1、 学英语 找长喜 1LECTURE 14 it 专题本堂目标：熟悉指代性 it 及非指代性 it 的用法；重点掌握作先行词的 it、引导强调句中 it 的用法。基础预习一、指代性 it 指代性 it 指的是作人称代词的 it。it 作人称代词时可指代事物、动物、婴儿、未知的人或一件事。【例】 （02-翻译）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.【点
2、睛】句中 it 指代 a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected 这一情况。【译文】 （如果）这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一方法也可能随之受到排斥。【例】(00-Passage 5)If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared: and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, t
3、he educated not least among them.【点睛】句中的两个 it 均指代 the tradition of ambition.【译文】如果这个传统有旺盛的生命力，那么它得到广泛的拥护，尤其是得到哪些受人羡慕之士的高度重视，这当然要包括那些接受过良好教育的人。二、非指代性 it非指代性 it 是相对于作人称代词的 it 而言的。非指代性 it 没有具体意义上的主语，表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等。非指代性 it 常作 seem，appear ，look ，happen ，occur ，follow 等动词的主语，构成特定的句型。【例】(02-Text 2)De
4、spite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.【点睛】句子的主干为 researchers have b
5、egun to extend that forecast.。句首的介词结构 Despite作状语，其中包含 when 引导的定语从句修饰 the 1960s and 1970s；该定语从句中的 it 没有实际意义，为非指代性用法，that 引导表语从句。【译文】尽管 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代最初有过一段乐观时期，当时认为到 2010 年的时候，晶体管电路和微处理器也许能复制出人脑的活动，但最近科研工作者开始将这一预测后推了即便不是几百年，也至少是几十年。重点讲解一、先行 it1it 作形式主语it 作形式主语，放在句首，将真正的主语（动词不定式、动名词、从句）放在后面，尤其当充当主
6、语的动词不定式短语很长时，用 it 作形式主语，可以避免使整个句子头重脚轻，此时 it 不能用 this 或 that来代替。1）it 形式主语指代不定式it 作形式主语指代不定式时，常见的谓语有：take, pay, make, cost, require, feel, annoy, need 等，例如：It pays to be honest.诚实是不会吃亏的。同时， it 还在下面句型结构中指代不定式作形式主语。be+形容词+不定式 Its necessary/important/essential/impossible to do sth.学英语 找长喜 2be+名词+不定式 Its
7、a duty/privilege/pity to do sth.be+介词短语+不定式 Its beyond me to say why. 及物动词+宾语+ 不定式 It takes two to make a quarrel. 【例】(08-Text 1)Its the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.【点睛】It 作形式主语，to 后边的五个并列关系的不定式短语是真正的主语。【译文】最难的事情就是一边工作一边还要
8、照顾孩子、付房租、养车和偿还贷款。2）it 形式主语指代动名词【例】【点睛】【译文】3）it 形式主语指代从句【例】It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important, the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner, that because most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, fru
9、strations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives.【点睛】本句的主干结构为 It is said that句型，此处 it 为形式主语，真正的主语为后面两个并列的 that 从句；第二个 that 从句中的 it 为代词，代指 most work。【译文】有时候人们会认为，因为休闲越来越重要，所以工作中有伤自尊的事情和所有不公平的事情可以暂时放到一边去，不用太计较；因为大部分的工作都是让人难以忍受的，所以做这些工作的人完全可以将他们的希望寄托在生活中的其他方面，以此
10、弥补工作中所承受的单调无聊、挫折失望以及所受的屈辱。2it 作形式宾语it 作形式宾语放在谓语动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等。后接 it作形式宾语的谓语动词有：feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。【例 1】Nevertheless, rising prices, combined with stagnant income gains among low and moderate income families, have made i
11、t difficult if not impossible for a student from a family of such an income level, a student who has the most to gain from a college education, to attend college without significantly adding to the financial burden of his or her family.【点睛】句子主干是 rising prices have made it difficult to attend college
12、。其中it 作形式宾语，真正的宾语是 to attend college.。【译文】不过，物价上涨，加上低收入和中等收入家庭的收入一直没有提高（这一情况）使得来自这种收入水平家庭的学生以及能从大学教育中取得最大收获的学生读大学即使不是不可能，也是很难不给家庭造成巨大的经济负担的。【例 2】(02-Text 4)学英语 找长喜 3He says medical licensing boards must make it clearthat painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should
13、 result in license suspension.【点睛】在 make it clear 结构中，it 是宾语从句中的形式宾语， that painful . suspension作真正的宾语。【译文】他说，行医执照管委会“必须明确表明病人痛苦地死亡可能是失职行为所致，应该吊销医生的行医执照” 。【例 3】Falling prices encourage consumers to postpone spending in the expectation of cheaper goods tomorrow; they also make it impossible to deliver
14、 negative real interest rates if these are needed to drag an economy out of recession.【点睛】在 make it impossible 结构中，it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式 to deliver。【译文】价格下降会促使消费者推迟消费以期明天价格会更低；如果需要负实际利率使经济走出衰退期，价格下降又使得实施负实际利率不太可能。二、引导强调句的 it当我们要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）时，常用“it + be + 被强调部分+that/who 从句”的结构。被强调部分指人时须用 who，其
15、他情况用 that。被强调部分 例示强调主语 In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. 然而，恰恰是那些受过良好教育的人却不可思议地声称对抱负不再抱有希望。 强调宾语 It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas.圣诞节 John 送给 Mary 的是一个手提包。强调时间状语 Marx and Engels came to know each other in Paris in 1
16、844. It was then that their great friendship began. 马克思和恩格斯于 1844 年在巴黎认识，就在那时开始了他们之间的伟大的友谊。强调地点状语And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of societys understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.而且是在公立学校中，我们发现社会的认识在这里得到了充分的体现学校将知识、希望
17、、忧虑传给了下一代。强调原因状语It is because the book is so useful for my work that I bought it. 因为这本书对我的工作很有用我才买它。强调补语 It is green that they have painted the wall.他们把墙喷成了绿色。【例 1】(06-Text 2)It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the towns revenue because they spend the night (some of them four
18、 or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. 【点睛】该句是 It 引导的强调句型，被强调的对象是主句的主语 the playgoers。【译文】RSC 声称是这些来看戏的人给斯特拉特福德镇带来了绝大部分的收入，因为他们需要在此过夜（有些人会在此逗留四五个晚上） ，会给当地的旅馆和酒店带来大笔的收入。学英语 找长喜 4【例 2】It is during this phase that the tourism planner must assist with the construction of goals and
19、 objectives, assist inventory development, facilitate public dialogue, and at times mitigate conflict between stakeholder groups.【点睛】本句强调了时间状语 during this phase。【译文】正是在这一阶段，旅游规划部门必须帮助制订旅游目标和宗旨，协助进行旅游项目开发，推动公共对话，并且有时还要缓和各利益团体之间的冲突。【例 3】It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and
20、 it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive.【点睛】and 连接两个并列的强调句，被强调部分均为地点状语 in this sphere。【译文】只有在这一范围内，长期的经验才能真正发挥作用；只有在这一范围内，源于经验的智慧才能够得以实践，并且不受压抑。【补充拓展】it 强调句注意分类 注意事项 例示1）be 的特殊用法 It is/was that/who结构中的 be 动词只有时态的变化，没有数的变化，即不管被强调的部分是单数还是复数，一律
21、用 is/was。About how many elements is it that make up most of the substances we meet in everyday life? 是关于有多少元素组成我们日常生活中所需的物质资料吗?2）主格与宾格的注意点被强调的部分是从原正常句子中为强调而提取出来的那一部分，因而要保持原来的形态，是代词的主格仍用主格，是代词的宾格仍用宾格。It was him, Doctor James, that we invited to give us a lecture. 被邀请给我们作报告的是他詹姆斯博士。课堂练习 难句分析1. However
22、, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (05-Text 1)2. It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its ef
23、fect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. (09-翻译)3. Its not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. (07-Text 2)4.
24、 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. (00-翻译)5. It is a rare and sophisticated patient who will challenge
25、 such professional decisions or raise in advance questions about price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious.6. There are slight regional variations among the French, German and Italian speaking areas, but it is generally 学英语 找长喜 5safe to assume that any car bearing a CH sticker will b
26、e driven with a high degree of discipline.7. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. (04Text 2)8. It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.
27、 (03Text 4) 9. The best way to get a rapid and responsive answer is to ask it like a person with smarts, confidence, and clues who just happens to need help on one particular problem.10. And it is by the making of tools physical tools as crude as a stone chopper, mental tools as subtle as a mathemat
28、ical equation that man characteristically prepares for future contingencies.11. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect.12. It was not until the 13th and 14th centuries
29、that surnames became fixed, although for many years after that, the degree of stability in family names varied considerably in different parts of the country.课堂讲评1. 【分析】整个句子是一个主系表结构，其中主语是由两个以 whether 引导的并列主语从句构成的，第二个从句的主语 it 指代前面的 a sense of fairness，从句包含 that 引导的定语从句。谓语动词是 is，as yet为插入语，an unanswer
30、ed question 作表语。【译文】然而，这种公平的意识是卷尾猴和人类各自独立进化而来的，还是来源于 3500 万年前各物种的共同祖先，仍然不得而知。2. 【分析 】由 but 连接的并列复合句。前一分句中形式主语 it 引导的被动句属于习惯用法，that 从句为真正的主语；第二个分句为简单句。【译文】虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。3. 【分析 】It 是形式主语，真正的主语是 how 引导的从句；并列的不定式结构 to visualize objects and to figure out num
31、erical patterns 作定语修饰 the capacity；that 引导的定语从句修饰 questions。【译文】还没搞清楚的是，这种想象事物和弄清数值模式的能力如何使一个人能回答出把最好的诗人和哲学家都难倒的问题。4. 【分析】it 是形式主语，两个 that 各引导一个主语从句并列作句子真正的主语。【译文】而且 (再者) ，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关；而效率的提高又要依靠各种科学家和技术人员的努力。5. 【分析】复合句。主句中包含 It is who强调句型，强调主语；challenge 和 raise 为两个并列谓语；when 引导时间状语从句
32、。【译文】只有在极其少见的情况下，并且是非常精明的病人才会对这样的专业决定提出质疑，或预先提出关于价格的问题，尤其是当病被认为很严重时（就更不太可能有这种情况） 。6. 【 分析】并列复合句。第一个分句是简单句；第二个分句中的 it 为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式结构 to assume，其中 that 从句为 assume 的宾语。【译文】说法语、德语和意大利语的国家在区域上稍有差异，但通常可以认为这里的司机都严格遵守交通法规。7. 【分析】It 是形式主语，真正的主语是 that 引导的从句；该从句中又包含一个由 when 引导的时间状语从句，其中过去分词结构 called AAAA 作
33、a taxi firm 的后置定语。【妙译】人们早就发现，当顾客翻看他们的电话号码本时，与一家名叫佐迪亚克的出租车公司相比，一家名叫 AAAA 的出租车公司占有相当大的优势。8. 【分析】It 是形式主语，that 引导的从句作真正的主语；从句中包含三个并列分句，后两个承前省略了 death is。学英语 找长喜 6【妙译】有人说，死亡在英国是急迫的，在加拿大是不可避免的，而在美国加利福尼亚州却是可以选择的。9. 【分析】 复合句。主句主干为 The best way is to ask it。其中 it 指代 question；like 引导方式状语；person 后面有两个定语：with
34、短语以及 who 引导的定语从句。【妙译】得到一个快速负责的答案的最好方法便是以聪明自信的方式去提出问题，让人觉得你是碰巧在某个特定问题上确实需要帮助。10. 【分析】简单句。句子主干为 man prepares for future contingencies。本句包含一个强调句式，强调了方式状语 by the making of tools；破折号之间的内容是对第一个 tools 的补充说明。【译文】正是由于能够制造工具包括像石斧一样粗糙的实体工具和如数学方程一样巧妙的智力工具人类才具有了一种独特的能力：为未来可能发生的事情做好准备。11. 【分析 】简单句。句子主干为 this sudden confrontationrepresents contribution。本句包含一个强调句式，被强调的成分是主语 this sudden confrontation；介词短语 with作定语修饰主语。【译文】我们突然间面对了人类无知的深度和广度，正是这一点代表了二十世纪科学对人类认知的最大贡献。12. 【分析】复合句。本句强调了时间状语 until the 13th and 14th centuries。although 引导让步状语从句。【译文】直到 13 和 14 世纪，人们的姓氏才稳定下来，尽管那以后很多年，姓氏的稳定程度在国家的不同地区仍然差别很大。
