1、1第一章 评分标准及考生存在的问题分析 短文写作评分标准是根据内容、文字、句子和用词来制定的，近几年的评分标准如下（供考生参考）：写作：1 题，20 分。本题采用通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：2017 分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。1613 分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。129 分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。85 分：内容基本功
2、题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。41 分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。0 分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。从 20 份考卷抽样分析，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在 40 分钟之内完成一篇200 字的优秀作文是难以思议的。一篇好的作文应基本达到：1. 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；2. 语法基本正确；3. 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；4. 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；5. 说理清楚，
3、内容充实。一篇较差的作文表现为：1 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；2 出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；3 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；4 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。通过对考生试卷所有作的抽样分析，我们总结出考生主要存在一步到位问题：1不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。2 用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。3 用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭
4、配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事） “spend much time in”不能改成“take much time in”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。4 词汇量小，拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果 只能用中文取而代之，成绩自然不会理想。5 句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：2Our English class often told stories.应改为：We often told stories in
5、 our English class.6. 不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如：People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn Engl
6、ish for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.7. 语法错误。语法错误主要表现为：i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如： rise 和 raise; hear 和 listen 等ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting 和 interested; speaking 和 spoken 等；iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit
7、 和 beneficial; difficult 和 difficulty; pleasure 和 pleased 等。iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如 :help, practice 等。v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done 等。 第二章 作文出题的题材类型 从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，其题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围均为考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可写性。但写作形式均为控制性写作，题材类型分为几类：标题作文、提纲作文、图表作文、规定情景式作文及综合型作文等。例如：一、主题句作文主句
8、作文也称为段首句作文，要求考生在每段所给主题句基础上加以扩展，完成段落，再由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式，它不像一般正规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段，一般只给出三句主题句，所以属于一种简单的三段式作文。Example 1Title: Dictionary (1) The dictionary is a living teacher(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. (3) But you should have one thing in mindDictionar
9、yThe dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.Skills will deve
10、lop with your constant use of various dictionaries The more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.But you should have one thing mind. As a languag
11、e student, you should never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a language.3Example2Title: The Computer(1) The comp
12、uter is a wonderful machine(2) Computers play an important role in our life(3) However, many scientists dons think that computers will replace us completely.The ComputerThe computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.Today it is used a great deal in various fiel
13、ds. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding its way into the home.Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to
14、deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.However, many scientists dont think that computers will replace us completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more tha
15、t an extension for human brain.二、提纲式作文提纲式作文为考生提供了题目与一个简单的写作提纲，将考生的写作控制在一定范畴。它要求考生紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。由于提供的写作提纲一般也为三段，所以考生也可以按照三段式作文将简单的提纲展为主题句，再按照主题句作文的写作方法将文章写成。ExampleTitle: The TelephoneOutline: 1. A useful tool2. How to use it3. The improvement of its useThe TelephoneThe telephone is an eff
16、icient means of communication, which enables people to talk with each other over long distances. If you are overseas and your family is left behind, you may miss them now and then . Besides fishing out their photos, you can dial a long distance call and send your love to them. For business with anot
17、her company, the telephone is the most convenient means for you to turn to. It saves much of your travel.It is easy to learn how to use a telephone. First, take the receiver off the hook. Then listen for the dial tone . You can begin to dial the number you want when you hear a long steady signal. If
18、 you hear a rapid series of very short tones after dialing, the phone is “busy”. Each town has special emergency numbers for the fire department and police station, which are often listed in the front of the telephone directory.People have mdae much improvement in telephone. For example, they can re
19、cord telephone talks on tapes, use a radio telephone on a moving car or see the speaker by using the vision 4telephone. 三、图表式作文图表式作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，是一种控制性和应用性更强的作文的出题方式，从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。考生要围绕题目并将有关信息转化为文字形式，这要求考生具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的总的情况，点出主题思想，第二段回答第一段所
20、得出的问题，对数字、数据等信息作出有条理的分析比较，第三段作出总结或给以简单评论。Example1Directions: Write a composition no Changes in Peoples Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information giver in the table. Write three paragraphs to:(1) State the changes in people s diet in the past five
21、 years;(2) Give possible reasons for the changes;(3) Draw your own conclusions.You should quote as few figures as possible.Changes in Peoples DietDiet is very important in peoples life . From 1987 to 1990. peoples diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And as the proport
22、ion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of milk and meat increased.What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to spend and
23、could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards.With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in peoples di
24、et.Example2Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States increased from 12,000 doll
25、ars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985.The Average Family ExpensesThe average family income in the United States has increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the
26、 change clearly.The biggest part of the average family expenses was housing. In 1980, the average family 5spent 25 percent of its income on housing. In 1985, expenses on housing rose to 32 percent. Food and drink were the second biggest part of the average family expenses .In 1980, about 18% of the
27、average income was spent on this item. In 1985, the figure grew to 22%. As a result of such increase in the expenses on housing and food, expenses on other items have been reduced from 57% in 1980 to 46% in 1985.Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that as income increases, people can improve their livin
28、g step by step. But still the average family has to spend a large part of income to meet the essential needs.四、规定情景式作文情景式作文也是一种控制作文出题方式，它一般不给标题，但规定了具体的情景，考生须从情景信息中找到所写文章的中心思想，在此基础上确定文章的标题和段落结构。在写作过程中，考生应按照情景中规定的范围和条件结合自己的经验和知识来休会、想象和发展段落，但不能脱离情景自由发挥。要注意文章的发展必须合乎逻辑情理，段落之间的衔接要连贯和自然。 ExampleSituation:
29、Students have different ways to spend their summer vacations, and you decide to take your summer vacation with your family in the countryside. Your feeling is quite different with the life in the city, so you think about it deeply.A. Time limit: 40 minutesB. Word limit: no less than 150 wordsC. You
30、essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET IIHow I Spend My Summer VacationOur summer vacation begins on July 15th and lasts nearly two months. Considering that my brain needs rest after a period of hard work, I, together with my family, went to our countryside, a very small farmhouse handed down f
31、rom our forefathers, to spend the summer, Obviously, life in the country is very different from that in the city.Early in the morning I took a stroll along the field side. The air was fresh and pure. With a dog following, sometimes I ran a race in the meadows covered with tall grass. Sometimes I cli
32、mbed up the hill to see the sun slowly yet steadily emerge out of the eastern horizon. The birds also seemed to have awakened from their dreams, twittering restlessly among the bushes. In order to appreciate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to among the bushes. In order to apprec
33、iate the quietness of the country, I gave myself entirely to nature, with a light heart and a happy mind.Sometimes in the afternoon I, in company with my cousins, took a rod and went to the river to fish. It made the household happy when they saw me returning with a basketful of large fresh fish. Wh
34、en night came, I would sit at the door and tell the most marvelous and interesting stories to my cousins, who listened to the tale of wonder with open eyes and mouth.I wish I could enjoy such calm, pure and beautiful rural life forever.第三章 作文高分标准 6一、 内容切题，包括提纲的全部内容作文的高分标准首先是要切题。许多考生认为作文题己有要求和提纲，按题目写
35、作不会出问题。但事实往往并非如此，许多考生仍然跑题或扣不准题。有的考生辞不达意，有的考生主题不突出，还有的考生照搬照抄，结果文不对题。所谓的切题指不偏离主题，提纲的所有内容都是围绕主题来展开的。ExampleTitle: Good HealthOutline: 1. Importance of good health 2. Ways to ensure a good health文章的主题很显然是谈论健康问题，同时是围绕健康的重要性和怎样保持健康的身体两方面来谈论的。有的考生未经仔细审题便匆匆落笔，结果将文章写成“健康与财富” ，不能满足评分标的第一项要求。一篇较好的文章如下： Good He
36、althGood health is the best reassurance a person can possess. The world, with all its attractions and wonders, is open to those who have wealth, but they cannot enjoy it unless they have good health. It is very difficult for a man, no matter how rich, powerful or learned he may be, to be happy witho
37、ut good health. But if he enjoys good health, a poor and humble man can be happy. There is no doubt, therefore, that“Good health is the best wealth”The human body is wonderful engine .It is far more delicate than a locomotive .Everyone must be the engineer and fireman of his own body. If well mainta
38、ined, If it is out of order, its master will suffer. There are a number of useful rules which will ensure good health if people follow them.Cleanliness-The body needs to be kept clean. It should be washed at least once a week in winter and once a day in summer.Fresh air- One of the chief constituent
39、s of the air is oxygen, which is necessary for life. We ought to see that our rooms are always full of fresh air.Food-Care should be taken that the food is wholesome and suited to the constitution.Exercise-The muscle must be all kept exercised, although not to excess.Sleep-The hours of sleep are ver
40、y valuable, during which the mind is kept as calm and peaceful as possible. We cannot have good health unless the brain be renewed by sleep.所以一开始短文写作，考生应注意以下几个方面：1认真审题。先分析题目所包含的内容和信息，把握住出题者的意图，确定文章属于哪一种体裁，思考表达文体和写作手法，以能将主题思想完美表达出来。然后仔细阅读作文要求、提纲或其他相关内容（如图表、图画、数字说明等） ，注意抓住题目和提纲中的关键词及提纲要点之间的衔接和逻辑关系，进一步
41、考虑怎样组织段落来突出主题。以下面的试题为例：（1） Money is regarded by some people as the most important thing in life（2） But money can not buy everything（3） There are people who gamble or cheat to obtain money对于这类试题，由于标题和每段的主题句都己具备，考生要注意的就是在题目所提示的主题思想基础上，按照各段主题句关键作出的提示和思想进行深入的论述和发挥。很明7显，本文属于议论文题材，需要考生发表议论和看法。要注意的是，第一段中“s
42、ome people”提示论述的是别人的观点，而第二段和第三段谈论的才是自己的观点和看法。如果在阅读要求时不认真，审题不仔细，就会把第一段也写成自己的观点，结果使第二段和第一段的不能自衔接，在逻辑上也出现混乱。 2组织段落，构思选材。段落围绕主题来展开，但各个段落也有主题句和段落中心。主题句即本段的论点，围绕论点提供论据抓住了段落中心，而句子之间或段落之间的承上启下，过渡连贯，句型逻辑等也要同进考虑，对于材料的取舍也应该胸有成竹，避免下笔时无章可循，离题万里。例如：Advertising(1) Nowadays advertisements are found everywhere(2) Ad
43、vertisements fill almost every minute of a day(3) No one can avoid being influenced by ads.从标题和三段主题句的提示中可以看出，主题思想己很明确，从体裁来看，本文属于叙述文，对生活中的一些事实进行陈述，同时附带自己的看法。文章为三段式结构，段首句均为主题句，要注意找出句子的关键词，它们分别为：第一段主题句中是“everywhere” ；第三段主题句中是“every minute”;第三段主题句中为“no one can avoid”。每段主题句之后的扩展句均要围绕这些关键词来展开和发挥，同时考生要注意控制
44、每段字数。 二、表达清楚，意义连贯表达清楚包含三方面的内容，一是叙述要清楚，一目了然；二是作者的遣词造句要得当，过渡要连贯平稳；三是主题明确，论点论据展开合理（以时间、过程、空间、详情、列举、概括、对比、因果、分类、定义、发展高潮或综合等方法来展开） 。下面这段文章表达不清楚，意义也不连贯：Finding information in a library can be very confusing. There are so many reference books. Their functions are not always clear. One good place to start l
45、ooking for facts is the card catalogue, and also, the librarian is always ready to answer questions.经改进Finding information in a library can be very confusing. Although there are so many reference books, their functions are not always clear. One good place to start looking for facts is the card catal
46、ogue. Also, the librarian is always ready to answer question.三、句式有变化 有的考生从头到尾使用简单句，使整个文章变得平淡无味，一看就是初学者水平。句式有变化指的是一定的意义要用合适的句型来表达，它包含两层意思：一是采用适当的句型来表达内容，包括简单句、并列句、复合句、主动被动句、长句、短句、疑问句、插入语、独立成份等：二是句子之间的逻辑关系要合理，包括并列关系、因果关系、递进关系、转折关系、解释关系、概括关系、顺序关系、让步关系、对比关系、转换关系等（翻译篇中也有所介绍） ，这些逻辑关系均有适当的关联词（过渡词）来连接，如表示因果
47、关系的就是有 accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore , thus, so, in consequence, as a result等。 只有在句式上有了变化，才能谈得成为一篇好文章。试比较下面的例子：8Example原文: I will never drive a car again.（简单句）I had an accident today.(简单句)I was driving up Fourth Avenue.（简单句）I saw a bright yellow car.(简单句) It was driven by a little old
48、lady.（简单句） She obviously did not see the stop sign.（简单句）I could not stop in time.（简单句）She ran right into me.（简单句）Then she called me a“young hoodlum（流氓）。 ”（简单句）本文由九个简单组成，读起来单调无味，毫无感染力。改进: I will never drive a car again.（简单句） I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue.（复合句） I saw a br
49、ight yellow car which was driven by a little old lady.（复合句）She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I could not stop in time.（并列句）She ran right into me. Then she called me a “young hoodlum”.(简单句) 原文经改进，句式有了较大的变化，由“简单句、复合句、复合句、并列句、简单句、简单句”这样的顺序组成，读起来觉得内容特别，令人回味，效果完全不一样。四、语言合乎规范语言规范含遣词与造句两方面内容。遣词的标准是：选词准确，词能达意，具体形象，用词丰富，语法正确同时符合英语表达习惯。造句的标准是：句式变化多样，意义与结构完整，意思连贯，逻辑合理，语法正确，同时符合习惯和固定用法。遣词要注意修辞，避免多次重复同一词汇，可考虑适当使用代词、同义词、近义词、关联词，使表达有变化。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。造句要避免清一色“主谓宾”结构，适当采用倒装、强调、被动、长短句、疑问句、反问句、复合句、并列句等各种句型，同时要注意尽量使用自己熟悉和有把握的句型。有的考生由于语言基本功不扎实，在写作中便经常出现病句或
