1、英语的时态英语的时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语时态分为 16 种：十六种时态一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，一般过去将来时；现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，过去将来进行时；现在完成时，过去完成时，将来完成时，过去将来完成时；现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时，过去将来完成进行时下面就英语中常见的八种基本时态进行阐述，其它的时态都是在这八种时态的基础上结合而成的。一、一般现在时：1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种
2、状况。2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays,3.基本结构：主语+be 动词；主语+动词原形 （但如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加 dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用 doesnt，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首；用助动词 do 提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。把下列句子变为否定句、
3、一般疑问句并作肯否回答。It often snows here.He is always ready to help others.They usually play soccer on Sundays.二、一般过去时：1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upo
4、n a time, etc.3.基本结构：主语+be 动词过去式；主语+行为动词的过去式4.否定形式：was/were+not；在行为动词前加 didnt，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：was 或 were 放于句首；用助动词 do 的过去式 did 提问，同时还原行为动词。Lucy was at home yesterday.(否定句，一般疑问句肯否回答）She often came to help us in those days.（同上）I didnt know you were so busy.（肯定句）三、现在进行时：1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语
5、：now, at this time, these days, etc.3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.5.一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首。Look! He is doing his homework.My parents are watching TV now.四、过去进行时：1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time 或以 when 引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构：was/were+doing
6、4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.5.一般疑问句：把 was 或 were 放于句首。At that time she was working in that factory.When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.五、现在完成时：1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。2.时间状语：recently, lately, since.,for.,in/during the past/past few years,already,yet,ever, never,so
7、far,by now,before etc.3.基本结构：have/has + done4.否定形式：have/has + not +done.5.一般疑问句：have 或 has.?Ive written two articles so far. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.六、过去完成时：1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去” 。2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.3
8、.基本结构：had + done.4.否定形式：had + not + done.5.一般疑问句：had 放于句首。6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books七、一般将来时：1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomor
9、row, etc.3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加 didnt，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：be 放于句首；will/shall 提到句首。6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.It is going to rain.八、过去将来时：1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the followi
10、ng month(week),etc.3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do; would/should + not + do.5.一般疑问句：was 或 were 放于句首；would/should 提到句首。He said he would go to Beijing the next day.He told me that they _( have)a trip next week.九.将来完成时：1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态2.时间状语：by
11、the time of; by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+ 从句（将来）3.基本结构：be going to/will/shall + have done十.现在完成进行时:1.概念：在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止2.基本结构：have/has +been+doing小练习：1 He joined the League two years ago.（同义句）He_ _ _ the League _two years.2 Two years has passed since he joined the League._ _ _ _he
12、joined the League.（同义句）在一般现在时中，at 加上名词表示“处于某种状态” ，如 at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.Peter is working, but Mike is playing.在现在进行时态中 go, come, leave, start, arrive,fly 等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving
13、soon.The bus is coming.汽车来了。He is flying to Tibet tomorrow.他明天要飞往西藏。英语的语态一、英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。例如：Many people speak English.谓语 speak 的动作是由主语 many people 来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语 English 是动词 sp
14、eak 的承受者。二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词 be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过 be的变化表现出来的。现以 teach 为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词Our classroom is cleaned everyday.I am asked to study hard.Knives are used for cutting things.2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词A new shop was built last year.D
15、inosaur eggs were laid long long ago.3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词This book has been translated into many languages.Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词A new hospital will be built in our city.Many more trees wil
16、l be planted next year.5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词Young trees must be watered often.Your mistakes should be corrected right now.The door may be locked inside.Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词Tom is mending my bike now.My bike is being
17、 mended by Tom now.They are planting trees over there. Trees are being planted over there by them.7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词There are two books to be read. There are twenty more trees to be planted.歌诀是：被动语态 be 字变，过去分词跟后面。三、被动语态的用法(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：Some new computers were stolen last nigh
18、t.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)This building was built in 1981.这大楼建于 1981 年。(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例如：The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；动作承受者需强调，被动语态运用到。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be 过去分词)(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的
19、时态来决定 be的形式)。(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：All the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all the people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory.歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by 短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be 后“过分”来使用。五、含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带 to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“
20、to ”仍要保留。歌诀是：情态动词变动，情态加 be 加“过分” ，原来带 to 要保留。例如：We can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.You ought to take it away.It ought to be taken away.They should do it at once.It should be done at once 主动语态变为被动的几个特殊情况1.有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带 to 的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的 to 加上，这类动词有 hea
21、r, watch, make, help, let,hear, notice 等，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成 My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.2. 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动，通常用 it 作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有： know, say, believe, report 等,it is known , it is said, it is believed, it is reported. 3. 有
22、些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把间接宾语变为主语。这样句子自然些。直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语，介词 to 可以省略。如 His father left him this house.改为 This house was left (to) him by his father.He made me do much work. (变被动语态）*怎样把主动语态改成被动语态(简单理解)把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1. 先找出谓语动词；2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；3. 把宾语用
23、作被动语态中的主语；4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week.2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.3. He has written two novels so far.Two novels have been written by him so far.4. They will plant t
24、en trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.5. Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now.6. You must lock the door when you leave. The door must be locked when you leave.使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1. 不及物动词无被动语态。What will happen in 100 years.The dinosaurs disappeared abo
25、ut 65 million years ago.2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well.This new book sells well.3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略 to 的动词不定式，主动语态中不带 to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上 to 。例：make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingsee somebody do somethingsomebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop when she
26、 passed by.My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物 )作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him.He showed me a ticket. A ticke
27、t was shown to me by him.My father bought me a new bike. A new bike was bought for me by my father.5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us.He listens to the radio every day. The radio is listened to by him every day.The nurse is taking care of the sick man. The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.小练习：That accident _(happen) yesterday morning.The book _(belong)to lily.
