1、应用文是人们日常生活或工作中经常使用的文体，包括书信、通知、便条、启事等。其语言重在实用，要求朴实、准确、简洁。应用文在实践中逐渐形成了各自的格式，且各种格式都有一定的规范。掌握应用文的基本结构和特点是学生应该具备的基本功之一。第一节 书信书信是人们在日常生活、学习、工作和公务活动中应用最为广泛的有一定惯用格式的应用文，是个人与个人之间、个人与组织之间、组织与组织之间交流思想感情、传递意见要求、传播信息的书面形式。同其它类应用文一样，书信具有实用性强、格式固定、使用广泛等特点。由于文化背景与习俗的不同，英文书信与中文书信在书写格式上有较大差异，需特别注意。书信的写法应注意三大部分。一、信封的格
2、式在信封正面的中间略偏右的地方写收信人的地址，注意要先写收信人的姓名，再从小到大写上收信人的地址，寄信人的地址则按从小到大的顺序写在信封的左上角，或者是写在信封的背面。格式如下所示： 二、书信的格式书信分为正式信件(公务性信件和商务性信件 )和非正式信件 (家人、朋友之间的信件)两种。常见的书信格式如下图所示：三、正文的写法1. 信头(Heading) ：信头是指写信人的地址及日期，位于信笺的右上方，距信纸的顶头约一英寸。顺序是先写地址，后写日期。地址由小写到大，即门牌号街名城市省份国名，由小到大的顺序书写。如“江西省万载县康乐镇田下路 159 号”，英文写法是：159 Tianxia Roa
3、d, Kangle Town, Wanzai County, Jiangxi Province；日期可按“日月年”的顺序或“月日 年” 的顺序写。2. 信内地址(Inside Address) ：它是指收信人的姓名和地址，写在信笺的左上方，稍低于信头一至二行，在称呼语上方。顺序是先写收信人姓名，后写职务，再写地址(由小到大) 。商业往来信件及公函必须写信头和信内地址。但亲友、熟人之间的信可不写信内地址，信头处只写发信日期。3. 称呼(Greeting)：收信人的称呼，写在信纸的左边，低于信内地址。4. 书信的正文(Body)：是写信者所要说的话，正文信的内容，从左向右横写，低于称呼语，常在缩进
4、四、五个字母处起笔。写信与写文章一样，要分段写，每段有一个中心思想，内容要表达清楚，语言要简单明了，态度要诚恳礼貌。给亲友的信还应亲切热情。考试时必须把规定的内容写清楚。正文结束时，还可写一两句表达心愿的话，如：Best wishes to you /Remember me to your family /Hoping to hear from you soon 等。5. 结束语(Closing)：发信人表示自己对收信人的一种客套称呼，写在书信正文结尾下面低两行的位置上。一般它均从正中或偏右处写起。结束语的第一个字母必须大写，后面须加上逗号。收信人与写信人之间是朋友关系时常用：Yours,/Y
5、ours ever,/Ever yours,/Always(Sincerely) yours, 等等。6. 签名(Signature)：发信人自己的姓名，写在结束语的下面一行。可与结束语齐头或略向右靠一点儿。在这里给大家介绍一些关于书信的开头和结尾的写法：A. 开头语1. Thank you for your letter of September 1.2. Many thanks for your kind letter which reached me yesterday.3. You letter come to me this morning.4. I was delighted to
6、 receive your letter.5. I am in receipt of your letter.6. Its a long time since I saw your last.7. I have been missing you a lot since we met last time.8. I am sorry for not writing to you sooner.9. I am writing to you tell that 10. I often think of you. How are you recently?B. 结束语1. Good luck!2. Be
7、st wishes!3. Take care of yourself, will you?4. Send my love to your5. Please write to me when you have time.6. Please write soon.7. Lets keep in touch.8. I am looking forward to your next letter soon.9. Thank you for an early reply.10. Please tell me if you need my help.实例点评请按以下提示给美国总统写一封信。提示：1. 你是
8、一个中国学生，对美国攻打伊拉克很关注。2. 战争已经持续十多天了。这些天来，大约二十万美、英士兵一直在攻击伊拉克(Iraq) 。到目前为止，已经有很多房屋被摧毁(destroy) ，数以百计的平民(civilians) 在战争中被打死。伊拉克的儿童不能安静地上学，甚至连吃的都没有。3. 希望美、英立刻停止战争，让伊拉克人民能重新过上平静的生活，让伊拉克的儿童重新回到课堂。写作指导1. 这是一封写给美国总统呼吁停止战争的信。措词要恰当。要以学生身份去写。2. 一些关键词：last 持续, two hundred thousand 二十万，be killed 被打死，live alife过着生活，
9、care about 关注。3. 要正确使用被动语态。参考范文No. 28 Middle SchoolYangzhouApril 8, 2005Dear Mr President Bush,I am a student from China. All my classmates and I are caring about the war between your country and Iraq.So far, the war has lasted about ten days. During these days, about two hundred thousand soldiers f
10、rom your country and Britain have kept attacking Iraq. Many houses have been destroyed. Hundreds of civilians have been killed in the war. Whats worse, the children in Iraq couldnt go to school like the children in your country and all of us. They even have no food to eat.Mr President Bush, will you
11、 please stop the war at once? Let the people in Iraq live a quiet life and let the children go back to their schools, will you?Love,Li Lei强化训练1. 假如你叫 Li Ming, 中学生，经常收听音乐节目，请你用英语给节目主持人写一封信。信的要点如下：(1)你很喜欢这个节目，特别是英语歌曲； (2)学习很疲劳时，你会打开收音机，听这个节目；(3)从英语歌里你学了很多单词；你最喜欢 “Take Me to Your Heart”这首歌，希望得到歌词(the w
12、ords of a song)。注意：信要通顺连贯；词数 70 左右。信的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。2. 假定你叫周海，家住江西省南昌市北京西路 153 号，你刚收到好友张辉 8 月 15 日的来信。他说对英语学习失去了信心，准备放弃，你很吃惊。现请你给他复信，劝他继续学习，并告诉他英语是一门重要学科，要有克服困难的意志，要有好的学习方法。写信时间为 8 月 20 日，词数 100 左右。3. 你是尚佳，在昆明大学英语系(English Department) 一年级读书，九月十五日给你父母亲( 辽宁省海城市八里镇头道村) 写了一封信，信中说，你到昆明半个月了。这里很美，四季如春，昆
13、明人更美，处处盛开友谊(friendship)之花。昆大的老师和同学们对你都很好，恐怕东北人在此不适应(fit)，他们便常常关照你，这里就像一个欢乐的大家庭，请你父母亲放心，待家里活忙完后，也来昆明住几天。请你用 100 字左右写出这封信的全文。4. 假如你叫李海，暑假里你和父亲去北京旅游。几天后你给你的同学赵涛写信，向他介绍首都北京及你们参观长城情况。(你住在北京西长安街 809 号)5. 假若你叫王梅，你的英国笔友 Betty 写信请你给她介绍有关中国春节的一些情况。请你给她写封回信。6. 假如你是张吉，你的加拿大笔友 Tim 给你来信，告知你他将来宁波度假。请你根据所给提示用英语写一封回
14、信。词数：60-80。回信须包括以下要点：1) 欢迎他来宁波；2) 恰好你也有一个月的假期；3) 在宁波可以游泳、钓鱼、爬山、吃各种海鲜、浏览市容；4) 你们可以互相学习语言； 5) 请对方告知到达的时间和航班号，以便去机场迎接。7. 假如你叫李平，参加了学校开展的“有烦恼向谁说”的调查活动，调查结果如图所示。请你用英语给校报编辑写一封信，内容包括：调查结果(不局限于用分数表述) 、理由及自己的想法。要求：1) 语句通顺，合乎逻辑；2) 词数 80-100(信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数 )。提示词：survey 调查，trust 信任 参考范文1. No. 28 Middle Schoo
15、lSuzhou April 8, 2005Dear Mr Liu,Im a middle school student. In my spare time, Id love to listen to the radio, especially the programme you present. When I am tired, I usually turn on my radio to relax. I enjoy the English songs in the programme most. From the songs, I learn new words. It is helpful
16、 in my English study.I was wondering whether you could help me find the words of the song Take Me to Your Heart, as it is one of my favourites.Yours sincerely,Li Ming2. 153 Beijing West RoadNanchang, JiangxiAugust 20, 2005Dear Zhang Hui,I have received your letter of August 15. Im surprised to learn
17、 that you have lost heart in your English and that you want to give it up.In my opinion, English is an important subject for us middle school students. Its wrong for you to give it up. I hope youll go on studying English. You should have more confidence and whenyou are learning a language you will m
18、ake mistakes, this is part of learning. Where there is a will,there is a way. Besides, you must develop a good way of learning. If you have any questions, please dont hesitate to ask your teacher for help. Im sure youll make great progress in your English very soon.Yours,Zhou Hai3. Grade One English
19、 Department Kunming University 650032Kunming, Yunnan Province September 15, 1999 Dear parents,How are you? How time flies! Ive been in Yunnan for nearly half a month.All is beautiful here and so are the people. All the year is just like spring, and there are flowers of friendship here and there.Here
20、s a big family and we are brothers and sisters. They take good care of me, for they are afraid it cant fit a friend from the Northeast. So Im very happy here and you neednt worry.Hope you come and visit here after farm work.Yours loving,Shang Jia 4. 809 West Changan Street, BeijingJuly 20, 2005Dear
21、Zhao Tao, Ive been in Beijing for several days. I miss you very much. Does everything go well at home? Now let me tell you something about Beijing.Beijing, our capital, is a very beautiful city. There are too many people, cars and big buildings in Beijing. There are all kinds of shops. They sell all
22、 kinds of things. There are lots of places of great interest. Now its the best time to visit Beijing. Too many travellers have come here. Yesterday my father and I visited the Great Wall. How great! I was very excited when I saw the Great Wall. We took lots of photos. I saw lots of foreigners, theyr
23、e very interesting. We enjoyed ourselves very much there.Zhao Tao, have you finished your lessons? Im going home soon.Please tell my mother not to worry about us. Yours, Li Hai5. Dear Betty, Thank you for your last letter. Im getting on well with all my subjects. I hope you can come to China one day
24、. The following is the answer to your questions. The Spring Festival is the most important festival for China people. It always comes during winter holidays. Its time for families to get together. People all have a big dinner in the evening before the Spring Festival. On the Spring Festival, every p
25、eople wears their new clothes. People say “Happy New Dear” to each other. In the following few days, people will be busy visiting friends and relatives. Everyone enjoys the Spring Festival. Our winter holidays will come soon, so will the Spring Festival. Im busy with my lessons now. I have to stop w
26、riting. Thank you for helping me with my English. Yours sincerelyWang Mei6. August 9thDear Tim,I received your letter yesterday. Im very happy to hear that youll come to Ningbo. Im going to have a one-month holiday after the exams finish. We can spend our holiday together. We can go swimming, go fis
27、hing, climb the hills and enjoy many kinds of seafood. We can also visit different parts of this beautiful city. Im sure youll like it. At the same time, we can learn language from each other. Please call me and let me know your flight number and the arrival time as soon as you get the ticket. Ill m
28、eet you at the airport. Im sure well have a good time together. Best wishes to your family! Yours,Zhang Ji7. June 26th, 2005Dear editor, I am a student in Grade Three. We have made a survey-“To whom do you go when in trouble”. Here are the results. Most of the students will go to their classmates or
29、 friends when in trouble because theyre almost the same age and they can talk with, communicate with and understand each other easily. Some students will tell their teachers or parents about their troubles as the teachers and parents have rich experience and love them very much. They can be trusted
30、by these students. Only a few students solve their problems all by themselves. They hate to talk with others and cant get on well with others. They have few friends.In my opinion, when in trouble we should ask our teachers, parents, friends or classmates for help.Yours sincerely,Li Ping 第二节 日记日记常用来记
31、叙自己一天生活中所看到、遇到、想到和做过的事情，特别是那些具有教育意义或值得回忆、查阅或参考的事情，也可以用来抒发自己当天对某些事件的感受，以及对将来的打算等。因此，要记的内容丰富多彩，这正是日记题材广泛，选材容易的原因。体裁以记叙文或简单的议论文为主。英文日记的格式与中文日记大体一样。写日记时要注意以下几点：1. 格式：英文日记和中文日记的写法大致相同。一般是第一行写上日期、星期、天气状况。日期通常顶格写，后面是星期，天气状况写在右上角。表示天气情况的词一般用形容词，如：fine, cold, rainy, windy, cloudy, sunny, snowy, foggy 等。正文部分另
32、起一行。日记各部分的书写格式示意图如下：2. 人称：日记要用第一人称写。3. 时态：写日记的时间一般是在下午或晚上，有时也有在第二天补记的。所记叙的事情通常发生在过去，所以常用一般过去时态。但如果要记叙天气、描写景色、展望未来、议论某事或对话引语等，可以使用一般现在时或一般将来时，以生动再现当时的情景。4. 日记的写作顺序：日记一般按照时间顺序或事情的经过来写。语言要清楚、自然，内容要连贯、完整。5. 类型：日记可分为记事型、议论型、描写型以及抒情型等类型。记事型日记，就是学生用所学英语词汇记述当天自己生活中所发生的事情。议论型，就是对生活中的某一事情或情况、现象发表自己的看法。描写型就是对某
33、人、某物的特征进行细致的描述，或对某事物抒发自己的感情。实例点评假设今天是六月十日(星期一 )，天气晴朗。请根据以下提示，用英语写一则日记。1. 全世界人民热爱足球，我也最喜欢足球；2. 今天下午一位有名的足球运动员张林，来我校给我们作了“足球与中国”的报告；3. 报告结束后，他和我们一起在学校操场踢了半小时足球；4. 今天过得很愉快。我一定要更加努力学习，将来当一名像张林一样的优秀足球运动员。写作指导1. 首先要将日记的格式写对。2. 注意时态的一致性和真实性。3. 用词要准确，行文要流畅，不能照汉语提示硬译。参考范文May 10th, 2005 Monday FineThe people
34、all over the world love football. Football is my favourite sport. This afternoon a famous football player came to our school and gave us a talk about “Football and China”. His namewas Zhang Lin. He was tall and strong. After the lecture, he played football on the school playground with us for half a
35、n hour. I enjoyed myself very much today. I think I must work hard at all mylessons and try to become a good football player like Zhang Lin.强化训练1. 就植树节这一天的植树活动写一篇简短的日记。单词数：50 左右。提示：1) 穿旧衣服；2) 早餐后乘车到西山；3) 挖坑、种树、浇水，每人种树 3 棵；4) 12 点结束；5) 感想；6) 天气晴朗。 2. 按下列要求写一篇日记。要求：今天是 5 月 21 日星期六 ，不上课，吃完早饭后你做作业。然后和飞鸣
36、一起去看电影。路上看到一个小男孩在修自行车，你们停下来帮忙。飞鸣花了 10 分钟的时间帮助他修好了自行车，小男孩非常的感激。当你们匆忙赶到电影院时正好电影开始。3. 2005 年 5 月 1 日，星期六，晴，上午约 8 点，你和你的朋友们在去香山的路上。此时你们看到前方有几个外国客人正在不知所措，周围不少人围观，由于语言的障碍，谁也不知发生了什么事。正在这紧要关头，你们赶去。原来，在刚刚的一起交通事故中，他们的一位朋友受了伤正要去医院，可是他们没有那么多的钱。你和你的朋友打电话叫来警察，你们陪同他们去了医院，他们的朋友得救了，十分感激你们。尽管旅游没去成，但你们都为做了件增进中外友谊(frie
37、ndship)的大好事并从中学到许多知识感到高兴。根据以上提示写一则 100-150 字的日记。4. 今天是 2005 年 4 月 11 日，星期天，晴。我去听香港四大歌王之一刘德华的演唱会。我早就买好票期盼着(look forward to)这一天早日来到。演唱会于晚上 7：00 开始，持续三个小时。刘德华比实际年龄显得年轻，他的歌令歌迷很激动。注意：1) 字数 90 词左右。2) 请不要逐字翻译。3) 可适当发挥。5. 根据图画内容和所给词汇写一则日记，时间为 6 月 3 日，星期日。要求：1) 注意英文日记的格式； 2) 必须用第一人称“I”来写；3) 字数：50-80 左右。所给词汇：
38、afternoon; play; playground; suddenly; fall over; hurt; take; Li Hua; hospital; look over; leg; with; home6.下列六幅画描述了你 5 月 31 日(星期日) 那天的活动。请根据这些图画用英语写一篇日记。注意：1) 日记须包括所有图画的内容，可以适当增加细节，使日记连贯。2) 词数 100左右。参考范文1. March 12th, 2005, Monday FineToday is Tree Planting Day. After breakfast we went to the West
39、Hill to plant trees by bus. We were all in old clothes and worked very hard. Some dug holes, some put trees in them and otherswatered them. Each of us planted three young trees. When we finished our work, it was already twelve oclock. We felt a little tired, but we were very happy.2. May 21 Saturday
40、 Fine We had no lessons today. After breakfast I did my homework. After that Feiming and I went to the cinema.On the way, we saw a little boy. He was mending his bike. He looked worried. We decided to help him. There was nothing much wrong with it. So it took Feiming only ten minutes to finish it. T
41、he boy was very thankful.When we hurried to the cinema, we were just in time. We both felt very happy.3. May 1st Saturday FineMy friend and I were on our way to the Xiangshan Mountains at about 8 in the morning whenwe found some foreign friends were looking worried in front of us. There were a lot o
42、f people around them, but they didnt know what had happened because they didnt know foreign languages. Just at that time we got there and got to know one of their friends was hurt in an accident. They hadlittle money with them. So we telephoned the police and they took him to the hospital with us. T
43、hey thanked us because he was saved.Though we didnt go to the Xiangshan Mountains, we did a good deed between China and foreign countries and we learnt a lot from it, we feel well enough.4. April 11, 2005 Sunday FineLiu Dehua is my favourite pop star.His English name is Andy. He is one of “the four
44、kings” in Hong Kong music field. I bought a ticket to his concert a few days ago. I was looking forward to the day. At 7:00 in the evening the concert began. I heard him singing face to face for the first time. He was very handsome and looked much younger than his age. His song “Stupid Child” made u
45、s excited!The concert ended at 10:00. On my way home, I was still excited. What a wonderful evening!Ill never forget it.5. Sunday June 30th Sunny This afternoon Li Hua and I played football on the playground with other classmates. Suddenly he fell over and hurt himself. So we quickly went over and t
46、ook him to hospital by bike. The doctor looked over his leg carefully and said it was not too serious. After that he was taken back home with our help. We all hope that he will be all right very soon.6. May 31st, 2005 Sunday SunnyIt was Grandmas birthday. Father, Mother and I went to visit her. She
47、lives with my uncle ina village not too far away. Early in the morning we bought some presents and took the bus to get there. Grandma and Uncle were so glad to see us. We gave the presents to Grandma and she was very happy. Then we sat down to talk, while Uncle went to prepare lunch. The meal was so
48、 nice that we all enjoyed it very much. At 4 oclock, we said goodbye and set off for home.第三节 通知通知属于应用文，通常是上级对下级、组织对成员布置工作、召开会议、传达事情所用的一种应用文。通知包括口头通知和书面通知。1. 口头通知 口头通知是面对面地把事情传达给对方。在发布口头通知时，应该注意以下几个问题：开头应有称呼语：Boys and girls 或 Ladies and gentlemen 等。应有引起听众注意的开场白：Attention, please! 或 Be quiet, please!结尾应给听众结束通知的信号：Thats all. Thank you.或 So much for this. Thank you.口头通知的内容要讲清楚时间、地点、活动内容及注意事项。2. 书面通知 书面通知是以布告、张贴的形式出现，为醒目起见， 标题的每个字母都常大写。格式包括：标题：在正文的上面写“NOTICE”。正文：包括具体的时间、地点、活动内容及注意事项。单位：一般写在右下角，有时放在标题的上面。时间
