1、1英语语音的基本单位是音素，英语中一共有 20 个元音和 28 个辅音，它们共同构成音节再组成单词。但是好的英语发音并不仅仅是弄正确每个单词的读音，而是运用各种技巧和规则-如重读、弱读、连读、不完全爆破、句子重音、停顿、节奏、升调、降调等- 将单词联结成句子和段落。然而中国学生往往会忽视这些特殊的语音现象，导致发音不地道。音素元音英语语音音素分为元音和辅音。元音是发音时声带振动，气流经过口腔和咽头不受阻碍而发出的声音。英语元音共有 20 个，其中单元音 12 个，双元音 8 个。元音是音节中最核心的音素，因此，元音发得是否到位，决定了发音的质量和效果。1. 单元音：短元音/i/是个前元音，是字
2、母 i 或 y 在重读闭音中的读音。它是个短元音，故发此音要短促而轻快。发音要领的是：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬高，舌两侧抵上齿两侧，口形偏平。/e/是个前元音，是字母 e 或 ea 在单词中的发音。它是个短元音。发音时舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起。口略开，口型自然放松。/ /是个前元音，是字母 a 在重读闭音节中的发音。/ /是短元音。发音时舌尖抵下齿；舌前部稍抬高，舌位比/e/更低；双唇平伸，成扁平形。/ /是个后元音，是字母 o 和 u 在单词中的读音。/ /是短元音。发音时舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿，舌后部靠前部分稍抬起，唇形稍扁，开口度较大，与/ /相似。/ /是个中元音，是字母 a，e，o，u
3、，er，or 和 ur 在单词中的读音。/ /是读短元音。发音时舌身平放，舌中部略隆起，双唇扁平。/ /是个后元音，是字母 o 在重读闭音节单词中的读音。发音时口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩，双唇稍稍收圆。2/u/是个后元音，是英语字母 u，oo 或 ou 等在单词中的发音。/u/ 是短元音。发音时舌后部抬起，舌身后缩，舌尖离开下齿。双唇收圆，稍突出。sit still; give in; bit by bit; his little sister very well; get ready; well-educated; my best frienda happy family; a bad ma
4、n; a handsome lad; a math exam/ his loving son; a sudden jump; hurry upalong the river; among the brothers; from cover to cover/ a coffee shop; a popular opera; quality and quantity/ to have a good look at the book; a book about woodwork比较下列容易混淆的短元音 和 Have you listened to the recording of Lesson Six
5、?A friend is a present that you give yourself.和 Dad says a soft bed is bad for his back.Can you bend that iron band?和 What a lovely sun-tan youve got!I lost my handbag, but luckily it hasnt got much money in it./ 和/ / You are a lucky dog, always having the lucky star above you.The impossible is ofte
6、n the untried./ 和/ / A: Would you prefer to go to a concert of pop music or modern music?B: I guess some pop music will do us good.A: OK. Then, Ill go and book the tickets for us./ 和/ / Would you like to come with us?I have booked a double room in this hotel.2. 单元音：长元音/i:/是个前元音，是字母 ea，ee，ie 或 ei 在单词
7、中的发音。此音是长元音，一定注音把音发足。其发音要领是发音时舌尖抵下齿，但不要抵得太紧（不要发成汉语的“衣”）前舌尽量抬高、舌位高于/i/，口形扁平。/ /是个后元音，是字母 o，or，al，oar，our 或 oor 在单词中的发音。它是长元音。发音时舌后部抬得比/ /高，双唇收得更圆更小，并向前突出。/ /是个后元音，是字母 oo 或 ou 在单词中的发音。它是长元音。发音时舌后部尽量抬起，舌位比/u/高。双唇收圆并突出。口形比/u/ 稍小。3/ /是个中元音，是字母组合 er，ir，or 和 ur 在单词中的发音。/ /是长元音。发音时舌中部比发/ /音时略高。双唇扁平。/ /是个后元音
8、，是字母组合 ar 的读音，也是字母 a 在ss，st，th 等字母前面的读音。/ /是长元音。发音时口张大，舌身压低并后缩，后舌稍隆起，舌尖不抵下齿。双唇稍收圆。 leaves of the trees; deep feelings; a piece of cheesea short report; small talk; an important record a new school; a blue moon; too soon a German girl; first things first; the third world countriesa part of the market
9、; garden chairs without arms; a large basket;中国学生在学习英文发音时很大的一个弱项在于长短音不分，因此在练习中一定要注意长音的发音时间要够长，嘴型要到位。请比较容易混淆的长短元音。和 Bring me the bill, please.To keep fit, you need to see to it that you dont overeat.和 He forgot to lock the door.You ought to do what the doctor ordered.和 He put his foot in his new boot
10、 and looked at it.The proof of the pudding is in the eating.和 Shes from an upper class family.Lucky at cards, unlucky in love.单元音综合练习句子朗读1) He who is afraid to ask is ashamed of learning. 2) None are so empty as those who are full of themselves.3) Among my most prized possessions are words that I ha
11、ve never spoken.4) We love those who know the worst of us and dont turn their faces away.5) When one door of happiness closes, another opens; but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has opened for us.短文朗读Silly Billy and His FamilyMy friend Silly Billy has a big
12、family. He keeps a very big house in a village by a river. And on the river he keeps a ship and in the ship he keeps a sheep. In his big, big house, my friend Silly Billy keeps a horse, a cook and a cock.One winter, my friend, Silly Billy, went out for a walk. The cook took a knife and wanted to kil
13、l the cock. The cock ran for its life. It flew and sat on the horse. The horse was afraid, it ran out of the house. When it got to the river, it wanted to get on the ship. But it slipped. So down into the river went the horse, the ship and the sheep.Now the cook finally got the cock. He killed it an
14、d put the cock in a pot. He then put the 4pot on a big fire. He was tired and soon fell asleep. The fire was so big that before long the house was on fire. The fire cooked the cock and the cook with it.When my friend Silly Billy came back, he had a great shock. He screamed. “Oh, where is my house, m
15、y horse, my sheep, my ship, my cook and my cock? Ive lost them all! Ive lost them all!”诗歌朗读Good Morning to AllGood morning to all who walk,Good morning to all who crawl,Good morning to all who soar,Or swim, good morning I call,To broad and to small, to short and to tall,Good morning, good morning to
16、 all.3. 双元音英语中的双元音由两个元音组合而成，第一个元音向第二个元音滑动，滑动过程中没有任何停顿。第一个音长而响亮，第二个音短而含糊。发音时没有任何摩擦。双元音与单元音的不同之处在于：单元音在发音时发音器官自始至终保持某一固定位置，而双元音要完成从一个单元音到另一个单元音的滑动。英语有 8 个双元音。/ei/是字母 a 在重读开音节单词中的读音。先发/e/音，然后滑向/i/音。双唇稍扁，口形从半开到合。/ai/是字母 i 或 y 在单词中的发音。先发/a/ 音，然后滑向/i/音。舌尖抵住下齿。发此音的关键是要把/a/音发足，注意从开到合的滑动。/ i/是字母 oy 和 oi 在单词中
17、的发音。发音时双唇从圆到扁，口形从开到合。发好这个音的关键是首先要把后元音/ /发足，然后滑向/i/音。/ /是字母 o， oa 和 oe 在单词中的读音。它由元音 / /滑向后元音/u/，舌位由半低到高，口形由半开到小。注意将音发足。/au/是字母 ou 和 ow 在单词中的读音。 /au/由/a/滑向/u/ 。舌位由低到高，口形由大到小。注意将音发足。5/i /是字母 ear，ere，eer 在单词中的读音。其发音要领是从 /i/音滑向/ /音。前面的/i/发得较清楚，后面的/ /较弱。双唇始终半开。此音一定要发足。/ /是字母 are，air，ear 在单词中的读音。其发音方法是从/e/
18、音滑向/ /音。发间时舌端抵下齿，前舌略抬起，双唇半开。/u /是字母 our，oor ，ure 在单词中的读音。发音时，嘴唇从收圆到半开。发好这个音的关键是首先要把/u/音发足，然后滑向/ /音。the safe way; pay day; May Day; a great change; the railway station; to play safeto ride a bike; to fly a kite; a white lie; in the year 1999; great minds think alike a noisy toy; to join an oil compan
19、y; to enjoy his beautiful voice; to go home; an old coat; to row a boat; to have no hope; a snow-covered roaddown town; a loud sound; our crowded house; to shout loudly; to go down southdisappear; atmosphere; engineer; experience; serious; near here; a clear ideafarewell; parents; everywhere; upstai
20、rs and downstairs; their chairs; my fair sharecuriosity; insurance; luxurious; endurance; jewelry; bureau; the furious jury The rain in Spain is mainly in the plain.He who is afraid to ask is ashamed of learning. The sun was shining brightly.I dont mind a white lie.As we grow older, we know ourselve
21、s better.The older I grow, the more I listen to people who dont say much.The best choice for us is to build a joint-stock company.The people were overjoyed at the news of a royal visit.Our town is further down south on the other side of the mountain.Talk profoundly and sleep soundly. She mustnt be h
22、ere to interfere with our work.They cheered the hero when he appeared.Take care! Theres a chair down there at the foot of the stairs.6The parents watched their child playing in the square.The jury were pretty sure that the poor man was innocent.I am sure you enjoyed your European tour last February.
23、大声朗读下面的词语，注意其中元音的变化。1) beat, bit, bet bait, bat, bite, barn, boot, boat, bought, bird, bout, boss, book, bear, beer, buyer.2) deed, dead, date, dad, dared, died, dart, doubt, dot, dirt, dear, dont, dorm, doomed.3) feet, fit, fed, fate, fat, fight, fast, first, fierce, fair, fought, photo, foul, fool
24、, foot.4) heat, hit, head, hate, hat, heart, height, hurt, horse, house, host, hear, hair, whose, hook.5) keep, kid, kept, cap, cake, cart, kite, care, cool, cold, coward, coin, call, cook, cock, curtain, cure.朗读下面的短篇，注意其中双元音的发音以及不同双元音之间的区别。This, Too, Shall Pass AwayElla Wheeler WilcoxWhen some grea
25、t sorrow, like a mighty river, flows through your life with peace-destroying power, and dearest things are swept from sight forever, say to your heart each trying hour: “This, too, shall pass away.” When ceaseless toil has hushed your song of gladness, and you have grown almost too tired to pray, le
26、t this truth banish from your heart its sadness, and ease the burdens of each trying day: “This, too, shall pass away.” When fortune smiles, the days are flitting by without a care, lest you should rest with only earthly treasure, let these few words their fullest import bear: “This, too, shall pass
27、 away.” When earnest labor brings you fame and glory, and all earths noblest ones upon you smile, remember that lifes longest, grandest story fills but a moment in earths little while: “This, too, shall pass away.”辅音辅音的发音特点是发音时气流受到某种程度的阻碍。英语辅音一共有 28 个。中国学生往往受汉语声母的影响，在发英语辅音时加上一个元音，结果把 p, d, g, k 读成“泼
28、:po”， “得:de”， “哥 :ge”， “科： ke”，等等，闹出把 dog 念成“大哥”，把 egg 念成“二哥”的笑话; 二是清浊辅音相混，尤其是在尾辅音上。大声朗读下列各组单词，注意尾辅音后面加音节和不加音节的区别。big, bigger; beg, beggar; fig, figure; mug, mugger; thick, thicker/p/ /b/ 双唇爆破辅音。发音时双唇紧闭，憋住气，然后突然分开，气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音。/p/是清辅音，声带不振动；/b/是浊辅音，声带振动。pin, bin; cap, cab; pride, bride; cop, cob; pu
29、ll, bull; pack, backbeat up, black sheep, blood pressure；brush up, ball point pen, bump intoDont blow your nose so loudly in public!Peter can fall asleep even before his head touches the pillow.7/t/ /d/ 舌齿爆破辅音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈，憋住气，然后突然分开，使气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音。/t/是清辅音，声带不振动；/d/是浊辅音，声带振动。tie, die; torn, dawn; town,
30、down; team, deem; tomb, doom; tear, darecredit card, hard time, blind date; bad debt, in the day time, to go down townTime flies over us, but leaves its shadow behind.I couldnt tell the difference between wheat and weeds./k/ /g/ 舌后软颚爆破辅音。发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚，憋住气，然后突然分开，气流送出口腔，形成爆破音。/k/是清辅音，声带不振动；/ /是浊辅音，声带振
31、动。cold, gold; coat, goat; curl, girl; class, glass; came, game; card, guardthe Ugly Duckling, coast guards, credit card; goal-keeper, garbage can, for Gods sakeCut your coat according to your cloth.This cabbage is beginning to smell like garbage. Throw it away./f/ /v/ 唇齿摩擦辅音。发音时下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿间通过，形成摩擦音
32、。/f/是清辅音，声带不振动；/v/是浊辅音，声带振动。fan, van; fast, vast; feel, veal; fine, vine; fail, veil; few, viewvery far, fair verdict, love affair; first love, final victory, virtue and viceBirds of feather flock together.Millions have been lifted out of poverty. The rest are also living a better life./s/ /z/ 舌齿摩擦辅
33、音。发音时舌端靠近齿龈，气流由舌端齿龈间送出，形成摩擦音。/s/是清辅音，声带不振动；/z/是浊浦音，声带振动。sip, zip; seal, zeal; Sue, zoo; loose, lose; ice, eyes; place, praisearms and legs, pots and pans; on pins and needles, rivers and lakes;Back in my salad days my friends and I used to go dancing every Saturday night.If the sun in red should set
34、, the next day surely will be wet./ / 舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音。发音时舌端靠近齿龈后部，舌身抬起靠近上鄂，双唇稍收圆并略突出。气流通过时形成摩擦音。/是清辅音，声带不振动；/ /是浊辅音，声带振动。pressure, pleasure; mission, vision; treasure, measure ; casual, fashion8shabby shoes, shaking in his shoes；to shine through in her work, shoe-shiningIm sure your son will love to read
35、 Treasure Island. Boys usually do.Im not in a position to say yes or no. The decision will have to come from high above./ / / 舌齿摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖轻触上齿背，气流由舌齿间送出，形成摩擦音。/ /是清辅音，声带不振动；/ /是浊辅音，声带振动。bath, bathe; cloth, clothes; breath, breathe; thus, thief; theme, either; bother, theorythen and there, thin and t
36、hick；through trial and errorBetter to know everything of something than something of everything.No matter how old a mother is, she watches her mid-aged children for signs of improvement./ / 舌端齿龈破擦辅音。发音时舌身抬高，舌端抵上齿龈后部，气流通过时发出破擦音。/ /是清辅音，声带不振动；/ /是浊辅音，声带振动。cheap, jeep; chew, Jew; chest, jest; batch, ba
37、dge; rich, ridge; choice, Joyceto jump at the chance, to change the subject；to change jobs, to drop the chargeIt is now Germanys turn to act as the chairman.It was no joke. The polluted air nearly choked us. /tr/ /dr/ 齿龈后部破擦辅音。发音时舌身与/r/相似，舌尖贴齿龈后部，气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音，/dr/ 是浊辅音。trip, drip;
38、train, drain; true, drew; try, dry; trunk, drunk; tread, dreadtremendous triumph, brain drain；to drive the truck, to travel by trainDry up your tears and have another try.It was my childhood dream to travel all over the country by train./ts/ /dz/ 舌端齿龈破擦辅音。舌端先贴住齿龈，堵住气流，然后略下降，气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音，/dz/是浊辅音。
39、hats, hands; carts, cards; seeds, seats; lots, lords; oats, odds; coats, coldslots and lots, coats and shorts； arts and crafts, odds and ends, cards and boardsTake care of the minutes, for the hours will take care of themselves.Often, we are hit by floods in the south and droughts in the north at th
40、e same time.朗读下面的对话，注意清浊辅音的辨音。(1) A: Hi, Im Peter Black. Its a great pleasure to have you on board.9B: Thanks，Mr. Brown. Its indeed an honor. Im really proud of having this great opportunity to work for your company.A: When do you want to start?B: As soon as I can. I have to settle down first. It ma
41、y take a day or two.A: Fine. Let me know when youre ready.(2) A: Are you free this Friday, Parker? Ive got a few things to discuss with you.B: Friday? Friday is my daughters birthday. A: Barbara? How old is she now?B: She will be seven. A: Seven already? Well, I must buy her a gift.B: Shes getting a
42、 lot of presents-paintbrushes, books about birds and animalsand uh, somebody even bought her a cookbook. Isnt that a bit too early? A: Well, Ill get her a beautiful doll. She must get something from her Uncle Bob.B: Thanks. Im sure Barbara will be delighted.中国学生由于本国语，尤其是各地方言的影响，不仅容易混淆清浊辅音，还有不少其他辅音容易
43、产生混淆。/l/ 是 l 的发音。舌端齿龈边辅音。发音时舌尖及舌端紧贴上齿龈，舌前向硬颚抬起，气流从舌的旁边送出。当此音为尾音时，将舌端抵住上齿龈，舌前下限，舌后上抬，舌面形成凹形。浊辅音、声带振动。/r/是 r 的发音。舌尖齿龈( 后部) 摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖卷起，靠近上齿龈后部。舌两侧稍收扰。双唇略突出。气流通过舌尖和齿龈形成轻微摩擦。浊辅音，声带振动。rice, lice; praise, place; rung, lung; rock, lock; grew, glue; reap, leapall right, all along, all alone, all in all, al
44、l-around, labor relations, a long life, a long knifeRight then the light suddenly went off.Before long you will realize that you are in the wrong./n/是 n 的发音。舌尖齿龈鼻辅音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈，软颚下垂，气流从鼻腔送出。/ /是 ng 的发音。舌后软颚鼻辅音。发音时软颚下垂，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出。声带振动。win, wing; sin, sing; sun, sung; ban, bang; run, rung; swim, swi
45、ngsing a song, seeing and believing; spring up, the swing dance10The three foundations of learning: seeing much, suffering much, and studying much.Seeing is believing, but feelings the truth./l/, /n/ low, know; light, night; line, nine; jelly, Jenny; lot, not; lead, needlast night, late at night; la
46、st name, better late than neverI forgot to turn off the light last night.After her last nasty fall, she became confined to the wheelchair./w/, /v/w/是 w 的发音。舌后软颚半元音。发音时舌后部向软颚抬起，舌位高。双唇收小并向前突出，声带振动。发音短促，立刻滑向其后的元音。wail, veil; wary, vary; went, vent; west, vest; wine, vine; wane, vainvery well prepared,
47、with the aid of; would ratherthan, very worriedI dont have to tell you why we wont vote for that wicked man.It was very wicked of him to put wet paint on the chair./s/ /: sea, she; Sue, shoe; sip, ship; rust, rushed; sow, show/s/ /: seafood, thief; sick, thick; sin, thin; sink, think; sought, though
48、t/ /f/: three, free; thirst, first; thin, fin; thread, Fred; throat, float/z/ / /: zoo, though; breeze, breathe; wizard, withered; close, clothe/ / /d/: they, day; there, dare; though, dough; those, dose; then, den/ iz/ /dis/: this place, displace; this taste, distaste; this comfort, discomfort/dr/
49、/: drug, drop; dream, draw; jug, job; jeans, jaw/ /: chips, ships; cheap, sheep; cherry, sherry; chop, shop; catch, cash/ /ts/: match, mats; catch, cats; coach, coats; batch, bats; pitch, pits/ts/ /s/: rates, race; sits, sis; lots, loss; lights, lice; gifts, guess, gives/dz/ /z/: cards, cabs, catches; birds, b
