1、虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:主句+ 从句 与现在事实相反： would/ 情态动词过去式+ were (不分人称)/did与过去事实相反： would/ 情态动词过去式+ had done与将来事实相反： would/ 情态动词过去式+ should do / were to do如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, shoul
2、d there be a sudden loud noise.(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反
3、)(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而 “父母病了”是事实)I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of las
4、t week. (前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)2.名词性从句的虚拟形式 名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。(1)下列动词做谓语时，that 宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, propose, prefer, urge, 如： In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in
5、 the home.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that 主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recomm
6、ended, requested, required, suggested。如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice. (3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, o
7、rder, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that ou
8、r representative be sent to the conference on schedule.3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过 if 从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。(1)连词 but, but that, or, or else；副词 otherwise, unfortunately 等表示转折假设。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.Victor obviously
9、 doesnt know whats happened; otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plan 或 was/were +不定式完成式或 had intended/m
10、eant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.4.常用虚拟形式的句型(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：would ratherIf onlyIt is (high) time that(从句中动词只用过去式 )如：His wife would rathe
11、r they didnt talk about the matter any more.Id rather you went by train, because I cant bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.(2)If it were not for (与现在事实相反 ) If it had not been for (与过去事实相反) 相当于 but for。如：
12、If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.(3)If only谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell
13、 lest he injure himself.(5)whetheror有时谓语用 be 的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.Beneath each of the fol
14、lowing sentences， there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1) His eyes are blood-shot, he _overnight.A. should work B. should have worked C. would have worked D. must have worked2) He urged that we _ immediate ac
15、tion to control the disease.A. take B. will take C. would take D. shall take3) Would you please find me a garage _?A. to park my car B. to parking my car C. to park my car in D. to parking my car4) As soon as Mother entered the room, I stopped _TV and began _my homework.A. to watchdoing B. watchingt
16、o doC. to watchto do D. watchingdoing5) It is estimated that my income this year is 3 times _it was 3 years ago.A. much B. than C. what D. whenKeys to 15 D A C B C 6) We have to set up more schools to _the demand of the increasing children of school age. A. match B. meet C. suit D. respond7) We can
17、_ people in most parts of the world through Internet.A. communicate to B. commit with C. command on D. communicate with 8) The representatives _ a conclusion after further discussion.A. drew B. came C. completed D. established9) How could you avoid the traffic accident when you were at such a _?A. h
18、urry B. worry C. mood D. speed10) The careless bus driver should be _ for the traffic accident.A. represent B. respective C. responsible D. relevantKeys to 610 B D A D C11) He admitted _ the money.A. taken B. taking C. take D. to12) Mr. Smiths dog was _ by a car and killed.A. taken over B. run over
19、C. fell down D. trapped 13) If the Olympic _ here, the city _ greatly improved.A. comewill be B) comewill C) will comewill be D) will comeis14) My bicycle _ so I had to go to school by bus.A. broke downB. broke up C. fell down D. fell off15) I _ a bunch of flower from Bob, but I didnt _.A. receiveda
20、ccept B. acceptedreceive C. receivedrefuse D. acceptedtake16) Judy _ the Great Wall twice, and now she still _ to go there.A. has been to wants B. went to wantedC. has gone to .wants D. goes to wants17) To our satisfaction, the performance _ to be a success.A. turned in B. show up C. showed off D. t
21、urned out18) The Prime Minister is very popular, _ he will win the next election.A. but B. then C. furthermore D. so 19) Every time I ask a question, most students _ their hands.A. raise B. rise C. lift D. move20) If the boss fires me, I shall take _ against him.A. process B. measures C. ways D. met
22、hods11-20 B B A A A A D D A B21) Youd better take an umbrella with you, for its raining _ outside.A. badly B. heavy C. heavily D. bad22) It would be appreciated if you _ the payment terms by fax tomorrow.A. consider B. confirm C. convince D. draft23) Many of the villagers died of a _ disease in the
23、old days.A. mysterious B. secret C. closing D. confidential24) You may read any of these books, _ you must put it in place after use.A. but B. or C. and D. for25) Both of his legs were _ in a serious car accident.A. damaged B. ruined C. injured D. wounded26) After long time negotiation, they signed
24、the _.A. contact B. treaty C. terms D. contract27) We are both looking forward _ next month.A. to have a holiday B. to go on a holidayC. to going on holiday D. to be on holiday28) Many blacks in southern states joined the army when American Civil War _.A. was broken out B. broke out C. was broken of
25、f D. broke off29) Production increased soon after the new management _ our company.A. was introduced into B. introduced into C. was introduced to D. introduced to30) _ I admit that the problem is very serious, I dont mean that it cannot be solved. A. As if B. As C. Since D. While21-30 C B A A C D C
26、B A D31) _ had we got into the country when it began to rain.A. Hardly B. Nearly C. Almost D. Mostly32) The clerks in the office _not to make such a big fuss.A. should B. ought C. dare D. may33) To my disappointment, he didnt _ his lessons and repeated the mistake.A. accept B. receive C. learn D. ab
27、sorb34) The school authority has insisted that the present rules and regulations _ to operate.A. continues B. would continue C. continued D. continue35) _here a few minutes earlier, you would have met professor Smith.A. Did you arrive B. Would you arrive C. Should you arrive D. Had you arrived36) If
28、 I am attacked, I cannot but _ back in self-defense.A. fight B. to fighting C. to fight D. fighting37) Let us stay here for another two nights, _?A. will you B. do you C. shall we D. will we38) When the parents heard the bad news about their son, they _ completely. A. broke up B. broke down C. broke
29、 off D. broke out39) _ the railway station, my friends waved again and again to me.A. When to leave B. They left C. Left D. When leaving40) When the plane _, I said goodbye to my motherland.A. took away B. took out C. took off D. took down31-40 A B C D D C A B D C41) The librarian required that all
30、books _ returned at the end of the semester.A. are B. be C. would be D. must be42) Do you still remember _ when you broke the law two years ago?A. to be punished B. having punished C. being punished D. to have punished43) They look exactly the same, and how can I _ which is which?A. tell B. contrast
31、 C. separate D. compare44) The reason for the low quality of the products was _ one worker in assembly line was absent-minded.A. why B. because C. what D. that45) Youd rather work than play, _?A. do you B. wouldnt youC. would you D. dont you46) I _ in the kitchen when you knocked at the door, and th
32、ats why I _ hear you.A. was cooking, didnt B. had cooked, hadntC. was cooking, hadnt D. cooked, didnt47) The beauty of the West Lake is _any word.A. past B. beyond C. above D. without48) The old couple had not appeared for a long time, their neighbors thought they _.A. must have died B. should have
33、died C. would have died D. ought to have died49) The child was _ to touch the vase on the table.A. tall enough barely B. barely enough tallC. barely tall enough D. enough barely tall50) Only when you get to the top of the mountain _a good view of the whole city.A. you will have B. had you C. you hav
34、e D. will you have 41-50 B C A D B A B A C DFor bargaining:1. Most people see bargaining as a way of enjoying life; they can buy things at the lowest possible price.2. People who like to bargain are those who think that bargaining is the best way to save their money. That is, use less money to get t
35、he best of what they want.3. Some people enjoy bargaining because they can experience the achievement of saving money. They can use the money that would have been wasted to do other things. To buy products at the lowest price is their top priority4. To people who like bargaining at every opportunity
36、, “bargaining” is just like a game. They cant help bargaining. Even in some places, “bargaining” becomes a custom. If you dont bargain with the vendor, maybe others will take you to be a stranger!5. Some people like to bargain because they think that lowering the price will enable them to afford the
37、 product they are interested in.6. Some people think bargaining is a challenge. They get interested in it. If they can bargain successfully, they develop the sense of achievement.7. Add more points here Against bargaining:1. Some people dont want to become bargain hunters, because they think offerin
38、g low prices may make sellers think their customers are poor or stingy. Besides, many people think it is shameful to bargain. (They are ashamed to bargain.) They think it is not necessary to argue over one or two yuan they think its not necessary. 2. Some people never bargain when they buy things be
39、cause they dont want to make the vendor feel uncomfortable by offering cheap prices. Sometimes they dont want to be assertive (强人所难) Some of them want to give the impression that they can afford anything. 3. Some people refuse to bargain because they think they cannot afford it. So they simply give
40、up. Some people even think that bargaining is shameful. It might appear that he or she is too poor to afford the asking price. 4. Some people think bargaining is embarrassing because they want to show they are rich, and they can afford anything they want. 5. Some think the vendors will get angry so
41、they dare not to bargain.6. Some people dont like bargaining because they think they are likely to be cheated when the sellers give discount, maybe the quality is not good, maybe the price the seller offers now is as unreasonable as the original price, maybe they can buy it at a lower price than the seller offers, etc.7. Add more points here.
