1、1(一) 语 态 分 类英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如： A dog bites him. (主动)S Vt OHe is bitten by a dog. (被动) 汉语中常用“被” 、 “给”、 “由” 、 “受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。S + Vt + OO + be + Vt ed 被动语态常用的八种时态1. 一般现在时： People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice_in the south of the c
2、ountry. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. _ 2. 一般过去时：They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory _ on last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. _ 3. 一般将来时： They will send cars abroad by sea. Car
3、s _ abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. _ 4. 过去将来时：The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project _ by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. _5. 现在进行时： The radio is broa
4、dcasting English lessons.English lessons _on the radio. We are painting the rooms. _6. 过去进行时： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. Because the road _. This time last year we were planting trees here. _ 7. 现在完成时： Someone has told me the sports meet might be p
5、ut off. I _ the sports meet might be put off. We have brought down the price. _ 8. 过去完成时： When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets _The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be
6、 a great leader. _9. 含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+ be+ 及物动词的过去分词”构成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. Your compositions_ after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. _10: 动词不定式的被动语态1. be to do- be to be done2. be going to do-be going to be done3. Be about to do-
7、be about to be doneEg: He is to read a novelA novel _by himThey are going to hold a meeting tomorrow._They are about to shoot the murderer._Practice(1) The police found that the house _and a lot of things _. A. has broken into; has been stolenB. had broken into ; had been stolenC. has been broken in
8、to; stolen D. had been broken into; stolen(2) If city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have toC. do not keep ; will have to D. do not keep ; have to(3) -_ the sports meet might be put off.-Y
9、es, it all depends on the weather.A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told(4) The maths problem _ among the students soon.A. is about to be discuss B. is going to be discussedC. is to discuss D. is going to have been discussed2(一)语态转换时要注意的问题2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时My uncle gave me a present on my
10、birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. A present was given to me yesterday. 注意： 一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, lend, offer, pass, promise, sell, show, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：buy, cook, choose, fet
11、ch, get, ,make, order, 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. A new skirt was made for me. The meat was cooked for us. 3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉这类动词有laugh at, operate on, look after, make fun of, make use of take care of, carry out, give up, hand in, point out, put away, put o
12、ff, turn down, work out, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather. A child is taken good care of4. 带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补 )的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面
13、。如：a,动词+宾语+adj We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom _ b,动词+宾语+ n They chose Tom captain. Tom _c.动词+宾语+ to do She told us to follow her instructions. We _ d,动词+宾语+doing I found him lying on the floorhe _e,动词+宾语+done we found all our seats occupied.All our seats_注意：在 see, watch, hear, not
14、ice, listen to, observe, make, feel 等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带 to， We often hear him play the guitar. He_ the guitar. His mother makes him clean the room every day.He_ the room every day.（二）某些动词用主动表被动1. The picture looks beautiful .这里的 look 是表状态特征的连系动词，它后面要求跟形容词或名词构成系表结构，其主动形式表被动含义。感官系动词一般用主动
15、形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain, turn out ,prove, smell 等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. The flowers look beautifulWhat he said sounds reasonable. The roses smell sweet. The medicine tastes bitter. The food tastes delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 2.有些动
16、词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和 well, badly, easily 等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, dry, wash, cook, wear 等。如： The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。Some silks wash wellThe new product sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔写字很流畅。The poem reads fluently./The shoes wear w
17、ell.The paper tears easilyThis kind of cloth dried easily注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock（指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）对比：The books sell well. (主动句) The books were sold out. (被动句 ) The meat didnt cook well. (主动句) The meat was cooked for a long t
18、ime over low heat. (被动)3. want, need, require 作“需要 ”解时及 be worth ,in need of 后接动词，常用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。Eg: 1: The flower needs/ wants/ requires watering.Your hair needs/wants/requires cuttingThe computer needs/wants/requires reqairing2: The film /music is worth listening to.3: His teaching method is in n
19、eed of improving4. 不定式在某些形容词后作状语且和句子的主语（或宾语）构成逻辑上的动宾关系时：1. The sentence is easy to understand.2. She found the problem hard to deal with.3. The box is heavy to lift4. The picture is pleasant to look at5. The novel is interesting to read3在 too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expen
20、sive (for me) to buy.此类形容词： difficult, comfortable, pleasant, fit, interesting, unfit, light, heavy, dangerous, etc.5.不定式作名词的后置定语，主动、被动都行，意思不同。1. She had only a cold room to live in.2. I have a meeting to attend.3. I have a lot of homework to do4. She has many children to look after5. I gave him a c
21、ake to eat6. I gave him a book to read7. I have a lot of clothes to wash/ to be washed.8. There is no time to lose（ to be lost）（用 to lose可看成 for us to lose；用 to be lost，谁 lost time 不明确。）（三)下列情况主动句不能改为被动句一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：happen, occur, take place , come about , break out, belong to, consist of, add
22、up to, come into being, come true, come out, turn out, prove, appear, disappear, rise, succeed, remain, lie, run out, give out等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. Great changes have taken place in China.（四）在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示例如： 据说 It is said /thought that 据报导 It is reported
23、that 据推测 It is supposed that 希望 It is hoped that 众所周知It is well known that 普遍认为It is generally considered that 有人建议It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow. 2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.3) It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Be
24、ijing.（五）英语中一些词的被动结构表主动意义 be dressed in, be seated in/at/beside/next to be addicted to , be determined to be devoted to,be absorbed in,be disappointed at, be lost in, be engaged in/be occupied in,be faced withEg: 1.She is seated on the sofa.2. Addicted to surfing the internet, the boy often escapes
25、from classes.3. Determined to give up smoking, he threw away his remaining cigarettes.4. Disappointed at failing in the math exam, KentaWouldnt like to talk about it to his parents.5. Judith lay on the sofa, absorbed in her book.（六）介词 in,on,under+名词短语表被动意义 常见的有：under control, under treatment, under
26、repair, under discussion, under construction, beyond belief, beyond ones reach, beyond ones control, in print, in sight, on sale, on show, on trial, out of control, out of sight, out of ones reach, out of fashion,. Eg: 1.The building is under construction(is being constructed)2.The plane was out of
27、control( cant be controlled)3.The road is under repair(is being repaired)4.Today some treasures are on show( are being shown) in the museum.(七) 在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?4被动语态练习1.The new dictionarie
28、s are very useful.They _well and _already.A,sell; have been sold out B. sold; had sold outC . sell, sell out D,are sold; have been sold out2. I saw Dave in lift this morning.-Really? He_around here for a long time.A. wont be seen B. wasnt seeC. hasnt been seen D. hadnt been seen3. The window is dirt
29、y.-I know. It _ for weeks.A. hasnt cleaned B.didnt cleanC. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned4. The heros story _differently in the newspapers.A. was reported B. was reportingC. reports D. reported5. Why did you leave that position?-I _a better position at IBM.A. offer B. offered C.am offered D.was
30、 offered6. More than a dozen students in that school_abroad to study medicine last year.A. sent B. were sent C.had sent D.had been sent7. The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which_placed under the Ministers car.A. has been B.was being C.had been D.would be8. Millions of pound
31、s worth damage_by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A.has been caused B.had been causedC. will be caused D.will have been caused9. When the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_itself behind the mountain.A. started ; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
32、 C. had started ; was hidingD. was starting; hid10:The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. A,was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels11: The moment the 28th Olympic Games_open, the whole world cheered. A,declared B.have been declared C. have declared D. were declared12.Mr Green st
33、ood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one _. A,blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed13. In a room above the store, where a party _, some workers were busily setting the table.A.was to be held B.has been heldC.will be held D. is being held14.I dont suppose the poli
34、ce know who did it.-Well surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and_now.A.has been questioned B.is being questionedC. is questioning D. has questioned15. The new type of cellphone _better if it is advertised on TV.A. will sell B. sells C. would sell D.sold16. The bridge which _ last year look
35、s really beautiful.A. was built B. built C. was set up D.had been built17. “This cloth _well and _ long. “Ok. Ill take it. “ A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting18. An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week. A. are to be held B. is to be held C. ar
36、e holding D. will hold 19. Im sorry, sir. Your recorder isnt ready yet. It _ in the factory.A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasnt repaired 20. Every possible means , but none prove successful.A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried 21. My little sister h
37、as broken my watch.- My watch _ by my little sister.A. is broken B. has broken C. have been broken D. has been broken 22. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.- His room _ by him when I entered the room.A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned 23. I
38、shall have finished reading the novel by dinner time. - This novel _ reading (by me) by dinner timeA. will have finished .B. will has been finishedC. will have being finished D. will have been finished 24. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. -These three rooms _ (by you).A,are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept cleanC. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean
