句子结构及成分2.doc

1、1句子结构及成分（二）7. 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的 表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。考点 1. 若修饰 some, any, every, no 构成的复合不定代词时， （如：something、nothing）,定语通常置后。I have something important to tell you.(important 修饰 something,却放在后面)There is nothing interesting in the book.（ interesting 修饰 nothing）考点 2. 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 Peop

2、le there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He went up to a policeman downstairs. （楼下的警察）考点 3. 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点 4. 介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tr

3、ee is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点 5. 名词作定语一般用单数，但当 woman, man 作定语且后面名词为复数时，2woman man 也要用复数boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses考点 6. 动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话 )The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩

4、）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点 7. 动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别 This is a swimming pool.(动名词作定语，表功能)The sleeping boy is only five.（现在分词作定语， 表正在进行）考点 8. Else, 别的，其它的，通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语Who else do you know?Somebody else might have taken it away.You can see these signs in a hospital. _ can you

5、 see them?A. Where else B. Where place elseC. Where else place D. Else where考点 9. enough 修饰名词可前置或后置, enough 修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。Nearby 可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置1) I havent got enough money. I cant afford it.（形容词作定语）2) We have time enough to do the work. （形容词短语作定语）3) You cant be careful enough. (副词作状语)3) If

6、 you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副词作定语）= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容词作定语）3用 划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的1. Tom is a handsome boy. 2. His boy needs Toms pen. 3. The boy in blue is Tom.4. The boy needs a ball pen.5. The boy there needs a pen.6. The boy

7、 to write this letter needs a pen.7. There is nothing to do today. 8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 9. There are five boys left.10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.11. The boy you will know is Tom.12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked

8、 out.13. He is reading an article about how to learn English. 14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. 15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.8. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。可由以下形式表示：He writes carefully. He

9、walks slowly.(写地认真，走地慢，修饰动词用副词)This material is environmentally friendly.（修饰形容词用副词）He runs very slowly.（修饰副词 slowly, 因此 very 是副词）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. （修饰整个句子用副词）4考点 1. 形容词、副词的选择修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子用副词，作状语作定语、表语和补语时一般用形容词可简单的归结为：形修名，作表、定；副作状，修饰 副、形 动He is careful.（作表语，用形容词）He is a car

10、eful boy.（作定语， 用形容词）练习: 选择最佳答案。1. These oranges taste _. (全国卷)A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well2. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes _. (全国卷)A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening3. Mum, I think Im _ to get back to school. Not really, my dear. Youd better stay at

11、home for another day or two. (全国卷)A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough4. We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell_. A. well; well B. bad; badly C. well; badly D. badly; bad5. _, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and car

12、eless. A. Strangely enough B. Enough strangely C. Strange enough D. Enough strange6. Carl felt _because he won the first prize in the school singing competition. 安徽省A. interested B. proud C. angry D. worried7. The suitcase was _heavy for me to carry，so I pulled it up the stairs and into my flat 沈阳A

13、quite B so C very Dtoo8. John is much shorter than his sister，but he jumps _she does5Aas good as B as best as Cas high as Das higher as考点 2. 几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是：方式地点时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.考点 3. 频度副词如 often、alwa

14、ys、usually 等在 be 及助动词动词后,行为动词前。He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.考点 4. 副词按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步一. 方式副词suddenly 突然地 rapidly 迅速地 warmly 热烈地 successfully 成功地quickly 很快地 carefully 仔细地 proudly 骄傲地 an

15、grily 愤怒地二. 地点、方向副词here 这里 there 那里 outside 在外 inside 在内away 远离 straight 径直地 upstairs 上楼 backwards 向后三. 时间副词now 现在 then 当时 soon 不久 still 依然tomorrow 在明天 yesterday 在昨天 already 已经 yet 仍四. 频度副词（又称：频率副词）always 总是 usually 通常 frequently 频繁地 often 经常6sometimes 有时 seldom 很少，不常 rarely 罕有地 never 从不五. 程度副词very

16、非常 quite 十分 too 太 pretty 相当rather 稍微 extremely 极端地 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎练习：指出下列划线部分属于什么状语1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5. She came in with

17、a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very har

18、d though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 9. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students 是 we 的同位语，都是

19、指同一批 学生）7We all are students. / (all 是 we 的同位语，都指同样的我们）Its good to us students. 1 The young man, _ ,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me 2. Our English teacher, _ often helps us with study.A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wangs . D. of him 3. _, some railway workers

20、, are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs10. 独立成分有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。肯定词 yes 否定词 no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束 .一. 简单句的五种基本结构英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩

21、大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）8五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, ag

22、ree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种1) Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2) Gradually a smile appeared on her fa

23、ce. ( )3) He is smiling all over his face. ( )4) I did well in English. ( )5) He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )基本句型 二： （主系表）系动词主要是be. 但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。常见的半系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound 等；（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand

24、等；（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow 等。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语9He is a student. ( )Your idea sounds great. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种, 并写出该句的系动词。1) His advice proved right. ( )2) The shop stays open till 8 oclock. ( )3) The machine went wrong. ( )4) All these efforts seem i

25、n vain. ( )5) These words sound reasonable. ( )6) The room soon became crowded. ( )7) The days are getting longer and longer. ( )8) He fell ill yesterday. ( )9) Trees turn green in spring. ( )10) What you said sounds great. ( )基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、

26、分词以及从句等。如，She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种1. My brother hasnt done his homework ( )2. People all over the world speak English. ( )3. Jim cannot dress himself. ( )104. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. ( )5. He did not know

27、what to say. ( )基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give 给，pass 递，bring 带，show 显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：He give me a cup of tea. ( )强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能说

28、Bring me it, please。)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助 to 的）allow, bring, deny, do(带来）, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write 等（需借助 for 的）bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏

29、)，save, sing, spare 等He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1. She ordered herself a new dress. ( )2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. ( )113. He brought you a dict

30、ionary. ( )4. He denies her nothing. ( )5. I showed him my pictures. ( )6. I gave my car a wash. ( )7. I told him that the bus was late. ( )8. He showed me how to run the machine. ( )基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关

31、系，它们一起构成复合宾语。The war made him a soldier.（ 他成为一个士兵，构成逻辑上的主谓关系）New methods make the job easy. （ ）I often find him at work. （ ）The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （ ） I saw a cat running across the road.分析下列句子划分成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种, 并指出是什么充当句子的宾语补足语1. They appointed him manager. （

32、）2. They painted the door green. （ ）3. He pushed the door open. （ ）4. They found the house deserted. （ ）5. What makes him think so? （ ）126. We saw him out. （ ）7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ）8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）9. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （ ）10. Ill have

33、 my bike repaired. （ ）11. We elected him monitor. （ ）12. Dont keep the lights burning. （ ）6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。考点 1. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，现在有 there is / are 过去有 there was / were将来有 there will be/ there is / are go

34、ing to be.现在已经有 there has / have been可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been.过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 考点 2. 此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替 be 动词。Eg. There lived an old

35、 man at the foot of the mountain.There came a shout for “help“.There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk. 13There stands a tree on the hill.考点 3. There be 与 have 的区别There be 某地有某物，某时有某事have 表示某人拥有某物。且记：没有 there has a book on the desk. There has a meeting this evening.这样的表达方法练

36、习：翻译下来句子1. 我有许多好朋友。2. 今天晚上将有一场电影。3. 公园内有许多人。4. 树上有许多小鸟。5. 一条狗有四条腿和一个尾巴。练习 ：划分句子成分练习练习 1. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1) Tees turn green when spring comes.2) The old man was feeling very tired.3) His job is to train swimmers.4) Where he was buried remained unknown.5) What he said proved true.6) We

37、 must keep quiet.7) The shop stayed open until eleven.8) She appeared younger than she really was.9) His face went red.10)He fell ill last week.1411)The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious.从上面我们可以看出， 常见的系动词有，_, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _等，它们后面一般跟_词作表语。练习 2. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，体会 it 的替

38、代性用法。1) It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree.2) It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.3) It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.4) The chairman thought it necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .5) She made

39、it her duty to look after all the other peoples affairs in that town. 6) I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work7) He made it known to his friends that he didnt want to enter politics.8) I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it.从上面我们可以看出，作形式主语和形

40、式宾语一般用代词_, 真正的主语或宾语通常是_或_, 放在后面。练习 3. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，留意定语是什么词性或结构充当，并留意定语的位置。1) Comrades in her group often help her with grammar.2) The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors.3) The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.4) After the third period there is a long break fo

41、r rest and exercise.5) Any man with a little sense can see that he is exactly like a rope.6) People all over the world speak English.157) The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .8) We need a place twice larger than this one.9) The man downstairs was trying to sleep.10) Every night he heard t

42、he noise upstairs.11) She carried a basket full of eggs.12) Its a book worth no more than one dollar.13) Its a city far from the coast.14) Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .15) He has money enough to buy a car.16) Do you have anything else to say?17) There is little time left.18) There

43、were few people present at the meeting.19) Once there lived a king whose name was Midas.20) The film we saw last night was about the War of Liberation.21) The house that stands at the foot of the hill is a rest-home for the workers.22) He told us a story, which moved many of us to tears.23) The firs

44、t thing I dug up was a piece of white cloth.24) Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.从上面我们可以看出，_, _, _和_ 作定语时常后置。练习 4. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1) What he said is true.2) We must do what the party told us to do.3) That is what interested her most.164) We mus

45、t do whatever the people want us to do.5) Whoever smokes here will be punished.练习 5. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，并说明是什么词性或结构作宾语。1) I hope to see him as soon as possible. 2) He wouldnt mind being left alone. 3) We are considering making a new plan. 4) It just missed being caught. 5) She admitte

46、d having taken the key. 6) My brother regretted missing a lecture given by Professor Liu.7) I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you a job.8) I stopped to take a break.9) She tried living alone. 10) These young trees require looking after carefully. 11) Missing the train means waiting

47、for an hour. 12) I meant to have called you. 13) To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly.14) To save money now seems impossible.15) Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.从上面我们可以看出，动词原形不能作主语、宾语，要变为_或_之后才能作主语和宾语。练习 6. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译, 体会宾语与宾补之间的逻辑关系，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。1) She found it difficult to do the work. 172) They made him monitor of the class. 3) We will make our school more beautiful. （4)