1、第一章 分句与句子:语法要点（Main points）1) Simple sentences have one clause.简单句只包含一个句子。2) Clauses usually consists of a noun group as the subject, and a verb group.句子通常是由名词短语做主语，动词短语做谓语。3) Clauses can also have another noun group as the object or complement.名词短语还可构成句子的宾语或表语。4) Clauses can have an adverbial, also
2、 called an adjunct.句子还可用状语，或称修饰语。5) Changing the order of the words in a clause can change its meaning. 改变句中词语的顺序可改变句子的意思。6) Compound sentences consist of two or more main clauses. Complex sentences always include a subordinate clause, as well as one or more main clauses.并列句包含两个或两个以上的分句。复合句则包含一个以上的从
3、句和主句。语法透析1) A simple sentence has one clause, beginning with a noun group called the subject. The subject is the person or thing that the sentence is about. This is followed by a verb group, which tells you what the subject is doing, or describes the subjects situation.简单句含一个句子，由名词做主语，是与句子有关的人物或事物，动
4、词做谓语，描述主语的行为/状态。例如：1）The girl screamed. 那女孩惊叫起来。2) The verb group may be followed by another noun group, which is called the object. The object is the person or thing affected by the action or situation.谓语动词后面可跟名词短语构成宾语，宾语是主语动作的承受者或状态的结果。例如：1） He opened the car door. 他打开车门。2）She married a young engi
5、neer. 她嫁给一个年轻的工程师。3) After link verbs like “be”, “become”, “feel” and “seem”, the verb group may be followed by a noun group or an adjective, called a complement. The complement tells you more about the subject.系动词如“be” “become” “fell” “seem”后面可跟名词短语或形容词构成表语，表语是对主语的补充说明。例如：1）She was a doctor. 她曾是个医生
6、。2）He was angry. 他生气了。4) The verb group, the object, or the complement can be followed by an adverb or a prepositional phrase, called an adverbial. The adverbial tells you more about the action or situation, for example how, when, or where it happens. Adverbials are also called adjuncts.谓语动词，宾语或表语都可
7、跟副词或介词短语，构成状语，补充说明行为或状态，例方式，时间和地点。状语也称修饰语。例如：1）They shouted loudly. 他们大声喊叫。2）He was a policeman in Birmingham. 他曾在伯明翰当警察。5) The word order of a clause is different when the clause is a statement, a question, or a command.陈述句，疑问句和祈使句的语序各不相同。 例如：1）He speaks English very well. (statement) 他讲英语很流利。（陈述）2
8、）Did she win at the Olympics? (question) 她在奥运会比赛中赢了没有？（疑问）3）Stop her. (command) 阻止她。（命令）Note that the subject is omitted in commands, so the verb comes first.请留意在祈使句中主语省略，谓语动词前置。6) A compound sentence has two or more main clauses: that is, clauses which are equally important. You join then with “and
9、”, “but”, or “or”.并列句包含两个或两个以上分句，各分句同等重要，互不依从，用并列连词“and” “but” “or”连接。例如：1）He met Jane at the station and went shopping. 他在车站遇到简，然后去购物。2）You can come now or you can meet us there later. 你可以现在来，或者过一会在那里跟我们碰面。Note that the order of the two clauses can change the meaning of the sentence.请留意分句顺序的改变可能改变句
10、子的意思。3） He went shopping and met Jane at the station. 他去购物，然后在车站碰到简。 If the subject of both clauses is the same, you usually omit the subject in the second clause.如果两个分句主语相同，通常可以省略第二分句的主语。4） I wanted to go but felt too ill. 我想去可是感觉很不舒服。7) A complex sentence contains a subordinate clause and at least
11、 one main clause. A subordinate clause gives information about a main clause, and is introduced by a conjunction such as “because”, “if”, “that”, or a “wh”- word. Subordinate clauses can come before, or inside the main clause.复合句包含一个从句和至少一个主句，从句补充主句的内容，以从属连词“because” “if” “that” 或“wh”开头的 疑问句连接，可置于主句
12、前面，后面或者中间。例如：1）If you want, Ill teach you. 如果你愿意，我可以教你。2）The car that I drove was a Ford. 我驾驶的是福特汽车。第二章 祈使句和“let” 语法要点(Main points)1) The imperative is the same as the base form of a verb.祈使句使用动词原形。2) You form a negative imperative with “do not”, “dont”, or “never”.用“do not” “dont” “never”构成否定祈使句。3)
13、 You use the imperative to ask or tell someone to do something, or to give advice, warnings, or instructions on how to do something.祈使句用以请求或告诉某人做某事，提出建议，警告或指示。4) You use “let” when you are offering to do something, making suggestions, or telling someone to do something.可用“let”提出做某事或是建议某人做某事。语法透析1）Th
14、e imperative is the same as the base form of a verb. You do not use a pronoun in front of it.祈使句使用动词原形，前面不用代词。例如： 1） Come to my Place. 到我这里来。2） Start when you hear the bell. 当你听到铃声的时候就开始。2）You form a negative imperative by putting “do not”, “dont”, or “never” in front of the verb.在动词前加“do not” “dont
15、” “never”构成否定祈使句。例如： 1） Do not write in this book. 不要在书里写字。2） Never open the front door to strangers. 不要开前门给陌生人。3）When you want to make an imperative more polite or more emphatic, you can put “do” in front of it.在祈使句前加“do”可以表示强调或更加礼貌。例如： 1) Do have a chocolate biscuit! 请享用巧克力饼干！2) Do be careful! 一定要
16、小心！4) You use “let me” followed by the base form of a verb when you are offering to do something for someone.在动词前加“let me”表示自己要为别人做某事。例如： 1）Let me take you coat. 让我帮你拿外套。5） You use “lets” followed by the base form of a verb when you are suggesting what you had someone else should do.在动词原形加“lets”表示建议
17、大家一起做某事。例如： 1）Lets go outside. 我们到外边去。2） Lets look at our map. 让我们看看地图。6） You use “let” followed by a noun group and the base form of a verb when you are telling someone to do something or to allow someone else to do it.用“let”加名词和动词原形表示告诉某人或允许某人做某事。例如： 1）Let Philip have a look at it. 让菲利浦看一看。第三章疑问句
18、语法要点(Main points)1) In most questions the first verb comes before the subject.大多数疑问句中的第一个动词应置于主语之前。2) “yes/no” questions begin with an auxiliary or a modal.一般疑问句以助动词或情态动词开头。3) “wh” questions begin with a “wh” word.特殊疑问句以疑问词开头。语法透析1) Questions which can be answered “yes” or “no” are called “yes/no” q
19、uestions.以“yes”或 “no”回答的问句称为一般疑问句。例如： 1） - Are you ready? - 你准备好了吗？- Yes. - 是的。2） - Have you read this magazine? - 你读过这本杂志吗？- No. - 没有。2) If the verb group has more than one word, the first word comes at the beginning of the sentences, before the subject. The rest of the verb group comes after thesu
20、bject.一般疑问句的谓语动词如果不止一个，应将第一个动词置于主语之前，其余的则置于主语之后。例如： 1) Is he coming? 他要来吗？2) Can John swim? 约翰能游泳吗？3) If the verb group consists of only a main verb, you use the auxiliary “do”, “does” or “did” at the beginning of the sentence, before the subject. After the subject you use the base form of the verb.
21、如果一般疑问句的谓语动词只有一个，就用助动词“do” “does” “did”置于主语之前，主动词用动词原形。例如： 1） Does that sound like anyone you know? 那声音像不像你认识的某个人的？2） Did he go to the fair? 他去了交易会吗？4) If the main verb is “have”, you usually put “do”, “does” or “did before the subject.如果一般疑问句的谓语动词是“have”，通常是将助动词前置。例如： 1) Does anyone have a question
22、? 有人有问题吗？2) Did you have a good flight? 你的飞行还顺利吗？5) When “have” means “own” or “possess”, you can put it before the subject, without using “do”, “does” or “did”, but this is less common.当“have” 意为“拥有” 时，可直接将它前置构成一般疑问句，无需用 “do” “does” “did”，但这种情况很少见。例如： 1) Has he any idea what its like? 他知不知道那东西到底是怎么
23、样的？ 6) If the main verb is the present simple or past simple of “be”, you put the verb at the beginning of the sentence, before the subject.如果一般疑问句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般过去时的系动词，直接将系动词前置。例如： 1) Are you ready? 你准备好了吗？* When you want someone to give you more information than just “yes” or “no”, you ask a “wh”
24、question, which begins with a “wh”-word:- 要获取更多其它信息时使用疑问句词询问。what when where which who whom whose why how 第四章 特殊疑问句语法要点(Main points)1) You use “who”, “whom”, and “whose” to ask about people, and “which” to ask about people or things.疑问词“who” “whom”和“whose”提问人物，“which”可提问人物或事物。2) You use “what” to as
25、k about things, and “what for” to ask about reasons and purposes.“what”提问事物， “what for”提问原因或目的。3) You use “how” to ask about the way something happens.- “how”提问某事发生的方式。4) You use “when” to ask about times, “why” to ask about reasons, and “where” to ask about places and directions.“when”提问时间， “why”提问
26、原因，“where”提问地点和方向。语法透析1) You use “who”, “whom”, or “whose”, in questions about people. “Who” is used to ask questions about the subject or object of the verb, or about the object of a preposition.疑问词“who” “whom”和“whose”提问人物，“who”通常提问主语动词及介词宾语。例如： 1) Who discovered this? 这个是谁发现的？2) Who did he marry?
27、他和谁结婚了？3) Who did you dance with? 你和谁跳舞？2) In formal English, “whom” is used as the object of a verb or a preposition. The preposition always comes in front of “whom”.在正式英语中，“whom”用以提问动词和介词宾语，介词通常置于“whom”之前。 例如： 1) Whom did you see? 你见了谁？3) You use “which” to ask about one person or thing, out of a
28、number of people or things. “Which” can be the subject or the object.“which”用以提问一些人物或事物中的某一个，可做主语或宾语。 例如： 1) Which is your son? 哪一个是你的儿子？4) You use “what” to ask about things, for example about actions and events. “What” can be the subject or object.-“what”用以提问事物，例如行为或事件，可做主语或宾语。例如： 1) What has happ
29、ened to him? 他发生了什么事？2) What is he selling? 他卖的是什么东西？5) You use “whatfor” to ask about the reason for an action, or the purpose of an object.“whatfor”提问某行为的原因或某事的目的。 例如： 1) What are you going there for? 你们去那里做什么？6) You use “how” to ask about the way in which something happens or is done.“how”可以用来提问某
30、事发生的方式。 例如： 1) How did you know we were coming? 你们怎么知道我们会来呢？7) You also use “how” to ask about the way a person or thing feels or looks.“how”也可用于提问某人或某物的感觉或外形。 例如： 1) - how are you? -你好吗？- well, how do I look? -你觉得我看起来怎么样？8) “How is also used:- “how”也可用作：* with adjectives to ask about the degree of
31、quality that someone or something has与形容词连用，可提问程度、数量。例如： 1) How good are you at maths? 你的数学学得有多好？* with adjectives such as “big”, “old”, and “far” to ask about size, and distance与形容词“big” “old” “far”连用，可提问大小、距离。例如： 1) How old are your children? 你的小孩多大了？* with adverbs such as “long” and “often” to as
32、k about time, or “well” to ask about abilities与副词“long” “often”连用，可提问时间，与“well”连用可提问能力。例如： 1) How long have you lived here? 你在这里住了多久了？9) You use “when” to ask about points in time or periods of time, “why” to ask about the reason for an action, and “where” to ask about place and direction.“when”提问时间
33、， “why”提问原因，“where”提问地点和方向。 例如： 1) When are you coming home? 你什么时候回家？2) Why are you here? 你怎么在这里？3) Where are you going? 你要去哪里？10) You can also ask about direction using “which direction in” or “which way”. “which direction in”或 “which way”也可提问方向。 例如： 1) Which way did he go? 他走的是哪条路？第五章 反意疑问句语法要点(Ma
34、in points)1) You add a question tag to a statement to turn it into a question.在陈述句后面加一个简短问句可将陈述句变成反意疑问句。2) A question tag consists of a verb and a pronoun. The verb in a question tag is always an auxiliary, a modal, or a form of the main verb “be”.简短问句由一个动词和一个代词构成，动词主要由助动词，情态动词和系动词“be”构成。3) With a p
35、ositive statement, you usually use a negative question tag containing a short form ending in “-nt”. With a negative statement, you always use a positive question tag.肯定陈述句后面通常用否定的简短问句，而否定的陈述句则跟肯定简短问句。4) You can use negative statements with positive question tags to make requests.由否定陈述句加肯定简短问句构成的反意疑问
36、句可用以提出请求。5) You use positive statements with positive question tags to show reactions.由肯定陈述句加肯定疑问短句构成的反意疑问句可用以表达回应。6) You use some question tags to make imperatives more polite.- 反意疑问句也用以使祈使句更礼貌。语法透析1) A question tag is a short phrase that is added to the bed of a statement to turn it into a “yes/no
37、” question. You use question tags when you want to ask someone to confirm or disagree with what you are saying, or when you want to sound more polite. Question tags arte rarely used in formal written English.- 陈述句后面加一个简短问句可将陈述句变成反意疑问句，用以对所陈述的事情取得肯定或否定的回应，或是使表达更加礼貌。反意疑问句很少用在正式的书面英语中。例如： 1） Hes very f
38、riendly, isnt he? 他很友好，不是吗？2） You havent seen it before, have you? 你以前没有见过，对吗？2) You form a question tag by using an auxiliary, a modal, or a form of the main verb “be”, followed by a pronoun, the pronoun refers to the subject of the statement.简短问句由一个动词和一个代词构成，动词主要由助动词，情态动词和系动词“be”构成，代词指代主语。例如： 1） D
39、avids school is quite nice, isnt it? 大卫的学校还不错，不是吗？3) You can use a negative statement and a positive question tag to ask people for things, or to ask for help or information.由否定陈述句加肯定简短问句构成的反意疑问句可用以提出请求，要求帮助或寻求信息。例如： 1） You wouldnt sell it to me, would you? 你不会卖给我，是吗？2） You wont tell anyone else thi
40、s, will you? 你不会告诉别人，对吗？4) When you want to show your reaction to what someone has just said, for example by expressing interest, surprise, doubt, or anger, you use a positive statement with a positive question tag.由肯定陈述句加肯定疑问短句构成的反意疑问句可用以表达对某人所述事情的回应，例如表达兴趣，怀疑或者愤怒。例如： 1） Youve been to North America
41、 before, have you? 你以前去过北美，是吧？5) When you use an imperative, you can be more polite by adding one of the following question tags.祈使句后面跟简短问句构成的反意疑问句更加礼貌。(will you wont you would you)例如： 1） Look at that, would you? 看看那个，可以吗？6) “Will you” and “wont you” can also be used to emphasize anger or impatience
42、. “Cant you” is also used in this way.- “will you”, “wont you” “cant you”也可用以表示愤怒或不耐烦。例如： 1） Oh, hurry up, will you? 你快点，行吗？2) For goodness sake be quiet, cant you? 你能不能安静点？第六章 省略回答语法要点(Main points )1) A short answer uses an auxiliary, a modal, or the main verb “be”.助动词，情态动词和系动词“be”可构成省略回答。2) A shor
43、t answer can be in the form of a statement or a question.- 省略回答可采取陈述和疑问的形式。语法透析1) Short answers are very common in spoken English. For example, when someone asks you a “yes/no” question, you can give a short answer by using a pronoun with an auxiliary, modal, or the main verb “be”. You usually put “
44、yes” or “no” before the short answer.疑问句的省略回答在英语口语中很常见。对于一般疑问句的回答，先答“yes”或“no”，再用代词加助动词，情态动词或系动词 “be”构成省略回答。例如：1) - Does she still want to come? -她还是想来吗？- Yes, she does. -是的，她还是。2) - Are you married? -你结婚了吗？- Yes, I am. -是的，我结了。2) Note that a short answer such as “Yes, I will” is more polite or frie
45、ndly that just “Yes”, or than repeating all the words used in the question. People often repeat all the words used in the question when they feel angry or impatient.“Yes, I will”比仅用“Yes”或重复整个问句要礼貌和友好。通常人们只在感到愤怒或不耐烦才会在回答时重复问句的每一个词。例如：1) - Will you have finished by lunchtime? -吃午饭的时候你可以完成吗？- Yes, I wi
46、ll have finished by lunchtime. -是的，我会在午饭时完成的。3) You can also use short answers to agree or disagree with what someone says.省略回答还可对某人所说的表示赞同或反驳。例如：1) -You dont like Joan? -你不喜欢琼吗？- No, I dont. -对，我不喜欢。4) You often reply to what has been said by using a short question.省略回答还可用于对别人所说的内容表示回应。例如：1) - Hes
47、not in Japan now. -他现在不在日本。- Oh, isnt he? -是吗，他不在吗？5) If you want to show that you definitely agree with a positive statement that someone has just made, you can use a negative short question.-否定的省略回答可表示对别人的肯定陈述表示绝对赞同。例如：1) - Well, that was very nice. -那真不错。- Yes, wasnt it? -是啊，非常好，不是吗？6) When you w
48、ant to ask for more information, you can use a “wh” word on its own or with a noun as a short answer.-疑问词构成的省略回答可用以获取更多信息。例如： 1) - He saw a snake. -他看见一条蛇。- Where? -在哪里？2) - He knew my cousin. -他认识我表弟。- which cousin? -哪一个表弟？第七章 带“not” 的否定句语法要点(Main points)1) “Not” is often shortened to “-nt” and added to some verbs.-“not”通常缩写成“-nt”并与
