1、一致关系句子的各个成分之间或词语之间在人称、数、性别等方面保持一致，称为一致关系。通常必须遵循语法一致、意义一致和毗邻一致三个原则。最主要的一致关系是主谓一致。1. 主谓一致1) 根据语法一致的原则，作主语的名词或代词的人称和数必须和谓语动词一致。The style of the new comic books is far superior to the old style. 单数名词 + with (along with, together with, combined with, as well as, rather than) + 名词或代词作主语时，谓语用单数形式。Mary, wit
2、h her younger sister, is to leave this evening.John, rather than you, is responsible for the accident. and 连接的两个名词作主语时，指同一人或物，用单数谓语动词（通常 and 后的名词前没有冠词）；指不同的人或物时，用复数谓语动词（通常 and 后的名词前有冠词）。His coach and friend was present that day.The coach and the friend were present that day. 由 both.and 连接的两个名词作主语时，谓
3、语动词用复数形式。Both my brother and I are college students. 由 either of 或 neither of + 名词或代词的复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Neither of them has learned how to write a business letter. 在“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中，定语从句修饰复数名词，从句的谓语用复数形式。但在“the only one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句” 结构中，从句的谓语用单数形式。Tom is one of the boys who are fascin
4、ated in playing computer games.Tom is the only one of the boys who is not interested in playing football. 由“many a, more than one 等 + 名词”做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Many a boy likes to play ping pang in his spare time.More than one student has said so.但 more than one 做主语时，谓语动词用单、复数均可。More than one has / have tri
5、ed to dissuade her from marrying a foreigner.2) 意义一致是指谓语动词的单复数不是取决于主语的单复数，而是根据其所表达的意思而决定。 集合名词 army, class, committee, couple, group, family, team, government 等作主语，表示具体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式；表示一个整体概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。His family are all tall. (此句中 family 指 family members)His family is very large. 集合名词 police, folk,
6、 people, cattle, youth 等作主语时，谓语动词总是用复数形式。The police are searching for the criminal. 表示时间、度量、重量、温度、金钱的复数名词作主语时，其意义是一个整体，谓语动词一般用单数形式。Three years at college seems quite short for the students.Fifty dollars is enough for me to buy that book.3）毗邻一致指的是谓语的单复数形式取决于其最邻近的名词的单复数形式。 由 or, either.or, neither.nor
7、, not only.but also 等连接的名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要与邻近的主语一致。Neither my brothers nor Tom is coming to the party. 如果主语是 and 连接的两个单数名词，且前面有 every, each, many a, no 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。Every boy and every girl is interested in the story.2. 名词和代词的一致除主谓一致外，名词和代词的一致也是英语中相当重要的。所谓名词和代词一致，是指代词与其所代替或修饰的名词必须在数、人称和性别上保持一致。由
8、everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody 等代词，或由 everything, anything, something, nothing 等不定代词作句子主语时，按语法一致的原则，其代词一般用单数形式。Do you know anyone who lost his watch yesterday?虚拟语气1. 用于 If 引出的条件句中虚拟语气用于 if 引出的与现在、过去及将来事实相反的条件句中。1) 与现在事实相反的假设从句的谓语动词用过去式，系动词用 were，主句的谓语用“should
9、 (would, could, might) + 动词原形”。If he were here, he would be greatly surprised.The spaceship would burn up if it went too close to the stars.2) 与过去事实相反的假设从句的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”，主句用“should (would, could, might) + have + 过去分词” 。If I had been more careful, I wouldnt have made so many silly mistakes.3) 对将来
10、发生的事实的假设从句的谓语动词用“should (were to) + 动词原形” ，主句用“should (would, could, might) + 动词原形”。主从句的谓语动词也可和“与现在事实相反的假设” 的谓语相同。If you should miss the chance, you would feel sorry for it.If you missed the chance, you would feel sorry for it.4) 错综时间条件句主句和从句的动作发生的时间不一致，动词的形式应根据所表示的时间做出调整。If I were you, I would have
11、 attended the lecture. (从句表示现在时间，主句表示过去时间)5) 连词 if 的省略条件句中的连词 if 可省略，但从句要倒装，即将 were, had, should 等置于主语前。Were he here this afternoon, I would go with him.2. 用于 wish 后的宾语从句中虚拟语气用于 wish 后的宾语从句中，表示现在、过去或将来不太可能实现的愿望。1) 表示现在的愿望谓语动词用一般过去式，系动词用 were。I wish I knew his address.I wish he were a teacher.2) 表示过去
12、的愿望谓语动词用“had + 过去分词” 。I wish I had not told him the news.3) 表示将来的愿望谓语动词用“would (could, might) + 动词原形”。I wish I could read the novel in English.3. 用于 as if 等引起的从句中虚拟语气用于 as if (as though) 引起的状语从句或表语从句中，表示与现在、过去或将来的情况不符，其谓语动词形式与 wish 后宾语从句的形式相同。He often treats me as if I were a child.Peter talked as i
13、f he had really been there.He acts as if he would be a football star.She looks as if she were ill.4. 用于特定词语后的宾、主、表及同位语从句中虚拟语气用于表示要求、建议、命令等意义的动词、名词及形容词后的宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句中。其形式都是“should + 动词原形”，should 可省略。1) 用于宾语从句中常用的动词：ask, advise, command, decide, demand, insist, order, propose, request, require
14、, suggest 等。He insisted that we all (should) be in his office at six.The doctor suggested that she (should) take a trip.2) 用于主语从句中常用的结构：It is + 形容词或过去分词 + 主语从句 (用虚拟语气)。常见的形容词及分词：essential, urgent, necessary, important, advisable, natural, desired, demanded, ordered, required, suggested 等。It is neces
15、sary that this machine (should) he oiled every day.It is required that the machine be tested.3) 用于表语从句和同位语从句中常用的名词：advice, command, demand, desire, idea, order, proposal, request, requirement 等。His suggestion is that we go out on a picnic next Sunday. (表语从句)His suggestion that we go out on a picnic
16、next Sunday is wonderful. (同位语从句)5. 用于“It is time + 从句”中虚拟语气用于“It is (high / about) time + 从句”这一结构中，从句谓语动词用过去时，表示早该做而仍未做的事。It is high time we went back to college.6. 用于 would rather 等引起的从句中虚拟语气用于 would / had rather (would prefer, would sooner) 引起的从句中，其谓语动词用过去时，表示当时或将来的情况；其谓语动词用“had + 过去分词 ”，表示过去的情况。
17、I would rather you didnt tell him anything about it.She would prefer that she had not stayed at home last night.7. 用于 lest 等引起的状语从句中虚拟语气用于 lest 或 in case 引起的状语从句中，其谓语动词为 “should + 动词原形”，should 一般不可省。He took his umbrella with him in case it should rain.8. 其他情况without, but for, but that 等引出的短语可表示虚拟条件意
18、义，主句用虚拟语气。Without a computer, they would not have finished their calculation so quickly.形容词和副词形容词和副词及其原级、比较级和最高级在使用时应注意下列问题。1) 前缀 a-构成的形容词称为表语或补语形容词，在句中作表语或补语。如：Is he still alive? (表语)He was buried alive. (主语补足语)如果这类形容词作定语，需放在所修饰词后面。如：The passengers alive felt very lucky.2) 形容词作主语补足语和宾语补足语的情况应区别于副词作
19、状语修饰动词的情况。如：“How about him?”“He came home safe.” (safe 作 he 的补语，此时不用 safely; safely 作状语，修饰谓语动词)比较：The ship came safely into the harbour.All men are created equal. (而不是 equally)比较：The money was divided equally among them.3) 形容词及形容词短语做后置定语时，其作用相当于一个定语从句。如：Is there anything (that is) interesting?An art
20、ist is a person (who is) sensitive to beauty.It is a problem (which is) difficult to solve.Lincoln is a person (who is) as famous as George Washington.He can lift a box (which is) heavier than this one.4) 形容词短语做状语，其作用相当一个“being + 形容词”的分词短语做状语。Aware that a storm was coming, we drove the horses into t
21、he stable.5) 区分“too + adj. + to V”和“adj. + enough + to V”两种结构“too + adj. + to V”通常表否定意义，意为“太 以致于不能”。当此结构之前出现否定词时，表肯定意义。如：He is too young to go to school.One is never too old to learn.“adj. + enough + to V”通常表肯定意义，意为“足够以致于能”。当此结构之前出现否定词时，表否定意义。如：He is old enough to go to school.He is not old enough t
22、o go to school.当“too.to”结构前有 only, all, but 等词时无否定意义。如：He is only too glad to help us.6) 由分词转化成的形容词、形容词 + ly 构成的副词需加 more 和 most 构成比较级和最高级。如：more relaxed / boring, most relaxed / boring; more friendly / lovely, most friendly / lovely 等。7) 使用比较级时，要注意比较级的逻辑性，即比较对象的对等性。不同类的事物不能构成比较。如：The Korean climate
23、 is more pleasant than that of Japan. (比较对象：climate)The photographs of Mars taken from satellite are clearer than those taken from the Earth. (比较对象：photographs)Night falls faster in the tropics than in other latitudes. (状语比较)8) 区分易混淆的一些比较结构的意义及用法。如： “more.than.”作“与其说不如说”解时不同于其比较级用法。试比较：She is more l
24、ovely than any other girl. 她比任何一个女孩子都可爱。 (此句 more lovely 为比较级)She is more lovely than beautiful. 与其说她漂亮，不如说她可爱。 (此句 lovely 为原级) not 与比较级连用属普通比较结构。如：This problem is not more complicated than that one. (not more = less) no 与比较级连用含有形容词或副词的相反意义。如：This problem is no more complicated than that one. (no mo
25、re complicated = as easy as)如此句中 more 改为 less，则 no less complicated than = as complicated as。9) 区分一些常用的、形式上和意义上相近的形容词和副词。如：economic, economical; sleepy, asleep; late, lately 等。10) 注意 superior, inferior 等原级形容词表示比较级意义以及原级形容词 perfect 表示最高级意义的用法。情态动词1. 情态动词的基本用法情态动词的基本用法为“情态动词 + 动词原形”共同构成谓语。其中动词原形通常为一般式
26、，如：We must study hard.也可以是进行体 (be doing) 或完成体 (have done)，如：He must be reading now.It must have rained last night.也可以是主动态或被动态，如：You must finish the work on time.The work must be finished on time.2. 使用情态动词时应注意的问题l) 情态动词的现在式和过去式不是时间区别的主要标志Im not sure. You might be right. (表现在)He may have gone to Paris
27、 last week. (表过去)2) 情态动词的推测性用法与非推测性用法情态动词指客观事实或现实，是非推测性用法。如：She can speak English.We must be careful.情态动词指说话人的看法、设想或猜测，是推测性用法。如；She cant have finished the work.Smith must be very careless.大多数情态动词均有上述两种用法，使用时应尤其注意其推测性用法。推测性用法有三种结构： 情态动词 + be + 表语。表示对现在情况进行推测，意为 “应当 / 一定 / 可能”。如：It cant be true. 那不可能是
28、真的。He must be a professor. 他肯定是位教授。They should be back by now. 他们这会儿该回来了。 情态动词 + 动词进行体。表示对现在进行的情况进行推测，意为“应当 / 一定 / 可能正在”。如：You shouldnt be working like that. 你不应当那么工作。Lets hurry up. They must be waiting for us. 我们快点吧。他们一定在等着我们呢。He cant be telling the truth. 他不可能是在说真话。 情态动词 + 动词完成体。表示对过去某种行为的推测，意为 “应
29、当 / 想必 / 可能已经”。如：She might have read the book before. 她想必以前看过这本书。She couldnt have heard the news as it was released only a few minutes ago. 这消息几分钟前才发布，她不可能听说过。You neednt have come so early. 你不必这么早来的。在上述结构中，can / could 主要用于否定句和疑问句；may / might 主要用于肯定句，间或用于否定句，但不用于疑问句；must 只用于肯定句；should / ought to 可用于肯
30、定句和否定句，但不用于疑问句；need 只用于否定句。介词1. 介词短语介词及其宾语构成介词短语，可在句中充当定语、状语、表语及补语等句子成分。介词宾语一般是名词，或与之相应的词 (代词 宾格 、动名词等)，也可以是一个由 what, when, how, whether 等疑问词引导的从句或“疑问词 + 不定式”的结构。You should turn left at the next corner.He is always at his desk, playing computer games.He is considered as one of the top students in hi
31、s class.We havent made the decision as to when we would set off.2. 介词与其他词的固定搭配介词能与动词、名词、形容词等构成各种搭配，应牢记这些固定搭配及其表示意思。如：result in, the reason for, (be) similar to 等。3. 注意区分易混淆的介词注意区分一些容易混淆的介词，如 beside, besides, except, except for; between, among 等。非谓语动词1. 不定式不定式在句中可担任除谓语以外的所有成分，即主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语和状语。1) 作主
32、语如果作主语的不定式较长而谓语较短时，常用 it 作形式主语。To finish the work within three days is impossible.It is impossible to finish the work within three days.2) 作宾语和宾补We have decided to leave next week.She called me to go back home at once. 有些动词只能以不定式作宾语，主要有：afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, claim,
33、 dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, tend, volunteer, want, wish 等。I cannot afford to buy such an expensive car. 不定式作宾语其后又接宾补时，常用 it 作形式宾语，而将不定式放到宾补后面。I found it impossible to get everything ready in ti
34、me. 不带 to 的不定式：在 let, make, have, see, hear, listen to, look at, feel, observe, watch, notice 等动词后，作宾补的不定式不带 to。但是，在被动语态中，不定式要带 to (此时不定式作主补)。He made his son read the text loudly.His son was made to read the text loudly.2. 动名词动名词主要起名词作用，可在句中作主语、宾语和表语，也可作介词宾语。1) 作主语在“It is no use (good) doing.”句型中，常用
35、 it 作形式主语，而将作主语用的动名词短语放在后面。It is no good leaving todays work for tomorrow.2) 作宾语 有些动词只能以动名词作宾语，常见的有：admit, avoid, consider, deny, enjoy, endure, fancy, finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, require, risk, stop, suggest 等。The hostess would certainly enjoy receiving the item
36、 as a gift. 有些动词短语也要求动名词作宾语，常见的有：cant help, feel like, give up, keep on, object to, put off 等。I couldnt help wondering what this was all about.3) 动名词的逻辑主语动名词的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，应有自己的逻辑主语，其形式是：人称代词或名词的所有格 + 动名词。He was annoyed at my interrupting him.Marys saying this made him angry.4) 动名词的
37、完成形式和被动形式 动名词的完成形式：having + 过去分词，表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。He regretted not having taken the doctors advice. 动名词的被动形式：being + 过去分词，表示动名词的动作与其逻辑主语的关系是被动的。They were afraid of being rejected because of their condition.5) 动名词与不定式作宾语的区别有些动词既可以动名词又可以不定式作宾语，且意思差别不大，但有些动词以动名词或不定式作宾语时，意思有较大差别。如： remember to do 记得要做（
38、某事）remember doing 记得曾做过（某事） forget to do 忘记要做（某事）forget doing 忘记曾做过（某事） go on to do （做完某事后）继续做（另一事）go on doing 继续做（某事） regret to do 对要做（某事）感到遗憾regret doing 对已做过（某事）感到后悔 need to do 需要做（某事）need doing 需要（被动）3. 分词分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词表示主动、进行的意义；过去分词表示被动、完成的意义。如：boiling water (water which is boiling)，沸水；bo
39、iled water (water which has been boiled)，开水。分词主要起形容词和副词作用，在句中作表语、定语、宾补（主补）和状语等。1) 作定语分词作定语时与被修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓意义。分词短语作定语时，置于被修饰的词之后。Most of the computers are small machines sitting on (= which sit on) the desks.There are all sorts of computers connected to (= which are connected to) the Internet.2) 作宾补（主补
40、）宾语与宾补有逻辑上的主谓意义。常以分词作宾补的动词有：catch, have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set 等。The policeman caught the young man stealing from the shop.Libraries often have computers connected to the Internet for members of the public to use.3) 作状语 分词表示的动作是主语动作的一
41、部分，两者存在逻辑上的主谓关系。分词（短语）作状语表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随、结果等。Looking up to that red flag with stars, I felt that all the blood rushed to my head. 分词作时间状语时，相当于 when 引导的从句，若强调分词动作和谓语动作同时发生，可在分词前加 when 或 while。She stared at him, not knowing what to say.Compared with others, it is quite cheap.When looking back, he saw
42、 a car crashing into the wall. 分词带有自己的主语作状语时，称为分词的独立结构。其形式为：名词 (代词) + 现在 (过去) 分词，该结构前有时也可加 with。Weather permitting, we will go sightseeing tomorrow.With a river running through it, a city looks more beautiful4) 现在分词的完成形式和被动形式 现在分词的完成形式：having + 过去分词，表示分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。Having been there many times, she
43、 is quite familiar with the city. 现在分词的被动形式：being + 过去分词，表示分词的动作正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生，但与主语的关系是被动的，作状语时相当于过去分词。The person being interviewed is my former classmate.(Being) bothered by the noise, he could not concentrate himself on his work. 现在分词的完成被动形式：having + been + 过去分词。Having been rebuilt, the palace lo
44、oks more splendid.动词的时态和语态1. 容易混淆的几种时态1.1. 一般过去时与现在完成时1) 两种时态都可表示过去的动作，一般过去时只表示过去某一时间的动作，而现在完成时则表示过去动作对现在的影响。Mary lost her dictionary last week. 玛丽上周丢了字典。 (强调动作发生在上周)Mary has lost her dictionary. 玛丽丢了字典。 (强调玛丽现在没有字典 )2) 两种时态都可表示过去开始并持续了一段时间的动作，一般过去时表明该动作已结束，而现在完成时表示该动作仍在继续。He worked as a computer pr
45、ogrammer in the company for three years. 他在那家公司任计算机程序员三年。 (他现在不在那儿工作了)He has worked as a computer programmer in the company for three years. 他在那家公司任程序员已三年了。 (他现在仍在那儿工作)1.2. 一般过去时，过去完成时与过去完成进行时三种时态都表示过去的动作，一般过去时表示的过去动作是相对于现在而言的；过去完成时表示的过去动作是相对于过去的某一时间或动作而言的，即过去的过去；过去完成进行时表示过去的某一时刻之前一直继续着的历时较长的动作。He b
46、egan to learn computer science four years ago. 他四年前开始学计算机科学。He had learned computer science for four years before he came here. 他在来这儿前已学了四年计算机科学。He realized that he had been overworking, so he decided to take a couple of days holidays。他认识到自己一直工作过度，所以就决定休息两天。l.3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时l) 两种时态都表示过去某一时间开始并一直延续到
47、现在的动作，常可换用，但现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性。I have been teaching English in this college for six years.I have taught English in this college for six years.2) 在没有时间状语的句子中，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行，而现在完成时则表示动作已结束。The students have been cleaning their dormitories. 学生们一直在打扫宿舍。 (还在进行)The students have cleaned their dormitories.
48、学生们已经打扫了宿舍。 (已经结束)2. 时态呼应英语从句（尤其是宾语从句）谓语动词的时态常受主句谓语动词时态的制约，因此从句的时态应与主句时态相呼应。1) 主句谓语动词是现在时态或将来时态，从句可根据意思的需要用任何时态。She often writes down what she sees (saw, will see) into her diary.2) 主句谓语动词是过去时态，从句应根据上下文的意思选用相应的过去时态。 从句的动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。Her father said that she was preparing her lessons yes
49、terday evening. 从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句用过去完成时。The hospital reported that its X-ray machine had failed. 从句的动作发生在主句动作之后，从句用过去将来时。He thought that his son would phone him as soon as he got there.3) 当从句表示客观事实或真理时，其时态不受主句谓语时态的影响，总是用一般现在时。The teacher told the children that the earth always moves around the sun.4) 在 if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句中以及 when, as, after, before, until 等引导的时间状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，用一般过去时代替过去将来时。 I will return the book after I finish reading it.They will not go swimming if it rains tomorrow.She would not return the b
