1、1第三章:英汉语名词对比与翻译Anyone among the people who break the law will be punished, imprisoned and even sentenced to death.一、名词概念、分类及句法功能表示人、时间、地点、方式和事件等事物名称的词叫名词。如“黄瓜 cucumber、猪pig、羊 sheep/goat、白菜 cabbage、拖拉机 tractor、计算机 computer/calculator”。1、表示专用名称的叫做“专用名词” ,如“云南 Yunnan、上海 Shanghai、李白 Li Bai、中国 China”。2、表
2、示抽象事物的名称的叫做“抽象名词” ,如“范畴 domain、思想 thought、质量quality、品德 morality/quality、品质 character/quality、友谊 friendship、方法method/means/way/process”。3、表示方位的叫做“方位名词” (汉语) ,如上、下、左、右、前、后、中、东、西、南、北、前面、后边、东边、南面、中间“等。在用法上有三个特征:1) 不受副词修饰,如不能说“不馒头,wonderfully life” ;2) 可以和介词连用,如“在北京,in effect”;3) 可以用做主语 subject、宾语 object
3、、表语 predicative、同位语 appositive、定语attribute 和状语 adverbial (modifier)(时间和地点名词)二、英汉语名词对比英汉语名词在使用上主要有以下三个方面的差异(difference):1. 性(gender/ sex)多数英汉语名词都是中性(neuter)的,只有少数有生命的名词有阴阳之差,且主要采用词汇手段。如:boy/girl 男孩/女孩, man/woman 男人/ 女人she-wolf 母狼, she-devil 女魔,girl-scout 女童子军,girl-wonder 神奇女孩,woman-friend 女性朋友,congre
4、sswoman 女国会会员,boy-wonder 神奇小子,man-child 男童,fireman 消防员, spokesperson 发言人(男女) ,congressperson 国会议员(男女)但:man-eater 食人者,食人动物,woman/skirt-chaser 好色之徒,man-ape 类人猿汉语名词前面一半要使用词缀不是性别,如男/女(用于人) ,公/ 母(用于禽兽) ,雌/雄(用于学名) 。汉语的“坤”字指女性的,如坤表 womans watch,坤车 womans bike,坤包 ladys handbag 等。英语有些名词也使用词缀手段不是阴性,如:benefact
5、or n. 恩人;捐助者;施主 benefactresshost n. 计 主机;主人;主持人 hostess best-actor nomination 最佳男演员提名 best-actress nominationheir n. 法 继承人;后嗣;嗣子 heiress但有些词语虽没有性别标记,但使用代词时要注意区分性别,如:moon 月亮,earth 地球,motherland 祖国,sun 太阳,the Earth Mother 大地母亲,地球母亲,the Sun-father/the Sky-father 太阳公公,天公,heaven 老天爷。2祥子改了,难道老天爷还不保佑吗?Now
6、that Xiangzi had turned over a new leaf, surely Heaven would watch over him.2.数英语名词有数的标记,汉语则使用“们”等词缀表示复数,但多数不用,要根据上下文来判断。如:The case could drug on for months.There are places where surveillance cameras really do make a difference.His words made me suspect his motives.这桩案子可能要拖上几个月。在一些特定的位置,监控摄像头还真管用。他
7、这番话让人感觉他动机不纯。继续推进农村税费改革,减轻农民负担,保护农民利益。We must continue with the reform in tax and fee in rural areas to lighten the burdens of farmers and protect their interests.3. 格现代英语有三个格:主格、宾格、所有格。所有格除表达领属关系外,还有其他几种语义关系。如:三、英汉语名词的翻译1.冠词的处理英语有时需要冠词表示定指或泛指,汉语没有冠词,一般使用数量词或指示代词。如:The technology has been operating
8、in European airports for going on two years now.这项技术在欧洲机场已经用了快两年了。 (汉语使用指示代词)Yesterday I bought a bike, and today I found there was somethng wrong with one of the wheels.The information is available through member-accessed websites.这条信息可以从会员才能访问的网站上找到。 (汉语使用指示代词)The fetus is extremely sensitive to m
9、ercury.胎儿对汞尤为敏感。 (泛指汉语使用光杆名词 bare noun)The child is part of our community.儿童是社区的一部分。 (泛指汉语使用光杆名词)Because anyone can use the Internet, the accuracy of information and advice on medical manners will depend on the expertise of the professional providing that advice.谁都会上网,信息和医疗咨询能否准确要看提供者的职业素质了。 (独一无二汉语
10、使用光杆名词)2.复数名词的处理The students may work in teams or individually on this problem.3同学们可以合作或独立解决这个问题。relationship between faculty and students 师生关系Cigarettes are harmful to our health.吸烟有害健康。3.动词名词转类处理如果英语小句里要表达多个行为或事件,谓语动词之外的其他动词只能以非谓语动词的学生出现。名物化(nominalization)是非谓语形式的一种。如:His release from prison cause
11、d an uproar.他的释放引发了一起骚乱。如果定语很长而复杂的话,最好使用动词的形式。如:This is followed by a discussion of the indirect impact of the political context on NGO proliferation(n. 增值,增生,繁茂).NGO:非政府组织(Non-Governmental Organization)*随后是关于政治环境对非政府组织发展的间接影响的讨论。随后探讨了政治环境对非政府组织发展的间接影响。The real demand for the tulips was exaggerated
12、by people who were buying them for speculation( n. 投机;推测;思索;投机买卖) , not appreciation. The bubble( n. 气泡,泡沫,泡状物;透明圆形罩,圆形顶)finally burst in 1637.多数人买郁金香是出于投机目的,而非真的喜欢,所以真正需求被夸大了,该泡沫终于在 1673 年破裂了。Bill Clinton and Tony Blair linked up by satellite on June 26 to announce the completion of the first draft
13、 of the human genome 基因组/染色体组.6 月 26 日,比尔克林顿和托尼布莱尔通过卫星连线联合宣布人类基因组第一份图谱绘制完成。Your prompt attention to the matter will be much appreciated.如能从速办理,将不胜感激。With a cry, John seized the branch of a tree, whipped the crutch(n.拐杖) out of his armpit(n.腋窝) , and sent it hurtling through the air.He is a better fi
14、ddler(n.拉小提琴的人,小提琴手) than his daddy.他小提琴拉得比他爸好。 (静态和动态表达)英汉语名词翻译时应注意的其他情形:1 英语某些名词的复数形式表达特定的含义,如:arms embargo 武器禁运consumer goods 消费品good looks 美貌morals 道德规范core values 核心价值观three fishes 三种鱼in good spirits 兴致高4play cards 打牌( play bridge 打桥牌)2 汉语里的“各种、种种、各项”等有复数意义,英语不一定要用具体的词语表达,而只以复数的形式出现。如:违反法纪和政策的种
15、种“对策” ,可多了。Indeed, they have plenty of ways of violating the law and discipline.各项扶贫资金和物资要更多地用于少数民族贫困地区。More funds and materials allocated for assisting poor areas should be directed to poor ethnic minority areas.粮食,还有各种副食品,收购价格长期定得很低。For a long time the purchasing prices of grain and non-staple foo
16、ds were too now.3 汉语抽象名词喜欢加范畴词(category word)“化、性、度、现象、局面、状态、工作、问题”等来标示性质、状态、程度或特征。英语词语如果具有这些语义特征,就不必添加这类范畴词。如:结束两岸敌对状态 to end the cross-straits hostility国土整治规划工作取得新进展。New progress has been made in territorial control planning.打击各种犯罪活动,扫除各种丑恶现象,手软不得。In combating crime and eliminating social evils, w
17、e must not be soft.保持安定团结的局面,坚持“一个中心、两个基本点”to maintain stability and unity and uphold the principle of “one central task and two basic points”4 英语行为/情状抽象名词译成汉语时,经常使用比较形象的动态词语(动词或形容词) 。如:He seems to have been a man compounded of very considerable vanity, greed, cunning, self-deception and quite since
18、re religious passion.他好像变成了一个混合体,一方面异常虚伪、贪婪、自欺欺人,另一方面又对宗教相当热情和虔诚。翻译练习:1 翻译下列词语anti-aging 抗衰老的anti-aircraft 防空的antibody 抗体antidepressant 抗抑郁剂antidumping 反倾销的,反倾销政策的anti-inflammatory 抗炎的,消炎的;抗炎药,消炎药antivirus 抗病毒液,细菌滤液appointee 被任命人,被委派人boy-king 王,国王,君主girl-singer 女歌手,女歌唱家girl-soldier 女兵5mortgage 抵押ped
19、ophilia 恋童癖pro-immigrant 赞成移民的pro-life 反对人工流产合法化的,反堕胎的,参较 pro-choicescopophilia 窥阴癖,窥视色情癖,亦作 scoptophiliashe-cat/goat 母猫/羊spokesman 发言人,代言人blu-ray disc. 蓝光光碟bottom line 底线capacity audience/crowd 满座的观众/ 密集的人群carbon footprint 碳足迹,二氧化碳排放量case study 个案研究check-in 登记,报到child-care center 儿童保育中心dial-up 拨号上网
20、dirt road 土路dotted line 虚线solid line 实线freelance writer 自由作家head start 领先high-rise 高楼大厦market economy 市场经济meta-material 超材料network setup 网络设置nursing home 疗养院press release 新闻稿private sector 私营部门push-ups and sit-ups 俯卧撑和仰卧起坐shoot-out 枪战,罚点球social networking 社会网络joint communiqu 联合公报life/death sentence
21、无期徒刑/死刑extraordinary rendition 非常规引渡star-chaser 追星族than-you letter/note 感谢信the Supreme Court 最高法院write-off 销账,注销安然 peacefully ,at ease党员 party member干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化 to make the ranks of carders more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent工钱 paymen
22、t for a service, wages工伤 industrial injury, occupational injury工时 work hour, man hour 6观察员 observer官僚机器 bureaucratic machinery积极性 enthusiasm, initiative建筑商 builder教学能手 expert in teaching精密机械 precision machinery开发商 developer可观的 considerable老酒 rice wine老前辈 ones senior流里流气 rascally绿化 to afforest批条子 to
23、grant requests made by subordinates units批发商 distributor, wholesaler片儿警 home beat policeman企业家 entrepreneur奢侈品 luxury goods三八红旗手 March 8th Red-Banner Pace-setter体育用品 sporting goods甜头 sugarplum (球形等的)小糖果;棒棒糖 ; 甜言蜜语;甜头,贿赂武器走私 arms smuggling消费者 consumer销售商 seller行政机构 administrative machinery战略武器 strate
24、gic arms赈灾义演 benefit performance for专利使用费 patent royalty fees转播商 broadcaster2 将下列英语句子译成汉语,注意斜/粗体部分的词类转换。1) It will cut the time needed to truck vegetables to the east coast for export.2) The municipal drinking water was contaminated. People had to buy bottled water, and people with wells had to add
25、chlorine.3) The world will have to axe greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050.4) The tenement houses are used to house the poverty-stricken people.5) When hes on the ground, the pups get another chance to tree him.6) The Shangdong government has taken measures to cap the rising price of powe
26、r coal.77) Dirty dealings. The days of back rooms and secret deals among Chicago officials unfortunately are not over.8) We base our policy and strategy on the harsh reality we are faced with. It was not Nixons fault, but he must shoulder some of the blame for failing to make that government reform
27、itself.9) Specialist technicians will be required to keep all the new machinery operating at peak efficiency.10) My younger brother is a better teacher than I.11) Im happy and at a loss for words.12) The ordinary citizens are frustrated by the lack of most basic services.13) They became power users,
28、 memorizing the letter commands and gloating over their knowledge of obscure functions.3.将下列汉语句子译成英语。1)制定地方性禁毒法规2)处于饥饿半饥饿状态3)昂扬向上的精神状态4)调节少数垄断性行业的过高收入5)可是,在这个热闹的局面中,他也感觉到一点凄凉难过。6)我们必须积极推进住房体制改革。7)坚持打防结合、预防为主,落实社会治安综合治理的各项措施,改进社会管理,保持良好的社会秩序。8)同样,我们也希望中国出现一大批三四十岁的优秀的科学家、教育家、文学家和其他各类专家。四、英汉语名词的语义角色英汉语
29、名词的语义搭配功能英汉语名词在和实意动词搭配后构成了各种复杂的语义关系,在英汉语的基本句型中承担了最主要的不可替代的语义角色。如果说离开了动词就不存在句子的话,那么离开了名词就无法表达句子中作为各种事件的主体或客体,因此动词和名词是构成句子的最主要的成分。英汉语名词在句子中所承担的主要语义角色是:1)动作的主体所谓“主体” ,是指一切运动的主体,是作为各种运动的主体之事物。任何句子都离开不了主体。主体又可分为施事、当事和领事。A施事:是指发出可控制行为的主体或可控制心理状态及思维活动的有意识的主体。例如:(1)a. 他在公园散步。(可控制自己行为的有意识的主体)8b. He is walkin
30、g in the park.(2)a. 学生们非常尊敬他们的英语老师。(可控制心理状态的有意识的主体)b. The students have great respect for their history teacher.(3)a. 这位作家正在构思一部新的小说。(可控制思维活动的有意识的主体)b. He is conceiving a new novel.B当事:是指不可控制自己的状态、活动或自身变化的无意识的主体以及“类同”或“关联”关系的主体。例如:(1)a. 操场旁边有一个很大的池塘。(静止状态的主体)b. There is a big pond near the playgroun
31、d. (2)a. 他死了,撇下了妻子和三个孩子。(自身变化的主体)b. He died, and was survived by wife and three children.(3)a. 筏子顺河水缓缓漂流。(不可控制自己活动的无意识的主体)b. The raft was floating gently down the river.(4)a. 这演员在电影中扮演法官之角色。(类同过程的主体)b. The actor played the role of the judge in the movie.(5)a. 亚洲与非洲在苏伊士运河相连。(关联过程的主体)b. Asia is connec
32、ted with Africa at the Suez Canal.C领事:是指领属关系的主体或整体与部分关系的整体。例如:(1)a. 那幅作品缺乏创造性。(领属关系的主体)b. The work lacks originality.(2)a. 水含有氢和氧。(整体与部分关系的主体)b. Water contains hydrogen and oxygen.1)动作的客体“客体” ,是指事件主体所涉及或改变的客观事物。客体又可分为受事、内容和成果。例如:A受事:是指主体所涉及或改变的直接客体。例如:(1)a. 火车是用来运送货物或旅客的。(搬移的客体)b. Trains are used to
33、 carry goods and passengers.(2)a. 油轮沉没了,石油污染了大海。(污染改变的客体)b. The tanker sank and the oil polluted the sea.(3)a. 修理教堂结构的花费非常大。(加工改变的客体)b. The cost of repairing the fabric of the church was very high.(4)a. 看在你父亲面上,这回我不开除你。(支配改变的客体)b. Out of regard for your father, I shall not dismiss you this time.(5)a
34、. 我想送给她一颗宝石。(所有权被改变的客体)b. I want to give her a diamondB内容:是指“感知”或内向 “心态”等心理或“探求” 、 “传播” 、 “遭受”等行为所涉及但未改变的客体或信息。例如:(1)a. 我理解你的困难,但却爱莫能助.(感知获取的客体)b. I appreciate your problem, but I dont think I can help you.(2)a. 你可以从上下文里推测它的意思。(内向心态所涉及的客体)b. You may guess its meaning from the context.(3)a. 我收到他的礼物,但
35、我没有接受。(遭受到的客体)b. I received his gift from him, but I didnt accept it .9C成果:是指创造行为所创立或建立的新客体。例如:(1)a. 他们建立了一个学生组织。(建立新的客体)b. They have established a student organization.(2)a. 他们不惜成本,建造了这座宫殿。(创造新的客体)b. They built the Palace regardless of cost.3)动作的邻体动作的邻体一般是指主体和客体以外的第三个参与的实体。邻体表示的语义内容有起源、对象和依据。邻体在句子中
36、往往要借助于介词才能表达意思,但有的也可以直接表达意思。A对象:是指外向“心态” 或“对待、给予、传播|等行为指向是邻体。例如:(1)a. 尽管他很富有,可我并不羡慕他。(心态行为所指的邻体)b. Wealthy though he is, I dont envy him.(2)a. 尽管他很好,我并不真正信任他。(对待行为所指的邻体)b. Even though he is very nice, I dont really trust him.(3)a. 他们送我一幅骏马图。(给予行为所指的邻体)b. They sent me a painting of steeds.(4)a. 他给我们讲
37、故事时我们不禁都笑个不停。(传播行为所指的邻体)b. When he told us the story, we just couldnt stop laughing.B起源:是指“索取、探求 “等行为,或是指时间、空间起点或事件的起始状态。例如:(1)a. 在学校大门口,我买了那些学生一些杂志。(索取中作为来源的邻体)b. At the school gate, I bought the magazines from those students.(2)a. 那位老太婆爱向我打听别人家的事。(探求中作为来源的邻体)b. That old woman is fond of inquiring
38、about other peoples things from me.(3)a. 世界田径锦标赛明天开始。(时间起点)b. The official competition of this World Championships will start tomorrow.(4)a. 下飞机后他先订了一个饭店房间。(空间起点)b. He booked a hotel room first after getting off the plane.(5)a. 针对儿童的新食品由 1994 年的 54 种发展到去年近 500 种。(起始状态)b. The growth of new food produ
39、cts targeting kids increased from 54 in 1994 to almost 500 new products last year.C依据:是指事件中作为比较或测量基准的邻体以及事件中所遵照的依据。例如:(1)a. 人们常说女人比男人更富于感情。(比较的所依照的基准)b. Women are often said to be more emotional than men.(2)a. 这个花园离市中心只有五分钟的路程。(测量所依照的基准)b. The park is only five minutes from downtown.(3)a. 根据香味来判断,这食
40、物一定很好吃. (事件依照的根据)b. In the light of the smell, the food must be delicious.4)动作的系体动作的系体,是指跟主体或事件有关系的事物。系体的寓意内容包括属事、分事、类事和涉事。A属事:是指领属关系的所属者,包括亲戚、敌友、财物和属性。例如:10(1)a. 我有两个姑妈;一个住在东京,另一个住在大阪。(亲戚)b. I have two aunts; one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka.(2)a. 一个自私的人不会有朋友.(朋友)b. A selfish person doesnt
41、 have any friends.(3)a. 我有许多唱片。(财物)b. I have many discs.(4)a. 我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。(属性)b. We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.B分事:是指整分关系中的构成部分或组成部分。例如:(1)a. 她身材苗条,有一头长长的黑发。(构成部分)b. She was slender and had long dark hair.(2)a. 软饮料中含有二氧化碳。(组成部分)b. Soft drinks contain carbon dioxide.C
42、类事:是指类同关系中的类同者以及扮成或当成的类同。例如:(1)a. 我认为秋天是一年中最美的季节。(类同关系中的类同者)b. I think autumn is the most beautiful season in a year.(2)a. 她在剧中扮演了一个次要的角色。(所扮成的类同者)b. She acted as a minor role in the play.(3)a. 人们常常把一些人造的物体,诸如风筝、气球错认成飞碟。(所当成的类同者)b. People often mistake some man-made objects such as a kite or a ballo
43、on for a UFO.D涉事:是指“关联”关系中的相关者以及事件中的伴随者、排除者、受益者或受损者。例如:(1)a. 我正在醒与梦的交叉点上。(“关联”关系中的相关者)b. I am at the crossroads between waking and dream.(2)a. 女人同男人结婚,希望男人有所改变,但他却没有变化;男人同女人结婚,希望女人不要改变,但她却变了。(事件中的伴随者)b. A woman marries a man expecting he will change, but he doesnt. A man marries a woman expecting th
44、at she wont change and she does.(3)a. 除了远处的零星的小冲突之外,这个地区是和平的。(事件中的排除者)b. This area is peaceful except for a few skirmishes in the distance.(4)a. 经纪人替他人买卖股票。(事件中的受益者)b. The broker buys and sells shares for others.(5)a. 昨天杨大妈死了一只鸡。 (事件中的受损者)b. One of aunt Yangs chicken died yesterday.汉语名词除以上在句子中作为事件的参
45、与者外,还可以在情景中表示情节、状况以及环境等。A情节:是指引起事件的原因、事件发展的结局以及事件的意图、范围或数量。名词在情节中表示原因和范围的较多。例如:(1)a. 她一直愁工作。(原因)b. She has been worrying about her job.(2)a. 英语他是专家。 (范围)b. When it comes to English, he is an expert.11B状况:是指事件中的方式、工具、材料或频次。名词在状况中表示工具、材料的较多。例如:(1)a. 沙锅顿鸡汤好喝。 (工具)b. Chicken soup cooked in a casserole i
46、s delicious. (2)a. 我们元宵节吃的是糯米汤圆。(材料)b. The dumplings we eat on the Lantern Festival are made from glutinous rice.C环境:是指事件中的时间、空间、历程或趋向。名词在环境中表示 。例如:(1)a. 我们北方人一般六点吃晚饭。 (时点)b. We northerners usually have supper at 6 oclock .(2)a. 唐朝有一位著名诗人叫李白。 (时期)b. There lived a famous poet named Li Bai in the Tang
47、 Dynasty.(3)a. 我每年春节回家过年时都很激动。(时期)b. I am always excited when I go back to my hometown for the Spring Festival.英汉语名词在使用上存在显著的差异。具体表现在:1英汉语对名词的分类存在差异。汉语名词分为普通名词、时地名词、方位名词等;英语名词分为:普通名词和专有名词两大类。汉语的时地名词和方位名词中在英语里有的是名词。不同的分类对名词在句子中的使用有着一定的制约作用。例如:(1)a. 我想周日晚上或者周一早晨返回。(名词)b. Id like to return Sunday eveni
48、ng or early Monday morning. (名词)(2)a. 这是一本描写美国边疆生活的小说。(名词)b. This is a novel about frontier life in the United States. (名词)有的在英语中是副词、形容词、介词或词组等。例如:(1)a. 他曾经是位大学生,现在是医生。(名词)b. He was once a college student, now he is a doctor.(副词)(2)a. 她做现在的工作屈才. (名词加“的”)b. Shes wasted in her present job.(形容词)(3)a. 鲜
49、花到处盛开。(名词)b. The flowers are blooming everywhere. (副词)(4)a. 这栋房子周围有几个小男孩在晃荡。(名词)b. There are several young boys loitering around the building.(介词)(5)a. 从前, 有一位非常美丽的公主。(名词)b. Once upon a time, there lived a princess who was very beautiful.(词组)2汉语名词没有数的变化形式,名词在表示复数时不变化,或在后面加复数助词“们” ;英语名词在表示复数时则有不同的表现形式。例如:(7)a. 罢工已经持续了三个星期。 (形态无变化)b. The strike has lasted for three weeks.(形态有变化:week-weeks)(8)a. 女士们!先生们!(形态无变化)b. Ladies and gentlemen.(形态有变化:Lady-Ladies ,gentleman-gentlemen)3英汉语名词的句法功能存在差异。汉语名词可以在句中充当谓语,英语名词不能充当谓语。有的研究者认为,汉语名词一般是在隐藏了“是”和“有”的“是”