1、主谓一致主谓一致是初中阶段的重要语法项目之一，下面从两个方面来介绍：一、主谓一致应遵循的规则：1语法形式上的一致：主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。例如：Jane and Mary look healthy and strongThe number of mistakes was surprising2意义上一致：1) 主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。例如：The crowd were running for their lives单数形式表示复数意义的词有people，police，cattle，militia 等。2)主语形式为复数而
2、意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。 例如：The news was very exciting形复意单的单词有 news，works(工厂)和一些以 ics 结尾的学科名称，如physics，politics，mathematics 等。3就近原则。即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如用连词or，eitheror，neither.nor，not onlybut also 等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。例如：Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this二、主谓一致应注意的几个问题：1.由 bothan
3、d连接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；由or,eitheror，neithernor,not onlybut also,notbut,连接两个名词或代词作主语时，根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。例如：Both his father and his mother are both teachers. 他的爸爸和妈妈都是老师。Tom or Jack is wrong. 不是汤姆就是杰克错了。Either this one or that one is OK.这一个或那一个都行。2.以-s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如 news,maths,physics 等，例如：
4、No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。Maths is very popular in our class 在我们班数学很受欢迎。3.a number of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数；the number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。例：A number of famous people were invited to party. 许多名人都被邀请参加这个聚会。The number of the students is over eight houndred. 我们学校学生数超过 800 人。4.当 kind of,pair of, glass of
5、 等表示确定数量的名词短语修饰主语时，谓语与kind,pair,glass 等一致。例如：This pair of shoes is Toms.这双鞋是汤姆的。There are two glasses of wather on the table. 桌上有两杯水。5. the+形容词表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad. 穷人很快乐，富人却过得不快乐。6.以 here，there 开关的句子，若主语在两个或两个以上，谓语动词通常与临近的主语一致。例如：There is a book and three
6、 pens on the desk. 桌子上有一本书，三只钢笔。Here are some books and paper for you. 这是给你的书和纸。7.不定代词 somebody,someone,something,anybody,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing 作主语，谓语动词用单数，例如：Is everyone here today. 今天大家到齐了吗？Something is wrong with him. 他有毛病。Nobody was in. 没有人在家。8. 由 and 连接的两个
7、单数名词作主语时，一般用复数形式，但 and 所连接的并列主语是同一个人，事物，或概念时，谓语动词用单数。这两种情况区分如下：a/the+单数名词+and+单数名词，指的是同一个人或物；a/the+单数名词+and+a/the+单数名词，指两个人或物。例如：The writer and teacher is coming.那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人 )The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)9. people,police 等集体名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式，family,class,group,te
8、am 等集体名词作主语，若指一个整体时，谓语动词用单数形式，若指一个具体成员时，谓语动词复数形式。例如：People here are very friendly.这儿的人很友好。His family isnt large. 他家的人不多。My family all like watching TV. 我们一家人都喜欢看电视。10.many a+单数名词作主语，意义虽为“许多”，但谓语要用单数形式。例如：Many a student has been to Shanghai. 许多学生到过上海。11. more than one+单数名词作主语，谓语用单数。例如：More than one s
9、tudent has ever been to Beijing.不止一个学生曾经去过北京。12. 表示时间，价格，重量，数目，长度，数学运算等的词或短语作主语时，这些通常作一个整体概念，谓语用单数形式。例如：Two months is a long holiday. 两个月是一个长假。Ten miles isnt a long distance. 1 0 英里并不是一段很长的距离。13. 主语是 each/every/no+单数名词+and(each/every/no)+单数名词时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每个男孩和女
10、孩都有一个座位。Every man and every woman is at work. 每个男人和女人都在工作。14. one and a half+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：One and a half hours is enough. 一个半小时足够了。15. 动词不定式，动名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：To see is to believe 眼见为实 Doing eye exercises is good for your eyes. 做眼睛保健操对你的眼睛十分有益。16. a/an+单数名词+or two 作主语，谓语动词用单数。例如：A student
11、 or two has failed the exam. 一两个学生考试不及格。17.当主语部分含有 with，toge ether with，along with，as well as，besides，except，but，like 等介词或介词短语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：Mike with his father has been to England. 迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。Mike,like his brother,enjoys playing football 迈克像他的哥哥一样喜欢踢足球。18.分数 (百分数)+of +名词做主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于 of 后面的名词
12、的数。但要注意population 一词，用作整体时，谓语动词用单数，用其部分做主语时，谓语动词形式用复数。Part of the work has been done by us . Ten percent of the apples were bad . The population of China is 13.6 billion and 70%of the population are peasants .19. 不定代词由 all, most, more, some, any, none 作主语时，也要依这些代词表示的意义来决定谓语动词的单复数形式。如果代词代表复数可数名词，谓语动词
13、用复数；如果代词代表单数可数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。例如：All of the work has been finished.All of the people have gone.20. 在定语从句中主语是关系代词 who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。注意：在“one of +复数名词+ who/that/which”引导的定语从句中，从句谓语的单复数取决于 one前是否有 the (only)、the very。如果有，从句的谓语动词用单数，如没有 the only， 就用复数形式。This is one of the most intere
14、sting questions that have been asked. He was the only one of the students who was late for school.不规则动词表英语动词按其过去式和过去分词的构成方式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式和过去分词由词尾加构成，而不规则动词的变化因词而异.1. A-A-A 型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形）动词原形（现在式）过去式 过去分词cost cost cost 花费cut cut cut 割，切hit hit hit 打let let let 让put put put 放下read read read
15、 读hurt hurt hurt 伤2. A-A-B 型（现在式和过去式同形）beat beat beaten 打3. A-B-A 型（现在式和过去分词同形）come came come 来become became become 变run ran run 跑overcome overcame overcome 征服，打败，克服4. A -B -B 型（1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母 d 或 t 构成过去式或过去分词。burn burnt burnt 燃烧learn learned/learnt learned/learnt 学习mean meant meant 意思hear heard he
16、ard 听见（2）把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t” 构成过去式或过去分词。build built built 建筑lend lent lent 借给lose lost lost 失去send sent sent 送spend spent spent 花费（3)pay paid paid 付lay laid laid 下蛋say said said 说(4)bring brought brought 带来buy bought bought 买fight fought fought 战斗think thought thought 想(5)sleep slept slept 睡feel
17、felt felt 觉得keep kept kept 保持sweep swept swept 扫(6)stand stood stood 站understand understood understood 明白(7)win won won 得胜(8)catch caught caught 抓住teach taught taught 教(9)find found found 发现get got got 得到hold held held 盛，握leave left left 离开make made made 制造meet met met 遇见shoot shot shot 射击dig dug du
18、g 挖(10)shsmell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled 嗅，闻shine shone/shined shone/shined 发光（11)tell told told 告诉sell sold sold 卖(12)sit sat sat 坐have had had 有5. A-B-C 型（现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同）（1）在动词原形后加-n 或-en 构成过去分词。eat ate eaten 吃fall fell fallen 落下steal stole stolen 偷give gave given 给freeze froze frozen 冻结take t
19、ook taken 拿see saw seen 看见write wrote written 写ride rode ridden 骑drive drove driven 驾驶throw threw thrown 抛，扔blow blew blown 吹grow grew grown 生长know knew known 知道fly flew flown 飞draw drew drawn 拉，绘画show showed shown 展示（2）过去式加-n 或-en 构成过去分词。speak spoke spoken 说话break broke broken 破碎，折断wake waked/ woke
20、 waked/ waken 醒choose chose chosen 选择forget forgot forgotten 忘记（3）变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a” （过去式）和“u”（过去分词） 。begin began begun 开始ring rang rung 按铃sing sang sung 唱sink sank sunk 沉swim swam swum 游泳drink drank drunk 饮（4）其他不规则动词的变化。be(am, is) was/ were been 是be(are) were been 是do did done 做go went gone 去l
21、ie lay lain 躺wear wore worn 穿不规则动词巧记法对不规则动词的过去式和过去分词做一分析，就可发现其中的“规则”。为方便同学们记忆，现将初中英语教学大纲中的个不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词列出并规为五种类型。同学们还可将第二、三类分为若干组，以便准确记忆。一、型（原形、过去式和过去分词同形）：cost cost costcut cut cutlet let letput put putread read read二、型（过去式与过去分词同形）：bring brought broughtbuild built builtbuy bought boughtcatch c
22、aught caughtdig dug dugfeel felt feltfind found foundget got gothave had hadhear heard heardhold held heldkeep kept keptlearn learnt learntleave left leftlend lent lentmake made mademeet met metpay paid paidsay said saidsell sold soldsend sent sentshine shone shonesit sat satsleep slept sleptsmell s
23、melt smeltspend spent spentstand stood stoodteach taught taughttell told toldthink thought thoughtunderstand understood understood三、型（原形、过去式和过去分词各异）：be was werebegin began begunblow blew blownbreak broke brokendo did donedraw drew drawndrink drank drunkdrive drove driveneat ate eatenfall fell fallen
24、fly flew flownforget forgot forgottengove gave givengo went gonegrow grew grownknow knew knownlie lay lainride rode riddenring rang rungsee saw seenshow showed shownsing sang sungspeak spoke spokenswim swan swumtake took takenthrow threw thrownwake woke wokenwear wore wornwrite wrote written四、型（原形与过
25、去分词同形）：become became becomecome came come五、型（原形与过去式同形）：beat beat beaten（注：带号的词也可视为规则动词。 ）不规则动词的词形变化定义动词由原形转变为过去式和过去分词时不按词尾加“-ed”之变化规则者叫做不规则动词（Irregular Verbs ） 。现代英语新生成的动词都归入“-ed”的规则变化，例如：parkparked （停车1864）faxfaxed （以传真传送1979）e-maile-mailed （以电脑网络传送 1982）（所附年次为最早用例出现年次O.E.D.）因此，不规则动词可以说都是古英语动词的不规则变
26、化因其常用度很高而一直沿用到今天者，所以我们今天在学习英语时绝对无法，也不可能规避这些不规则动词。从英语的演变来看，不规则动词就是强势动词（Strong Verbs）即其词形变化全依其本身之语音（尤其是元音）变化来进行而不借助词尾的变化。例如：原形： buy sing speak过去式： bought sang spoke过去分词： bought sung spoken而每一型式的变化都有其类群，例如：buy bought bought （买）bring brought brought （带来）fight fought fought （作战）think thought thought （想）s
27、ing sang sung （唱）drink drank drunk （喝）swim swam swum （游泳）begin began begun （开始）speak spoke spoken （说）break broke broken （打破）steal stole stolen （偷）freeze froze frozen （冷冻）因此我们学习不规则动词的时候，最有效的方法就是要针对这种词形变化的现象，了解其变化的型式，发出声音背念，使其能自然地隔入我们的 speaking 和 writing，这样才能说确实地把不规则动词学会了。注：与强势动词相对，须借助“-ed”之词尾来进行词形变化的
28、规则动词就叫做弱势动词（Weak Verbs） 。不规则动词的类别每个学习英语的人都会在不同阶段或多或少碰到不规则动词所带来的麻烦，特别是在形态拼写方面。不规则动词里是不是杂乱无序的动词呢？当然不是；实际上是乱中有序、有条不紊的。首先，不规则动词是针对规则动词而言。大家知道，规则动词（regular verbs）的过去式（the past form）和过去分词（the pastparticiple）都一样的要加上“ -ed/-d” ，如：a. Jason worked until five oclock（过去式）b. Have you worked late? （过去分词）a. Xiao Li
29、n decided to go abroad（过去式）b. Has his wife decided to join him ?（过去分词）不规则动词则不然；它们的过去式和过去分词并不一致，学习时要集中精神，加以辨别，才可避免错误。语法学家根据动词“原形、过去式、过去分词”三形式上的变化，把不规则动词划分为下列类别：一三种形式都相同第一类的包括下列这些常见动词： cut-cut-cut ; hurt-hurt-hurt ; put-put-put; shut-shut-shut; cost-cost-cost; burst-burst-burst; hit-hit-hit; cast-cast
30、-cast; set-set-set; let-let-let 。例如：a. Dont go on blowing the balloon! It will burst.b. One of his car tyres had a nail and it burst.c. The dog has burst free and ran away.二其中两种形式相同第二类可分为十一小类；下面是其中常见的四种： bind-bound-bound; find-found-found bring-brought-brought;think-thought-thought dig-dug-dug; stri
31、ke-struck-struck bend-bent-bent; build-built-built例如：a. You have to bend your head when you bow.b The mechanic bent the wire and broke it.c. Here come the woman bent down with age.三三种形式都不同第三类可再分为八小类，如下： take-took-taken; shake-shook-shaken hide-hid-hidden; bite-bit-bitten tear-tore-torn; bear-bore-bo
32、rn/ borne choose-chose-chosen;speak-spoke-spoken know-knew-known; blow-blew-blown write-wrote-written; drive-drove-driven drink-drank-drunk; begin-began-begun show-showed-showed/shown;swell-swelled/swollen例如：a. Can you write down your name?b. I wrote it there, didnt I?c. Have you written to John, wh
33、o is now in New York?上述例子证明不规则动词的确比规则动词麻烦得多。莫怪有人说，英语动词是所有词类中，最难应付的一种。这话很中肯，毫不夸张。幸好，不规则动词也有迹可寻；就让我们“步步追踪”吧！不规则变化动词的过去式： (第二册第七课)Q & A 集锦康轩版相关课程翰林版相关课程除了 be 外，动词中，其过去式呈不规则变化者，从第一册到本课，计有：原形动词-过去式原形动词 -过去式do-did draw-drewdrive-drove cut-cutcome-came eat-atefight-fought find-foundget-got give-gavego-went
34、 have-hadhide-hid make-madeput-put read-read rdring-rang run-runsay-said see-sawshine-shone sing-sangspeak-spoke swim-swamtake-took tell-toldwrite-wrote feel-felthear-heard 这种不规则变化动词，因为是呈现不规则变化，故只能看到一个就记一个，无其他办法，但重要的是，要背得滚瓜烂熟。比较特殊的是，have 和 has 的过去式，均是 had，但仍以 have 为其原形动词 ；do 和 does 亦同，它们的过去式均为 did，但
35、仍以 do 为其 原形动词 。又 read 的过去式也是 read，只是读法不同罢了。须视句中意思，才能决定是否为过去时间者：有些时间，到底是属於现在 ，还是过去 ，或者是未来 ，须得看上下文来决定。today（今天）this morning/afternoon/evening（今天早上/下午/ 晚上）如：我今天早上八点来的。 （显然是指已发生过的事。 ）过去我今天早上八点才会去。 （句中意思可见还没去。 ）未来过去式一般动词的否定句、疑问句和简答句的形成：在谈这个主题之前，先来复习第一册第四、七课和第一册第八课所学过的：否定句：I have a dog. I dont have a dog.
36、They have ten cards. They dont have ten cards.She loves cats. She doesnt love cats. (注意 love 的变化恢复为原形)疑问句：I have a dog. Do you have a dog?They have ten cards. Do they have ten cards?She loves cats. Does she love cats? (注意 love 的变化恢复为原形)想想看：do/does 的过去式为 did，而 did 和 do/does 一样，均为助动词，故其後的动词须注意什麼变化？（参考
37、前述的例句）所以若是像这样的过去式动词的否定句变化，就会如下列例句：否定句：1. Mary wrote her homework last Sunday. Mary didnt writeher homeworklast Sunday.2. Mr. Wang drove his car to the park. Mr. Wang didnt drive his car tothe park.3. Tom made the wish last year. Tom didnt make the wish last year.4. The students saw some dogs at scho
38、ol yesterday. The students didnt see some dogs at school yesterday.想想看：在现在式中，助动词的使用有分人称，而分别使用 do/does；从以上的例句中，请问过去式助动词 did的使用，是否也因人称的不同，而使用不同的过去式助动词？疑问句：在对照现在式中使用 do/does，及在过去式中使用 did 等助动词，形成否定句的用法，你是否可以将下列各过去式的句子，改为疑问句呢？5. Mary went to the park by bicycle.6. Mr. Wang took the MRT to school.7. Tom m
39、ade the wish last year.8. The students saw some dogs at school yesterday.9. We got the umbrella this morning.简答句：你做对了吗？其实过去式的否定句和疑问句的写法，比现在式要简单得多，因为它根本无须考虑到人称的问题。依此推想，则你是否可写出上述五句的Yes/No 的简答句了呢？10.Yes,No,11.Yes,No,12.Yes,No,13.Yes,No,14.Yes,No,在此要特别提出说明的是 do 的用法，因 do 有两个意义，当动词用时解释为做 ，另也可当作助动词 使用，故在做句
40、型变化时，常见有错误的现象：4. He did his housework yesterday.（他昨天做了家事。 ） did 是动词。5. Did he do his housework yesterday?（他昨天有做家事吗？） did 是助动词，原动词则因助动词 did 的关系，恢复为原形动词。6. He didnt do his housework yesterday.（他昨天没有做家事。 ） didnt 是助动词 did 和 not 的缩写，原动词则因助动词 did 的关系，恢复为原形动词。想想看：试将底下的句子翻译成英文。1. 那些学生昨天并没有在学校游泳。2. 上周四 Jack 教他的弟弟英语。3. 今天下午 Coco 开车去台北吗？4. 我今天早餐喝牛乳。5. Jimmy 没有在早上六点起床过。
