather，had rather，would as soon， would sooner 后的从句中的虚拟语气：would rather， had rather 后的从句中动词用过去时来表示现在或将来发生的动作。如：He would/had rather that his children didnt make so much noise若要表示过去发生的动作，需用过去完成时。如：She would rather that we hadnt left yesterday. 含有 but for 句子中谓语动词的虚拟语气形式：but for 相当于 were it not for 或 had i
24、t not been for，表示一种含否定意义的条件，后面一般加名词或名词短语，如： He might have been killed but for the arrival of the police 在 whetheror引导的从句中的虚拟语气：whetheror引导的从句中动词常用原形。如：Whether the figures be accurate or not, they have to be rechecked. 在表惊奇、喜悦、怀疑、不满等意义的形容词之后的状语从句中的虚拟语气：在表惊奇、喜悦、怀疑、不满等意义的形容词之后的状语从句中常常用 should +动词原形表示现在
25、的虚拟，用 should +have +v-ed 表示过去的虚拟。如：I am sorry that he should think otherwise.I am disappointed that she should have been so careless.I am surprised that he should not have seen such serious mistakes.3. 非谓语动词3.1 不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词的重要组成部分，在六级考试中非谓语动词部分是一个重点。复习时应特别注意以下几点： 须跟不定式作宾语的动词：英语中有些动词只能用不定式作直接宾语。常见的
26、有表示希望、要求、决定、计划、拒绝、答应等意义的一些动词，如：afford, agree, ask, decide, demand, determine, desire, expect, hope, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, tend, want, wish。 不定式符号 to 的省略：在下列情况下单词 to 可以被省略：五官感觉动词（see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, feel, perceive）或使役动词(make,
27、have, let)后作宾补时。如：Suddenly they felt the atmosphere grow tense. (但 feel 之后的宾语补足语如果是 to be，不定式符号 to 不能省略，如：I felt the answer to be right.)。与半助动词 had better/best，had/would rather/sooner 等构成复合谓语。在某些习语中，如 may/might as well，cannot choose/help but，can/cannot but 等，如：He could choose/help but laught.(=canno
28、t help laughing.) 在 why 和 why not 之后，如： Why spend such a lot of time? / Why not go right now? rather than：rather than 位于句首时，通常后接不带 to 不定式；位于句中时，可视为并列连词。连接的两个成分必须是语法性质完全相等的结构。当主句有动词不定式时，rather than 之后可跟带 to 或不带 to 的不定式。如：Rather than cause trouble, he left.She telephoned rather than wrote.They were sc
29、reaming rather than singing.He wanted to sunbathe rather than (to)swim. to 符号可省可不省：不定式在下列情况下，其符号 to 可省也可不省： 动词 help 之后可跟带 to 或不带 to 不定式。如果句子的主语（有生命的名词或代词）能参与不定式的动作，to 可省或不省，如果句子的主语（无生命的名词或代词）不能参与不定式的动作，to 一般不能省略。如：I helped him (to) carry the water./He helped (to)clean the room. /This book helped me
30、to see the truth./Sports help to train a persons character. 在介词 except 和but 之后，如果其前面有实义动词 do 时（不管 do 是限定式或非限定式） ，习惯接不带 to的动词不定式。反之则须带 to 不定式。如：I have done nothing except send for the police./He has nothing to do the whole day but play cards./For many years, theyve never spoken to each other except t
31、o say “Hello!” 不定式的省略：为了避免重复整个动词不定式词组，常常只保留不定式符号 to。如：My parents encouraged me to be a doctor, but I didnt want to. 不及物动词不定式作后置定语：当不定式与被修饰的名词存在动宾关系又属于不及物动词时，其后必须加上一个机构上或意义上所需的介词。有时及物动词不定式与被修饰的名词存在介词+宾语关系，这时介词也必须补上。如：He doesnt earn enough money to live on./This is the house for us to move into./I nee
32、d a case to put the books in.3.2 ing 和-ed 分词形式-ing 和 -ed 分词形式也是非谓语动词的重要组成部分，同时它们也是六级改错涉及的语法点，复习分词形式时，下面几点不容忽视： 须跟ing 分词形式作宾语的动词：英语中有些动词（词组）只能用ing 分词形式作直接宾语，常见的这类动词有 admit, advise, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, mind, postpone, practice, stop, suggest 以及 put off, keep on
33、, give up, cant help, feel like 等。 须跟ing 分词形式的 to：在 object/objection to, be/get accustomed to, be close/near to, be opposed to, look forward to, confess to, contribute to, get down to, settle down to, preferto, in addition to, be/get/seem used to 等词组中，to 均是介词，必须后接ing 分词形式。此外，在 devote/dedicate/apply/
34、commit/adjust/adapt/limit/restrict oneself to 中的 to 也是介词。 须跟ing 分词形式的句式：必须跟ing 分词形式的句式有 be busy doing sth., be worth doing, spend time (in) doing sth., have difficulty/trouble/fun/a hard time doing sth., Its no use doing sth., there is no use doing sth. , It is no good doing sth., prevent sb. (from)
35、 doing sth.。 作状语的分词结构：分词结构可以在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，如果句子的主语是分词动作的执行者，就要用-ing 分词形式。如果主语是分词的动作的承受者或对象，就要用-ed 分词结构。如果分词动作的完成先于谓语动词，根据句意，用分词完成式。当分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，就要用“名词（代词）+分词短语”的独立主格结构，独立主格结构在句中作状语，相当于表示时间、原因或条件的状语分句。如：Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several snails and brought th
36、em to my friend Robert.Written in simple English, the book is recommendable to all.Having been caught in the particularly heavy shower, he walked into an expensive shop.Hit by a bullet, the prisoner fell down.He being my friend, I must help him.The teacher having explained the text, the students lef
37、t the classroom.The composition written, he handed it to the teacher. 作定语的分词结构： -ing 分词作定语表示主动或进行中，-ed 分词表示被动或完成，如：occupying army/occupied area, the exciting news/the excited crowd, the rising sun/the risen sun。 -ed 分词作后置定语表示动作已完成，-ing 被动式表示正在进行中的动作。如：the question discussed/the question being discussed。 独立分词结构：一些分词结构，它们的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，这些分词是独立存在的，它们相当于一个插入语，经常放在句首，表示说话人对客观事物的态度。常见的有frankly / generally/broadly/roughly/strickly speaking, putting it frankly, judging from/by, talking of, considering , takinginto consideration, providing, supposing等。
