1、1句 子 结 构 及 成 分 学 案第一部分 考点精讲精练 专 1 专 相关概念专专 1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，词性的掌握是非常的重要的。如果我们在记单词的时候只是把它们的拼写记下来而没有把它相应的词性记下来的话，我们就不能正确的使用它们，那么无论是写作还是口语表达中就都会犯错误，所以背单词的同时也要把他们的词性记准记牢。缩写字母 原词 代表词性n. noun 名词v. verb 动词vt. transitive verb 及物动词 vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词
2、adj. adjective 形容词adv. adverb 副词num. numeral 数词interj. interjection 感叹词pron. pronoun 代词prep. preposition 介词art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 专专 2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open 后面没跟宾语，此时，open 是不及物动词。)He opened the door.(open 后面有宾语 the door, 此时， open
3、 是及物动词)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词， 词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away.(walk 不及物，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day.( walk 及物动词， “遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash 及物动词， “洗”)The clothes was
4、hes well.(wash 不及物动词， “耐洗”) 英语中一些词及物与不及物的划分可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day.(listen 为不及物动词，而汉语中“听” 是及物动词。)专专 1. 指出下列句中划线动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物填 vt.，不及物填 vi.1. Most birds can fly.（ ）2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )3. It happened yesterday.（ ）4. My watch stopped.（ ）5. The baby sto
5、pped crying when he saw his mother. ( )6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）7. Shall I begin at once?（ ）8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）9. When did they leave Beijing?（ ）10. They left last week. （ ）专专 3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的
6、是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义， 单独作谓语，为实义动词)I like reading. （like “喜欢 ”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词）助动词助动词的“助 ”，是“ 帮助” 之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句和倒装句和帮助强调的词。 这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能 单独作谓语。 帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来帮
7、助构成 现在进行时，和 crying 一起作谓语，是助动词)He has arrived. (has 用来帮助构成现在完成时，和 arrived 一起作谓语，是助动词)I have been painting all day. （have been 用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和 painting 一起作谓语，都是助动词。 ） 帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does 帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (does 只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) 帮助构成被动语态的Tr
8、ees are planted in spring. (are 帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词)The house has been pulled down. (has been 帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词) 帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have 帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。) 帮助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday.(
9、他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did 只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词) 帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did 起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助 动词)2因此可以看出，常见的助动词为 do, be, have，它们为 基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。1. He did his homework at seven oclock. (did 单独作 谓语，意为“做”，是 实义动词)Did he do his homework yesterday? (di
10、d 是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do 是实义动词，意为“做”，是 实义动词。 )2. He has had breakfast. (has 是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，had 是实义动词，意为“吃”。 has had 一起构成了句子的 谓语 。)专专 2. 指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词：1. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? 2. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.3. Where does( ) he live ( )?4. He does ( ) some washing after work.5. He has ( ) h
11、ad ( )supper already.6. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.7. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.8. He was ( ) struck ( )by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和 实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情 态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情 态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can 的词义为“能够” )You must stay
12、at home. (must 词义为“ 必须”)I might leave tomorrow. （might 的词义为“或许” ）专专 4. 谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出 现动词时，要 变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to 构成动词不定式，在后面加 -ing 构成动名词或现在分词，在后面加-ed 构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式，动名词，现在分词和 过去分词。专专 3. 先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因：1. Get up early is good for our health.早起有利于我们的身体健康。2. I want go home
13、 now.我现在想回家。3. My favorite sport is play football.我最喜爱的运动时踢足球。4. There is a bird sings in the tree.有一直鸟正在树上唱歌。5. The boy sits over there likes singing.坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。6. The house was built last year has been sold out.去年建的那座房子已经出售了。7. The girls are singing over there are my classmates.在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。
14、8. My parents wanted him work hard.我父母亲想让他努力学习。9. I remember saw him that day.我记得那天看见过他。10. I saw him walked into the building.我看到他跑进 那座建筑物。专专 5. 主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale .A. Tasted B. Being tasted C. Tasting D. Having tasted2. The food _ delicious sells
15、 well.A. smells B. smelled C. smelling D. is smelling一些同学分别选 A 和 B。他 们说，食物是被尝起来、被闻起来，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。这种说法是错误的。非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是指“ 主动语态”和“被动语态”。1. 主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boy cry, 男孩哭，相当于主 动语态，是主 动关系。2. 被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The h
16、ouse built last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲，the house was built,房子被建，相当于被动语态，是被动关系在上两题中，逻辑关系可以表达为：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 逻辑上 food 和 taste、smell 是一种主谓关系，是主动语态，因此填现在分词。答案为：C, C.专专 6. 逻辑上的主谓关系在判断是否是宾语补足语时，一般说， “宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系”。一些同学对这句话不理解。如：He aske
17、d me to lend him some money.他让我借给他一些钱。“me”是宾语， “me to lend him some money”意为“我借给他一些钱”， 从意思上看，像一句话， “我”是主语， “借给他一些钱”是谓语部分，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系。因此可以说：“逻辑上的主 谓关系” ，是指，从意思上看像主谓关系，而实际上不是。 “to lend him some money”是宾语补足语。专专 4. 判断下列句中划线不是是否是宾语补足语。(是的填 T，不是的填 F)1. I want him to come at once. ( )2. He lent me
18、 some money. ( )3. He made the boy cry again. ( )4. The teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )5. Dont leave the door open at night. ( )专专 7. 复合结构在我们学习语法的过程中，我们可能会听说“复合宾语 ”，“动名词的复合结构” 和“动词不定式的复合结构”。实际上，这几个“复合”，都有“逻辑上的主谓关系”之意。如：1. He invited us to come to the party.(us 是宾语， to come to the party 是
19、宾语补足语；宾语和宾语补足语合一起称为复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语是逻辑上的主谓关系。)2. Its important for us to learn English well.(it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 for us to learn English well。“us”是“to learn English well”的逻辑主语，二者构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。 for somebody to do something 是动词不定式的复合结构。)3. Its very kind of you to help me.（of you to help me 也是动词不定式的复合结构。与 for s
20、omebody to do something 的区别参看，you 和 to help me 构成了逻辑上的主谓关系。 ）4. Toms coming late made our teacher angry.(Tom 迟到使我们老师生气。coming 是动名词，Toms coming late 是动名词的复合结构。Tom 是 coming late 的逻辑主语，二者是逻辑上的主谓关系。)3专专 8. 没有人称和数的变化先看下列三组句中 have, do 和 be 的变化形式1. I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book2. I enjoy watc
21、hing TV.You enjoy watching TV.We enjoy watching TV.3. He is sleeping.I am sleeping.They are sleeping.“人称的变化 ”，是指：谓语动词用什么形式，受前面主语是第几人称的影响。主语同为单数（表示一个人）， be 在第一人称 I 后用 am, 在 you 后用 are, 在 he 后用 is; do 和 have 在一、二人称后用原形，在第三人称后用为 does, has“数”是指“单数和复数”， “数的变化”是指谓语动词用什么形式，还受前面主语是单数还是复数的影响。如果主语是复数，be 要用为 a
22、re 的形式， do 和 have 用原形。如果主 语是第三人称单数，be 用为 is, do 和 have 要用为 does 和 has.情态动词没有人称和数的变化。如：He/I/We can swim.专 2 专 句子成分英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、 宾语、定语、状语和补语。 （可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主 语或宾语的一部分。专专 1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号英语中划句子成分的符号主语 在下面划一直线谓语 在下面划曲线宾语 在
23、下面划双横线定语 在下面划虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子， “钉”谐音为“定语” 的“定”）状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩， 木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语 上下双曲线， （虽都有曲折，上下位置基本相同专专 2. 主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。可以作主语的词性或语法结构：1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如 the rich）5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。专专 1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当1. During the 1990s,
24、American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have an English tes
25、t has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isnt at home is not true专专 2. 改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因1. He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2. That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.3. Beyond the mountains lie a small village.4. Gone is
26、 the days when I had to go to school on foot.5. Play basketball is my favorite sport.6. Give up English is not an option.专专专专 1. 正确运用主语的各种形式1. 在我看来，早睡早起对我们的健康有好处。 （in my opinion, get up early, go to bed early, do a lot of good to, our health.）2. 被一所重点大学录取是我的梦想。 （be admitted by a key college, my drea
27、m）3. 他这次考试不及格使他不高兴。 （fail the exam, make, upset）4. 在那两座高楼之间，矗立着我们教学楼。 （between the two tall buildings, stand, teaching building）5. 我们现在正在学的知识对我们将来的生活和工作都很有帮助。 （what we are learning now, be of great help to, our life and work, in the future）专专 3. 谓语谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语
28、构成。如：He practices running every morning.He reads newspapers every day.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.（2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如：W
29、e are students.Your idea sounds great.4专专 4. 表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状 态，它一般位于系 动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数 词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。专专 3. 划出下列句中的表语，并说明有什么充当。1. Our teacher of English is an American. 2. Is it yours? 3. The weather has turned cold. 4. The spee
30、ch is exciting. 5. Three times seven is twenty one.6. His job is to teach English.7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8. The machine must be under repairs. 9. The truth is that he has never been abroad.专专 5. 宾语宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语，分别构成动宾结构和介词结构。专专 4. 划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明有什么充
31、当。1. They planed many trees yesterday. 2. (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4. I wanted to buy a car. 5. I enjoy listening to popular music.6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.专专 6. 宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外， 还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子
32、的意 义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上， 宾语相当于宾补的主语。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make 等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介 词短语和从句充当。专专 5. 用 线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1. His father named him Dongming. 2. They painted their boat white. 3. Let the fresh air in. 4. You mustnt force him to lend his money
33、 to you. 5. We saw her entering the room.6. We found everything in the lab in good order.7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.8. I want your homework done on time.专专 7. 主补对主语的补充。 （含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的 宾补就成了主语补足语。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He
34、 was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.专专 8. 定语定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短 语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。定 语通常位于被修饰的成分前。在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。 副词用作定语一般要后置。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人） 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一
35、般放在所修饰词之后The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人） 介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩） 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式做定语常后置I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The h
36、ouse built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）专专 6. 口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并 说明定语是什么词性或结构充当。1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.3. We need a place twice larger than this one.4. She carried a basket full of eggs.5. Its a book worth no more th
37、an one dollar.6. Its a city far from the coast.7. He has money enough to buy a car.8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see yo
38、u12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home13. There are many clothes to be washed. 14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.5专专专专 2. 用活形容词短语做后置定语1. 你认识 Tom 旁边的那个人吗？（know, next
39、to）2. 尽早把他送到距你家最近的医院。 （sendto, nearest to, as soon as possible）3. 我们有一个能容下 3000 学生用餐的餐厅。 （dining hall, large enough, hold）专专 9. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状 语。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.(写地认 真，走地慢，修 饰动词 用副词，作状语)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）He runs very
40、slowly.（修饰副词 slowly, 因此 very 是副词，做状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词，做状语）1. 几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：He worked hard at his lessons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.专专专专 3. 正确安排并列状语的顺序1. 那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。 （do his homework,
41、in the classroom, carefully, at the moment）2. 我们上周日在我们校园内载了很多树。 （ plant lots of trees, in the schoolyard）3. 他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。 （perform incredibly well, speech contest）2. 频度副词 often, always, usually, sometimes, never 等在句中的位置位于情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。You can never tell what he will do.He is often late.
42、He is always helping others.He often came late.专专专专 4. 注意频度副词的位置1. 我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。 （will, forget, what he told me, never）2. 我经常去那家超市。 （frequently, the supermarket）3. 他总是帮助别人。 （ help others, always）4. 我们什么时候都不能那样对待老人。 （ treat an old man like that）5. 活到老，学到老。 （never, too old to learn）3. 状语按意义分类在句子成分中
43、，主语、谓语、宾语、定 语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步专专 7. 指出下列划线部分属于什么状语1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care
44、. 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
45、11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 专专 10. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard
46、. / (students 是 we 的同位语，都是指同一批 学生）We all are students. / (all 是 we 的同位语，都指同样的我们）Its good to us students. 专专 8. 选择正确答案，并口头说出句中那个是同位语1. The young man, _ ,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me 2. Our English teacher, _ , often helps us with study.A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wang
47、s C. Mrs. Wangs . D. of him 63. _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs 专 3 专 简单句的五种基本结构英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握 这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型结构如下：主语 谓语 用符号表示为： （主谓） （主谓宾） （主谓间宾直宾） （主谓 宾宾补） （主系表）主语（subject） 谓语（predicate）、宾语（object） 定语（attri
48、bute ）状语(adverbial) 补语（complement）表语（predicative）专专 1. 基本句型 一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常 见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay,
49、sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )专专 1. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种1. Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2. Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3. He is smiling all over his face. ( )4. I did well in English. ( )5. He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )专专 2. 基本句型 二： （
