1、1语法一 主从复合句（状从、名从和定从）I.句子的种类复习主从复合句时，我们首先要对句子的种类有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主从复合句的知识。按用途分种 类类 型 例 句肯定句 We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。陈述句 否定句They dont go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。一般疑问句Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？Havent you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？ 疑问句特殊疑问句Who is the man? 这人是谁？When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？What a
2、re they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？2选择疑问句Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。反意疑问句They are going to the airport, arent they? 他们要去机场，是吗？You havent finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？肯定句Be sure to get there at
3、eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。祈使句否定句Dont worry. Ill help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。what + 名词What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀 !how + 形容词或副词How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！how +句子 How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!感叹句How + adj.+a (an) + n.=What a(
4、an)+adj.+nHow nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!按结构分3种类类型 例 句主+谓 They disappeared. 他们消失了。主+谓+宾He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。We help each other. 我们互相帮助。主 +谓+间宾 +直接宾I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。主 +谓+宾+宾补They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克
5、。I want everything ready by eight oclock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。简单句主+系+表She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。并列句并列关系 and, not onlybut also, neither nor, bothand, notbut,Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。Neither Tom nor Jack has finished
6、the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 Not couldnt they complete the task, but the task was too tough.不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。 4转折关系but,while（而，尽管）nevertheless(然而；不过)John likes playing basketball, but he didnt play it yesterday.约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。选择关系 or, otherwise or else, eitherorWe must hurry, or well miss the train.
7、我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。因果关系 for, so, thus, therefore, and soWe had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。He didnt work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，
8、从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）状语从句定语从句（详细请看以下内容）5第一部分 ： 定 语 从 句一、基本概念： 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 注意：（1）定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；（2）定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。 （3）引
9、导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose，as关系副词有：when, where, why. 二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 关系代词引导的定语从句, 关系代词引导定语从句时，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语等句子成分。指代对象在从句中所做的成分 人 物 人+物 可否省略主语 who/that which/that that 不可宾语 who/whom/that which/that that 可表语 that that that 可定语 whose/of whom whose/of which 不可6This is the detective
10、who came from London.The book whichthat I am reading is written by Thomas Hardy.The desk whose leg is broken is very old.This is the room thatwhich Shakespeare was born in.注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词 who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用 whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词 which 和 that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 1作定语用 whose =t
11、he+ n+ of of which=of which the + n(a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week. (b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注意： “介词 + whose +名词”引导定语从句。如：I love my motherland, for whose good future I will work hard. 门是蓝色的那间房是我的。2作表语只用 that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is n
12、o longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. 3、 as 在定语从句中的用法:：as 可以引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句（1）. as 引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如，就像”之意。它在从句中可充当主语、宾语或表语。 例The elephants nose is like a snake， as anybody can see.7（2）as 引导限制性定语从句多与 such、so 或 the same 连用，它可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。Such p
13、eople as were mentioned by him were honest.I shall do it in the same way as you did.（3）. as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置as 引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面、中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但 which 所引导的非限制性定语从句一般只能放在主句之后。例如：As had been expected， the England team won the football match.The earth runs around the sun， as is known to everyo
14、ne.注意 ：the samethat 与 the sameas 在意思上是不同的。例如：This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.这个书包和我昨天丢的相似。（相似物）This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.这正是我昨天丢的那个书包。（同一物）（二）关系副词的用法： 1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。 Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when 时常
15、可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 2where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, 8house, room, city 等， This is the hotel where they are staying. I forget the house where the Smiths lived. 3. why 指原因或理由
16、，它的先行词只有 reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon. (三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 1 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which 结构： when = on (in, at, during) + which; where = in (at, on) + which; why = for which. 如： I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where (=in which) he works is
17、on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 2 当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等和表地点的 place, house 等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用 which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where 试比较： Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. Ill never forget the days which/that we spent
18、 together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 3 when 和 where 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而 why 只能引导限制性定语从句。 94as 和 which 引导定语从句的区别有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用 which 或 as 来引导。如： He passed th
19、e exam, which/as he hoped he would. （1）as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而 which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They are hollow, which makes them very light. As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China. （2）从意义上讲，which 指前面主句的内容；而 as 指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象 那样” 。 （3）as 引导的非限制性定语从句表示积极的意义，与主句是顺理成章的关系，绝不能与之矛盾。若非限制性定语从句表示消极的意义，则只
20、用 which。如：He has succeeded in his career, as / which we all hope. 他在事业中成功了，这正是我们大家所希Her grandma died last week, which made her very sad. 她的奶奶逝世了，这使得她很悲伤。(4) 当非限制性定语从句的引导词前面有介词时，只能用 which, 而不可用 as。如：He has a new computer, for which he paid nearly ten thousand Yuan. (5) 当关系代词代替主句中的宾语从句或复合结构(如：宾+补；不定式短
21、语；动词-ing 形式短语等) 时，一般只能用 which, 而不用 as。如：She told us that there was something wrong with her bike, which was true。He asked her to help him with his English, which she did. 10(6) 关系代词仅代表主句中的谓语部分时，从句中谓语部分被省略而只保留情态动词的否定式或助动词否定式，引导词一般只用 which, 而不用 as。如：He speaks English very fluently, which I cant. (7) 关
22、系代词作定语修饰后面的名词时，一般只用 which, 而不用 as。如：He suggested going swimming in the river, which idea we agreed with. (8) 关系代词仅代表主句中单个的名词时，一般只用 which, 而不用 as。如：He sent me a beautiful present, which I valued very much. (9) as 在非限制性定语从句中，还常跟 such 连用。如：There was a look of love in the teachers eyes, such as mothers
23、have for their children. 老师眼里流露出对他喜爱的神情，就好像母亲对孩子的喜爱。(10) as 常用于一些固定结构中。如：as is well known / as we all know 众所周知；as is said above 正如上面所说；as might be imagined 正像所想象的那样；as is reported 如报道所说；as has been pointed 如所指出的那样；as is expected 正如所料。5在正式文体中，以 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以 in which 或 that 引导，如： The way i
24、n which you answered the questions was admirable. 但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略 in which 或 that : The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious. I dont like the way (that) you laugh at her. 11四关系词的选择 1 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用 who 指人，which 指物；关系代词做宾语，常用 whom（口语中有时用 who）指人，which 指物，它们都不能用 that 代替。 2 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是
25、在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用 whom 指人， which 指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如： Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to? The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke. 3 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用 which 或 that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用
26、that，不用 which： (1) 当先行词是 all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing 等词时。如： All that can be done has been done. (2) 当先行词被 all, any no, much, little, few, every 等限定词所修饰时。如： We heard clearly every word that he said. (3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如： The first thing that sh
27、ould be done is to get the tickets. When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake. (4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容 词最高级同时修饰时，如： 12Thats the most expensive hotel that weve ever stayed in. This novel is the second best one that I have ever read. (5) 当先行词被 the v
28、ery, the only, the next, the last 等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find. (6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如： The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most. (7)
29、 当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? 4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用 who(m)或 that，二者常可互换。 但在下列情况中，用 who(m)，而不用 that：(1) 当先行词是 one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody 等词时。如： Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few w
30、ho managed to live through the enemy prison camp. 注：在非正式文体中可以说：Youre the one that knows where to go.) (2) 当先行词是 he, they, those, people, person 等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet. Those who are against the proposal put up your hands. 注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用 he that。如： 13He that pr
31、omises too much means nothing. (3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如： Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting? (4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用 who(m)。如： A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German. Theres only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to se
32、e. I was the only person in my office who was invited. (5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用 who(m)来引导，如： She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar. 5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that: (1) 当主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us th
33、at knows anything does not know this? (2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has ever lived. (3) 当先行词被 the only, the very, the last 等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me. 6. 当先行词被 the same 所修饰时，关系词既可以用 as，也可以用 that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用 as，表示同一事物多用 that。 14
34、如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。 This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。 7. 当先行词前有 such, so, as 时，关系词应当用 as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesnt understand. He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.
35、At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can. It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read. Lets discuss such things as we can talk of freely. 注意的问题1、 the only one of + n + 定语从句（用单数谓语动词）one of + the +n+定语从句（用复数动词）2、 such as 引导定语从句 与 such that 引导结果状
36、语从句This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand. This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it. 3、 当 situation, condition,stage, point，scenes 做先行词时，用 where 引导定语从句4 、when 的先行词通常是 time, day, season, age, occasion 等时间名词There are occasions when (=on
37、which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。5、 where 引导的定语从句与地点状语从句的区别15Please make a mark where you have any question.(从句： )Please make a mark at the place where you have any question. (从句： )6、 the way 做先行词时，关系词的选择应根据 the way 在定语从句中所做的成分来决定I dont like the way_he is treated The way_you thought of to solve t
38、he problem is very usefulPlease find a way _is the key to solving the problem7、 the reason 做先行词时，关系词的选择应根据 the reason 在定语从句中所做的成分来决定The reason_I was late was that I was caught in a traffic jamI dont believe the reason_he gave for his being late8、介词+which 引导的定语从句中介词的选择：9. 在下列情况下，一般只用 of whom 和 of whi
39、ch。(1) 定语从句的主语是 few, little, some, most, many, much 等时，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。In the room are lots of people, many of whom I dont know. He has a lot of story-books, a few of which I have never read. (2) 定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。如：The old man has three children, two of whom are co
40、llege students and one of whom is a manager. 那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。16(3) 定语从句的主语是 all, none, both, neither, each 等不定代词时，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。如 There are fifty students in our class, all of whom are working hard. He planted two trees last year, both of which are growing well. (4) 在定语从句中作表语的定语时
41、，一般只用 of whom 和 of which。如：He has three brothers, of whom Li Lei is the youngest one. There are many countries in Asia, of which China is the largest one. 10、表示部分与整体 of which/whom在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which/whom 或者 of which/whom都可以。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数，也可以是few, several, some, half, many, much, mo
42、st, all, none, either, neither, a quarter, a number, the larger, the smallest, the majority 等。Our school has 80 teachers, 50 of whom (=of whom 50) are women. He has lots of books, most of which are English ones. 注意 这里的 of which 不能用 whose 代替，这与表示所属关系的 of which 不同：The room the door of which (=whose do
43、or) is blue belongs to me. 11、注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. (作状语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. (2)Ill never forget the days when we lived together. (作状语)比较：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. (作及
44、物动词 spent 的宾语)17(3)The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. (作状语，用关系副词)比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated. ( 作 gave的宾语，用关系代词)12、关系词的选择方法(1)一看先行词的意义即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who 或 whom，指人时通常不用 which 等。(2)二看关系词的句法功能即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作
45、定语还是状语等，如作定语通常用 whose，有时也用 which；作状语要用 when, where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如I forget the time when he will come.(when 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)I forget the time that he told me. 我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)The reason why he cant come is that
46、 he is ill. 他不能来的原因是他病了。(why 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he told me is not true. 他告诉我的原因不真实。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)18(3) 三看定语从句的种类即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如 that 和 why 通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如：If youve really said that to her, _ will cause real trouble.A. that B. which C. as D. wha
47、t此题答案是 A，不是 B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填 which。正确的理解是 ：If youve really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填 that 用作主句主语12、关系代词做定语从句的主语时，从句谓语动词的形式与先行词一致。He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man第二部分 状语从句状语从句是每年高考必考的内容，在高考试题中加上其它从句的干扰，以及倒装句，强调句的介入，使得状语从句更为复杂。1.时间状语从句由下列连词引导：when,whil
48、e,as,before,after,once,till,until,since,as soon as,now that,hardlywhen,scarcelywhen,no soonerthan,有一些表示时间的副词（短语）或名词短语也可引导时间状语从句。如：directly,instantly,immediately,by the time，the moment,the second,the minute,the instant,every time,each time,next time,the last time等19重点内容如下：when,while,as 引导的时间状语从句as 表示
49、 “当 的时候”，往往和 when/ while 通用，但它着重强调主句与从句的动作或事情同时或几乎同时发生。She came up as I was cooking.(同时)The runners started as the gun went off.(几乎同时)when(at or during the time that )既可以表示在某一点的时候，又可表示在某一段时间内，主句与从句的动作或事情可以同时发生也可以先后发生。It was raining when we arrived.(指时间点)When we were at school, we went to the library every day.(在一段时间内)When we arrived there,the film had already begun.(先后发生)while 意思是“ 当 的时候”或“在某一段时间里” 。主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词。在 when
