1、(UNIT1)现在完成时的重点和难点一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1.现在完成时的“完成用法“ 现在完成时的“完成用法“指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况-灯现在不亮了。)现在完成时“完成用法“的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently 等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once 等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this
2、 morning month year.,today 等)连用。例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?2.现在完成时的“未完成用法“ 现在完成时的“未完成用法“指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从 1978 年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于 1978 年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于 5 年前,一直延续至今,
3、有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由 since 或 for 引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far 到目前为止)等。例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die 等。(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:主语have / has beenfor 短语 It is一段时间 sinc
4、e 从句 例如:He has been in the League for three years.或 It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay 等。终止性动词也称非
5、延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如 open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy 等。4、延续性动词的用法特征1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示“段时间“的状语连用。表示“段时间“的短语有:for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long 等。如:I have learned English since I came h
6、ere.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“点时间“状语连用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain 为延续性动词,而 at eight 表示“点时间“,前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助 come, begin, get 等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如:-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago. -Then youve known each
7、other for more than two years. -Thats right.5、终止性动词的用法特征1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:The train has arrived.火车到了。Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如:(1)他死了三年了。 误:He has died for three years.正:He has been dead for three years. 正:He died thr
8、ee years ago.正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died.(2)他来这儿五天了。 误:He has come here for five days.正:He has been here for five days. 正:He came here five days ago.正:It is five days since he came here. 正:Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的 die、come 为终止性动
9、词,不能与表示“段时间“的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leavebe away, borrowkeep, buyhave, begin/startbe on, diebe dead, move tolive in, finishbe over, joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open, fall illbe ill, get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold。(2)将句中表示“段时
10、间“的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。(3)用句型“It is+段时间+since.“表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。(4)用句型“时间+has passed+since.“表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: He hasnt left here since 1986. I havent heard from my father for two weeks.4.终止性动词的否定式与 until/till 连用,构成“not+终止性动词+unti
11、l/till .“的句型,意为“直到才“。如:You cant leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。5.终止性动词可以用于 when 引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于 while 引导的时间状语从句中。when 表示的时间是“点时间“(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是“段时间“(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而 while 表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:W
12、hen we reached London, it was twelve oclock. (reach 为终止性动词)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away 为延续性动词短语)6.终止性动词完成时不可与 how long 连用(只限于肯定式)。如:误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here?正:When did you come here?二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生
13、的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对“现在“产生的影响。如:He visited Guilin in 1998.他 1998 年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如:Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)3. 两种时态的区分(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是“助动词 have /has +过去分词“。如:The film started at 7 oclock. He has be
14、en a teacher for many years.(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002 等;而现在完成时则常与 just, already, ever, never 等副词和 these days, this week, since., for.等表示一段时间的状语连用。看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别? Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)说明 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(
15、B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。 How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)说明他是怎么做的这件事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。 He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)说明他在北京住了 8 年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了 8 年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过 8 年,现在不在北京了。三、现在完成时考点例析现在完成时
16、是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有:一、考查其构成“助动词 have (has) +动词过去分词“构成现在完成时。如:1. Kates never seen Chinese films,_ ? A. hasnt she B. has she C. isnt she D. is she析:陈述句部分含否定词 never,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因 Kates 是 Kate has 的缩写,故选 B。2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)His uncle _ posted the photos to him
17、 _. 析:already 常用在肯定句中,yet 常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填 hasnt, yet。3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So _her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have析:“so+助/系/情态动词+主语“结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为her parents 是复数,故选 D。二、考查其用法与标志词(一)当句中有 never, ever, just, already, yet, before 等时,常用现在完成时。如:1. -Mum, may I go out and play
18、 basketball? -_you_ your homework yet? A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished2. -_ you _anywhere before? -Yes, but I cant remember where I_A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed析:据 yet 和 before 可知,应用现在完成时,故 1 题选 D
19、,2 题选 D。(二)当句中有“for +段时间“或“since +点时间“等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如:1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice_he came to Yunnan. A. after B. before C. since D. for析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,故选 C。2. Tom_the CD player for two weeks.A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought
20、D. has had析:A、B、C 均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表“段时间“的短语连用,故选 D。3. I_a letter from him since he left. A. didnt receive B. havent got C. didnt have D. havent heard析:据 since 可知,应排除 A、C,“hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb.“意为“收到某人的来信“,故选 B。三、考查 have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如:1. -Have yo
21、u ever_Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, I have. A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to析:据句中的 have,排除 A,B 项意为“去某地了“,C 项意为“一直呆在某地“,D 项意为“去过某地“,符合题意,故选 D。2. My parents _ Shangdong for ten years. A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been析:本题句中有“for+段时间“结构,据此可排除 C,B
22、项意为“去过某地“,不合题意,D 项缺介词,故选A。四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如:1. Suns aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)析:非延续性动词与“段时间“连用时,除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外,还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型“Its +段时间+since+从句“进行句子转换。故答案为:Suns aunt has been there for ten years. /Suns aunt went there ten years ago. /Its ten years since Suns aunt went there. 2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)_more than ten years _Susan _to this city. 析:据上题分析,且 since 引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填 It is, since, came。3. I wont go to the concert because I _my ticket. A. lost B. dont lose C. have lost D. is coming