1、第 1 页句子成分一主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。请找出下列句子的主语并指出什么（词，短语或句子）可以充当主语。The sun rises in the east. He likes dancing. Twenty years is a short time in history. Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. What he needs is a book. It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. 常见错误分析2：动词及其短语在作
2、句子的主语时，只能使用其 to do 或 doing 的形式。其中不定式强调具体的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的动作。改错：1.play computer games does no good to us.2.Have a walk in the street is her hobby.3.Go home at once is his decision 4.Make more friends will do good to us.5.Im like computer very much.6.The story was happening the year before last.二宾语
3、：1动作的承受者-动宾请找出下列句子的宾语并指出什么可以充当宾语。I like China.He hates you. How many do you need? We need two. I enjoy working with you. I hope to see you again. Did you write down what he said? 2介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake/me/fighting? 3双宾语- 间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. 常见错误分析1：介词后跟宾语时
4、，必须为：名词、代词、ing 或 wh 型的连接词引导的从句。改错： I am fond of play basketball. Hes crazy about read story books. I am sorry for late.I felt terribly sad for absent from class.2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语或宾语时，只能使用其 to do 或 doing 的形式。其中不定式强调具体的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的动作。改错：I enjoy make friends with everyone.He wanted go home at once
5、. 三.表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词之后。英语中常见的系动词及其分类。状态系动词：用来表示主语状态：即 be 。常译为是持续系动词：用来表示主语的继续或保持某种状况或态度，主要包括 remain、keep 、stay、lie 、stand 、exist 等。保持，依然是I hope you will keep fit. We can remain friends. Please stay seated变化系动词：用来表示主语变成什么样，主要包括：become 、grow 、turn 、get 、fall 、 go 、come 、run 等。常译为变得He went
6、 mad. His hair turned grey. I fell ill.结果系动词：表示主语对应的结果，主要有：prove to be ,turn out to be 。常译为结果是感官系动词：主要有 feel 、smell 、sound 、 taste ， seem 、 appear 、look。Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.Now I feel tired.请找出下列句子的表语并指出什么可以充当表语。He is a teacher. Seve
7、nty-four! You dont look it. Five and five is ten.He is asleep. His father is in. The picture is on the wall. My watch is gone / missing / lost. To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. The question is whether they will come. 常见错误分析：1：动词及其短语在作句子的表语时，需用其非谓语形式，其中 to do 表将来的主动性动作，doing 表正
8、在进行的主动性动作，有时第 2 页也用作形容词表示主语所具有的特征；done 表示被动的已完成的动作。选择： My hobby is basketball.A: play B: playing C: to play D: played The dog was so in that toy.A: interesting B: interested C: to interest D: interest My plan is home immediately. A: go B: to go C: gone D: going.Kitty was at everything he saw.A: surp
9、rising B: surprise C: surprised D: to surprise I was at my grades.A: disappointed B: disappoint C: disappointing D: to disappoint 2：名词、代词做表语时，其数必须和主语保持一致。改错：We are student.These are panda.Its birds.3：表语常用形容词，而不用其副词形式。改错：（1）He is sadly.（2）He is friendly to everyone.（3）The food smells bad but it taste
10、s well.(4)One year later, he turned a writer. (a)(5)As time went on, his idea was proved right.四谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。1：实义动词及其短语作谓语A stitch in time saves nine.2：情态动词+ 动词原形作谓语The law can not make all men equal ,but they are equal before the law.3：助动词+ 实义动词或系动词（多为动词原形）作谓语Youd better go now ,or
11、youll be late for the interview.4：系动词+ 表语作谓语常见错误分析：1：系动词+ 表语（名、代、介、形、副、非谓语）才能构成完整的谓语。注意谓语一定要有动词的参予来完成。改错。He at home now.I against / for the plan.I in favor of this idea.The light on / off then.He dead now.I fond of pandas.He always interested in English.The book worth reading.I eager to get your hel
12、p.The girl dressed in white then. My plan to do some shopping today. I into playing table tennis. My aim to teach you well. Tom devoted to his job then.2： 情态动词和助动词虽有实义，但不能单独做谓语，必须和实义动词或系表结构一起构成复合谓语，尤其表语是形容词、副词、介词、时出现错误最多，处理方式是在表语前添加合适的系动词，多为 be 的合适形式。改错：You cant late again.He may at home.He must awa
13、y now.Tom may dead now.John must from the USA.In my opinion ,he will well soon.He didnt against the plan.Mao has dead for 32 years.They didnt through the forest.五补足语：用于补充说明其他的句子成分。有主补、和宾补两种，用于补充说明主、宾所处的状态、性质、特征等。宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。请找出下列句子的宾补并指出什么可以充当宾补。1. He found his new job boring. 2. The called t
14、heir daughter Mary. 3. This placed her in a very difficult position. 4. We went to here house but found her out. 5. What do you advise me to do？6. We thought him to be an honest man. 7. He believed them to have discussed the problem.8. He believed her to be telling the truth. 9. Did you notice him c
15、ome in？10. I saw her chatting with Nancy. 11. He watched the piano carried upstairs. 注意 1：在这个结构中，可以出现用 it 作形式上的宾语，把真正第 3 页的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中，宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。He felt it his duty to mention this to her. 分析：it 是形式宾语， his duty 是宾语补足语，to mention this to her 是真正的宾语。I think it best that you should stay wi
16、th us. 分析：it 是形式宾语， best 是宾语补足语，that you should stay with us 是真正的宾语。主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.to do , doing , -ed 作补语的区别。注意 2：-ing 作宾补表示正在进行的动作，强调动作的一部分；若宾语是动作的发出者，用其主动式，若宾语是动作的承受者用其被动式。to do 作宾补强调动作的全过程，若宾语
17、是动作的承受者，用其被动式；若宾语是动作的发出者，用其主动式。ed 作宾补表示已完成的动作，宾语是动作的承受者。选择：(1)He raised his voice to make himself.A ：hear B : heard C : hearing D: to hear (2)I couldnt do my homework with all that noise on.A : go B going C gone D to go (3)I saw him nothing at the meeting from beginning to end.A say B said C saying
18、D to say (4)The thief came in , with his hands.A tying B tied C tie D to tie 注意 3：有些动词后跟不定式时需省去符号 to ： watch , observe , see , look , look at , notice ; hear ,listen to , make , have , let , feel ,help 可带可不带。六定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。请找出下列句子的定语并指出什么可以充当定语。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher. He is our fr
19、iend. We belong to the third world. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.The man over there is my old friend. The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. The boys playing football are in Class 2. The trees planted last year are growing well now. I have an idea to do it well. You should
20、do everything that I do. 注意 1：名词作定语时，须用其单数形式，不可用其所有格或复数形式。在变为复数时，只变被修饰的名词，man 或 woman 作定语时，则两者都变。a shoe shop mens teachers 注意 2：在表示只有一人担任的头衔、职务的名词在作句子的表语、同位语、补足语、介词宾语时，不加冠词：常见的名词有： president , captain , monitor , headmaster , head-teacher , head , manager 等We elected Hu president of China.常见错误分析：1：单
21、个形容词作定语修饰不定代词时，需要后置2：表语形容词作定语时常后置如：awake 、afraid 、 asleep、 ashamed 、 alike 等。He was the only person awake at that time.3：当 else 作形容词修饰不定代词或疑问代词如：who 、what 、which 等时要后置I have something else to say.4：表示长、宽、 高、深等度量的形容词作定语时常后置。This is a room five meters wide.5：有些形容词如 present 、adopted 、concerned 、 absent
22、 、opposite 等既可前置也可后置，但意义不同：present adj: 前置：目前的 现在的 后置：出席的What do you think of the present government ?The people present are mostly famous scientists.adopted adj : 前置： 收养的.后置： 采用的He is an adopted son.Whats your solution adopted ?concerned adj: 前置 ：担心的 关心的。后置 ：有关的There is a concerned expression on he
23、r face.T he persons concerned are to be punishedabsent adj : 前置： 心不在焉的。后置： 缺席的Jack sat at the desk in an absent way.The workers absent must make up for the meeting.opposite adj : 前置 ：相反的。后置 ：对面的The bird flew away in the opposite direction.he shop opposite sells apples.overseas 既是 adj 又是 adv 作定语时意义不同
24、Overseas students =students from overseas 外国留学生第 4 页Students overseas =students who are overseas 出国留学生responsible 前置意为 “负责任的”，后置意为负责的，掌管的“ 。a responsible man 意为 “一位负责任的人”，a man responsible 则意为“一位负责人 ” involved 前置意为“复杂的”，后置意为“ 涉及的，相关的”the people involved 意为 “所涉及的人” ，the involved story 意为“复杂的经历 ”七状语：用
25、来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子。状语用副词 ,不用形容词请找出下列句子的状语并指出是什么状语。I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam.I like some of you very much. If you
26、study hard, you will pass the exam.He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 常见错误分析：1：副词作状语时，用以修饰动词、形容词、或句子；形容词作补足语时用来补充说明主、宾所的状态、性质、特征。选择：He found the question difficult / difficultly I think it impossible / impossibly for us to defeat them physically.He worked hard / hardly
27、 to realize his dream.All made it easy /easily for us to enter a key university.Dressed in nothing ,the emperor walked in the street proud / proudly.The question is great /greatly different from that one.This room is the same size /big as that one.2：分词及不定式作状语时，须贺逻辑主语保持一致，逻辑主语多为句子的主语。In order to make
28、 our city green .A: its necessary to have planted more trees.B: many more trees need to be planted.C: our city needs more trees D: we must plant more trees. time ,hell become a writer.A: Given B : Giving C: To give D: Having given While watching TV , A: the doorbell rang B: the doorbell rings C: we
29、heard the doorbell ring D: we heard the doorbell rings as a means of traffic in china ,the bike is very useful.A: used B: using C: To use D: use 八、同位语：指两个或两个以上的词语指同一个事物作同一个句子成分。请找出下列句子的同位语并指出什么可以充当同位语。Its my friend ,John.Myra herself had got a medal for her work for the agedHis old dream of going ro
30、und the world came back， but this time he would sail The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true九、插入语： 是对一句话，某一个词或词组做些附加的解释或说明有时表达说话者的态度和看法；有时起强调作用；有时是为了引起对方的注意；还可以起转移话题或说明事由的作用；也可以承上启下，使句子衔接得更紧密一些，通常用逗号与其它成分隔开，且和其他句子成分没有语法上的联系，将它删掉后，句子结构依然完整。请找出下列句子的插入语并指出什么可以充当插入语。To tell you the tr
31、uth ,Im not interested in that matter. Judging from his clothes ,he may be an artist. By the way ,how can I get to the rail station ？Do not plant ,for example ,rice year after year in the same field.This is , surely , a very good book. Most important of all ,we must learn the skills. He cant pass th
32、e exam ,because he doesnt study hard. whats more ,he isnt so clever. 第 5 页简单句的五个基本句型：一主谓结构（ 主语 不及物动词 ）在这一句型中，动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中，不及物动词可以有状语修饰。1.The sun is rising.2.Ill try.注意：在此句型中，有少数不及物动词表达被动含义，表达主语本身所具有的特性，不用被动语态。1.The book sells well.2.The window wont shut.3.The pen writes smoothly.4.Cheese
33、 cuts easily.翻译：1.会议将持续两个小时。 2.她昨天回家很晚。 3.那天早上我们谈了很多。 4.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 5 .1919 年，在北京爆发了“五.四” 运动。 6.这个盒子重五公斤。 二主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ）(1)不及物动词不能直接加宾语。如 agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply 等。(2) 不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如 agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to 等。(3)
34、 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如 begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read 等。例如：The meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物动词) The professor began his speech directly. (及物动词)The books of this kind sell well and he will sell them. (第一个 sell 为不及物动词，而第二个是及物动词) 。1 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。2 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3 这本书他读过多次了。4 他们成功地完成了计划。 5
35、 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 6 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 7 我们大家都相信 Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 8 他不知道说什麽好。三。主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ）使用系动词应注意的地方：第一，没有被动语态；第二，一般没有进行时(除了 feel 以外 )；第三，有些动词既是系动词又是普通动词。如： keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell 等。例如：After two-days treatment, he felt well again. (不用 was felt)The pet dog keeps clean. It is kept by Johnson
36、.(keeps 是系动词，而 kept 是及物动词)We grew some trees around our school and they grow green now. (grew 是及物动词，而 grow 是系动词)Just now I felt the table and it felt smooth. (第一个 felt 是及物动词，而第二个是系动词 )练习 选择一个合适的词或根据汉语提示填空，注意动词的适当形式。(1) I _(remain / keep / stay) a nurse while he has _(turn / become) engineer.(2) Put
37、the meat in the refrigerator (冰箱). It _ (go / get / turn / become) bad easily.(3) What he said _(sound / look / smell / taste) reasonable.(4) He feels _(comfortable / comfortably) working in the air-conditioned office.(5) We do morning exercises to _(keep / turn / become) healthy.(6) The apple _(tas
38、tes / is tasted) sweet. (7) Please keep _(安静); The baby has fallen _(睡着).(8) They work day and night to make their dream come _(实现).1.Iron feels cold in winter.2. This idea sounds good.3. He looks young. 4.The weather remains cool these days.5.The flowers in front of the house smell nice.翻译：1.这个报告听起
39、来很有意思。2.树叶已经变黄.3 布朗夫人看起来很健康。 4 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5 孩子们，请保持安静。 6.她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 四双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）主语-动词 -间接宾语（人） -直接宾语（物）He handed me a letter.第 6 页She sang us a folk song.如果直接宾语放在及物动词之后、间接宾语之前，那么两个宾语之间应有一个介词(to, for 等) 。He handed a letter to me.She sang a folk for us.直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。Tell him Im o
40、ut.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives？翻译：1.我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 5. 他把车票给列车员看。 6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 五动词+宾语 +宾补（ n./adj./adv./-ing/-ed/to do） 在此句型中的动词，叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的，宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。1.
41、We wished the pop singer to succeed.2.We made the young man our manager.3.The news made her happy.4. Her father made her learn drawing after school.5. When I came in, I found him writing a letter.6. My bike is broken, Ill have it repaired tomorrow.翻译：1.他的父母给他取名为 John. 2.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 3.我们要使学校变得更美丽。
42、4.他请我们参加做游戏。 5.明天我要找人来修理机器。 6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7.他每个月理一次发。 8.那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了9.他感到很难跟你交谈。 10.我想乘船去那里更舒服些。 11.学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。12.我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。练习 根据汉语或英语提示在空格上填一个恰当的单词。(1) Let him _(进来).(2) Let the student _(站) outside the classroom.(3) We made our classroom _(明亮).(4) Father have some employees _(wo
43、rk) all day and all night.(5) Did you have your bicycle _(repair)?(6) I have nothing _(do) this afternoon. Lets go swimming.(7) He kept us _(read) the story once and again.(8) The keeper kept the monkey _(在笼子里).(9) Jenny had her money _(偷了).(10) I found myself _(surround) by some snakes.(11) I would like to see the plan _(carry) out.(12) Who got the machine _(start)?(13) Jim asked me _(wait) him at the school gate.(14) The boy was made _(stand) outside the room.(15) Dont allow the guests _(smoke) here.
