1、1一语气的定义和种类（一） 语气(mood) 语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。（二）语气的种类1、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！2、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。Dont forge
2、t to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。3、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed!祝您成功！。二虚拟语气的主要内容（一） 、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气用于 if 引导的非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词有三种形式：条件状语从句主句与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should /wou
3、ld/could/might + have + 过去分词与现在事实相反一般过去时(be 用 were)would/should/could/might + 动词原形与将来事实相反一般过去时或 should(were to) + 动词原形 Would/should/cold/might + 动词原形（1）表示与过去的事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用“would / should / might / could + have +过去分词” 。如：If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the c
4、ompetition.If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train.If she hadnt been ill, she might have come.（2）表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be 动词的过去式用 were） ”，而主句中的谓语动词用“would / should/ could / might + 动词原形 ”。如：If I were a boy, I would join the army.If he had time, he would come to help y
5、ou.If she had money ,she might lend you some .（3）表示与将来事实相反，条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般过去时或 should（were to）+ 动词原形，而主句中的谓语动词则用 would / should/could might + 动词原形。如；If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.注意：（1）有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词 if 省略,而将“were、 had、 should 等动词提到主语前面。如：Should it snow tomorrow ,we
6、could have a snowball fight.Had he taken my advice, he would have succeeded.Were it not for the expense, I would go to .（2）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。如：If they had worked hard, they would be very tired.（从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在）If I were you ,I would have taken his advice .（从句表示现在时间，
7、主句表示过去时间）（3）从句中的 be 动词 用 were 与过去事实相反：公式： If 从句： had done 主句：would (should, might, could ) + have done 1If I _ her telephone number, I _ her.A. had, would have called B. had had, would have called 22If you_ him yesterday, he _ some suggestions.A. had told, would have given B. tell, had given C. told
8、, would have given3The soldiers _ (fight) better, if they _ (give)clear orders.4.If he had not lost the money, he _ (buy) the piano last week.与现在事实相反： 结构：( if ) 从句：过去时 (did ) 或 (were)主句：would (could, might, should ) + do1If I _ a bird, I _ very happy.A. were, would be B. were ,shall be C.am , would
9、be2If my father _here now,he _ tell me what to doA. were ,will B. were, would C. is ,would3If I _ a car, I _ be very happy. A. have , shall B. had, should C. Had had, shall与将来事实相反： 公式： 从句： did / were to do / should do 主句： would (should, might, could ) + do1It is quite impossible that it will rain to
10、morrow. But if it _, I would still go to the cinema.A. should rain B. would rain C. had rained.2 If he _ ( fail ), he would never touch the book.3 If I _ ( enter ) the college next year, I_ (be) happy.混合虚拟语气：1If I _ the chance ten years ago, I would be a manager now. A. had not lost B.did not lose C
11、. Will not lose2 If it _ ( rain) last night（过去） ,It _ (be )very cold today（现在）3. If I _ (take) your advice（过去） ，I should have no trouble with the work now（现在） 二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1.wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如: 1)与现在事实相反 : wish + (that)+did(were) I wish I were as healthy as you. I
12、wish that I had a plane.2)与过去事实相反 : wish + (that)+had doneI wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish you had written to him.3)与将来事实相反 : wish + would/could/might+doI wish he would forgive me2. 某些动词后的宾语从句中需用 should+动词原形的虚拟语气形式。 “should”可以省略。常见的动词有:一个坚持 insist; 两个命令 order, command ; 三条建议 sugge
13、st , advise, propose;四项要求 demand, request, require, ask; 另外有:prefer 注意: suggest 表 暗示表明 时 insist 表坚持认为时不用虚拟语气He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves. The doctor suggested that she (should) have an operation at once三、主语从句中的虚拟语气1. It be+过去分词 +that+(should)+动词原形+
14、过去分词：suggested, requested, ordered, proposedIt is required that nobody (should) smoke here.Its suggested that everybody (should) buy a dictionary.2. It be+形容词+that +(should)+动词原形+形容词:important, necessary, natural, right, wrong, better,proper, funny, strange, surprising It is necessary that we (shoul
15、d ) have a walk now.Its important that we (should) take good care of the patient3. It be+名词（ a pity/a shame/ no wonder） that+ (should)+动词原形+It was a pity（a shame, no wonder, etc.）that you should be so careless.四、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice ,decision 等名词后面的表语从句、同
16、位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。31)表语从句: My suggestion is that we (should) leave at once2)同位语从句: I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week五、状语从句中的虚拟语气1用在由 as if,as though 引导的状语从句中，表示和现在事实相反或对现在的怀疑，用过去时；表示过去想象中的动作或情况，用过去完成时;表示将来用 would + 动词原形。It seems as if the man were his brother.This
17、device operated as though it had been repaired.2由连接词 in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that 引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即 should(might, would)+动词原形，例如： She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure hi
18、mself. 六、几种特殊的虚拟语气1. had hoped/ planned/ thought/ wanted/ intended 表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 I had thought he had been dead for at least 20 years.I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.2. would rather. would (had) rather, would as soon, would so
19、oner 和 would prefer 所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。3.Its (high, about) time that 句型中 that 从
20、句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。 Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了4.虚拟语气在由某些连词或个词引出的表示条件、目的的状语从旬中的使用。常见的这些连词和介词有：1) unless (除非)，provided(倘若)，supposing(假若)，providing(倘若) , on condition that(如果), 由这些词、词组引出的从句，
21、动词多用过去时。He wouldnt do it unless you ordered him to. 除非你命令他做，要不他是不会做的。Providing you had the opportunity to go abroad, where would you go? 假若你有机会出国，你会去哪儿呢？5. so that (以便 )，for fear that(以免, 唯恐) ，in order that (以便)，whether(不管)，lest(以免) ，in case (假使) ，从句中加情态动词，有时 should 可省略。He hid it lest she (should) s
22、ee it. 他把它藏起来以免她看见。Ill get some beer in case John should come. 我得准备点啤酒，说不定约翰会来。 He entered the room quietly in order that he should not wake his roommate他轻轻地进屋，以免吵醒他的同房。6. if only；only if 如果表示对现在的愿望，句中的谓语动词常用过去式；如果表示将来的愿望，句中的谓语动词常用 would/could+动词原形；如果表示对过去的愿望，句中的谓语动词常用 had+过去分词。if only I were you! I
23、f only you had come yesterday!If only Linda could go with us tomorrow! If only I had said more about it!only if 表示“只有 “；if only 则表示 “如果就好了“。If only 也可用于陈述语气。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。7。 if it were
24、 not for与现在事实相反， if it had not been for 与过去事实相反，两个都相当于 but for： If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.4巩固练习：1 He suggested that the meeting put off.A. not be B. should not C. wouldnt D. be not2 What would have happened if you her child?A. hadnt helped B. coul
25、dnt help C. wouldnt help D. didnt help3 It is strange that he so. A. thinks B. think C. thought D. will think4 If I with her last summer, I with her now.A. worked.am getting on very well B. had worked.would get on very wellC. had worked. would have got on very well D. had worked.will get on very wel
26、l5 I wish I my uncle yesterday. A. met B. have met C. would meet D. had met6 The old professor gave orders that the experiment before 6.A. was finished B. will finish C. be finished D. shall be finished7 Its high time he home. A. goes B. went C. will go D. is going to go8 you succeed and you be heal
27、thy.A. May.may B. Wish.wish C. Hope.hope D. Should.may9 Galileo insisted that the earth round the sun. A. should move B. move C. moves D.A or B10 I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I to the meeting.A. came B. would come C. had come D. would have come11 Supposing the weather bad, where would they g
28、o? A. will be B. is C. were D. be12 your letter, I would have started off two days ago.A. If I received B. Should I receive C. If I could have received D. Had I received13 If only I to my parents advice! A. listening B. listen C. am listening D. had listened14 If it rain next week, the farmers could
29、 still have a good harvest.A. should B. could C. would D. might15 -Why didnt you come to the party yesterday? -I , but an unexpected visitor came to see me.A. did B. would C. had D. was going to 16 Id rather you me the news. A. not tell B. not to tell C. didnt tell D. hadnt told17 I to stay there fo
30、r one more week, but I changed my mind.A. would have hoped B. was hoping C. had hoped D. hoped18 His silence at the meeting suggested that he to your plan.A. shouldnt agree B. wouldnt agree C. hadnt agreed D. didnt agree19 He the job well, but he so careless.A. hadnt done, had been B. could have don
31、e, was C. could do, was D. had done, had been20 Li Ling acted that way as though he a foreigner.A. were B. had been C. should be D. is高考虚拟语气：1. - If he _, he _ that food. - Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warned would not take B. had been warned would not have takenC. would b
32、e warned had not taken D. would have been warned had not taken2. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come3. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D.
33、had been broken4. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired.A. drove didnt get B. drove wouldnt get C. were driving wouldnt get D. had driven wouldnt have got5. Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she _ something she would regret later. A. had said B. said C. mig
34、ht say D. might have said6. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _ a goal.5A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored7. What would have happened, _ as far as the river bank? (01 上海)A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk fartherC. had Bob walked fa
35、rther D. if Bob walked farther8. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall9. _ be sent to work there? A. What do you suggest B. Who
36、do you suggest that shouldC. Do you suggest who should D. Do you suggest whom should10. How I wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden! A. has B. had C. will have D. had had11. - Dont you think it necessary that he _ to Miami but to New York?- I agree, but the problem is _ he has refused to.A. will not be sent; that B. not be sent; thatC. should not be sent; what D. should not send; what Keys:1-5 AABBD 6-10 CBACD 11-15 CDDAD 16-20 CCDBAKeys: BDCDD DCBAB B
