1、语法部分二、非谓语动词动名词1. 习惯只能加动名词作宾语的动词：避免错过少延期 avoid miss delay建议完成多练习 suggest finish practice喜欢想象禁不住 like/enjoy imagine cant help + doing承认否定和嫉妒 admit deny envy逃脱冒险莫原谅 escape risk excuse忍受保持不在意 stand keep mind2. 带动名词的习惯短语：A）be used/get used to、be objective to、look forward to、oppose to、object to、pay attent
2、ion to、be opposed to、devote oneself toB）be worth、give up、be busy、feel like、prevent/ stop/ keep.from、spend/ waste.in doing sth.3. 带动名词和不定式有差别的动词：有 9 个动词既可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同。remember 、forget, try、mean 、stop、regret,want、 need、require 。注：remember to do sth.指记住（别忘记）要做某事，remember doing sth. 记得（回忆起）曾做
3、过某事；forget to do sth 指忘了要做某事，forget doing sth.忘了要做某事；try to do sth 指试图做某事，try doing sth.试试看（试过） ；mean to do sth 指打算，有意图，mean doing sth.意味着，就是；stop to do sth 停下来做某事，此为目的状语，stop doing sth.停止做某事。Regret to do sth 对现在要发生的事表示“遗憾”，regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示“后悔”。want to do sth 指希望，想要； want doing sth.需要， requ
4、ire to do sth 指需要，required doing sth.主动式表示被动。现在分词1. -ing 分词的否定形式是由 not 加-ing 分词构成。如：Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。2. -ing 分词的一般式和完成式：.-ing 分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：B
5、eing a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。3. -ing 分词的被动式：.-ing 分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing 分词动作的承受者。根据-ing 分词动作发生的时间，-ing 分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done) 。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨
6、论的问题很重要。They are talking about his having been criticizing by the teacher.他们正在谈论他被老师批评的事 。Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking.被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。注意：在 need, want, require, be worth 等动词(短语) 后，作宾语的 -ing 分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清
7、洗一下了。This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。4. -ing 分词的语法作用 .-ing 分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。1)ing 分词（短语）作主语：Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。在下面两种结构中，-ing 分词也作主语。为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use c
8、rying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。Its a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。在 There is no 结构中，通常用-ing 分词。如：There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。2) -ing 分词（短语）作表语：His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。The problem is quite p
9、uzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。3) -ing 分词作宾语：ing 分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。-ing 分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。They dont feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no di
10、fficulty (in) communicating with foreigners.我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？4) -ing 分词作定语：单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车sleeping car 卧车 a sleeping child 一个酣
11、睡的孩子 the exciting news 令人振奋的消息a boring speech 令人乏味的演出-ing 分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。ing 分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat,
12、ranto her with joy.当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。5) -ing 分词做状语： .-ing 分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。-ing 分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，可由连词 when, while 引出。While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。-ing 分词短语作原因状语，相
13、当于一个原因状语从句。如：Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him.因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night.因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。ing 分词短语作结果状语。如：His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, bre
14、aking it into pieces.她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。-ing 分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：They stood there for half an hour ，watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。 .-ing 分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：A pers
15、on standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。注：-ing 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing 分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：His hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间
16、的推移，他的头发变花白了。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。6) -ing 分词作补语：-ing 分词可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to,observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find 等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car
17、.我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing 分词可看成是主语补语。如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。7) -ing 分词的复合结构：.-ing 分词的复合结构
18、通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing 分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。He was awakened by someones knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。难点释疑：1.能接-ing 分词作宾语的常见动词：.mind（介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏， ）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感激，欣赏）, avoid（避免）, delay（推迟） , dislik
19、e（不喜欢，厌恶）, escape（逃脱）, finish（完成）,imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, practise（训练）, risk（冒险）,deny（拒绝，否认） 。2. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing 分词，含义有所不同。如：forget, remember,regret 等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing 分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如：Do you remember seeing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗？Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时
20、要记得锁门。动词 mean, stop, try, go on 等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不同。I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。Having finished the exercises, we went on
21、to learn the new words in the next unit.做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。After a short rest, they went on working. 短暂地休息以后，他们又继续工作。He stopped talking when the bell rang. 铃响的时候，他停止了讲话。While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times.工作的时候，他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。注意：有时人们把 stop 后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。动词 allow, advise, forbid, per
22、mit 等可直接跟-ing 分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如： .Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。We dont permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。动词 need, require, want 作“需要”解时，后面接-ing 分词或不定式的被动式。如：The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。These little children require looking after carefully/to be looked
23、 after carefully.这些小孩需要细心地照料。动词 like, hate, prefer 等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用 -ing 分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim with you. 我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。I prefer to stay at home today. 今天我情愿呆在家里。3.ing 分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可
24、以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子a touching story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事working people= people who are working 劳动人民4. 不定式和-
25、ing 分词作宾语补语的区别： .在 see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等感官动词后，既可用-ing 分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing 分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.)有人在敲门你听见了吗？Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door j
26、ust now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？5. 常见的带介词 to 的短语，后接 -ing 分词或名词。contribute to（捐助、贡献）, lead to （导致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（从事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于、坚持）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, 一些固定的-ing 分词短语，如 generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from （根据来判断）, considering（考虑到）, talking of（谈到，提到）, sup
27、posing（假如）等，这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free.考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。过去分词1. 分词的定义动词的-ed 分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。2. 过去分词的语法作用： .1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如
28、：He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。2) 过去分词做定语：.单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。如：The excited people rushed into the building. 激动的人们奔进了大楼。过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager. 外国专家提出来的建议被经理采纳了。过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，
29、前后用逗号隔开。如：The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人民的喜爱。The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千个学生出席了。3) 过去分词做状语：过去分词和-ing 分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况。表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词 when 或 while 来强调时间概念。 如：Seen from
30、the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：.Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。 Encoura
31、ged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用 if 等词。如：Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。If heated, wa
32、ter can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。表让步，相当于一个 though/although 引导的让步状语从句。如：Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber. 尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。表方式或伴随情况。如：The old man went into the room, supported by his
33、 wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。4) 过去分词作补足语：过去分词可以在 see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep 等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：.When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？
34、When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。难点释疑：1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：When asked why he c
35、ame here, the boy kept silent.当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。2. 动词 have 后所接的三种宾语补语：.have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去 to,不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：I had the workers do the job
36、 for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。Jim often has his father help him with his homework.吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。have somebody /something doing something -ing 分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。We wont have the child talking to his mother like that.我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。ha
37、ve somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：.He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。Later on the center had a great many new treesplanted.后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。He had one eye lo
38、st in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）the bridge built 造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）4. 过去分词和ing 分词作表语的区别： .过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing 分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶The news is v
39、ery surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged;disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; p
40、uzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished 等。5. 过去分词和ing 分词作定语的区别： .过去分词作定语和-ing 分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：boiled water 开水 boiling water 正沸腾的水 developed countries 发展的国家 developing countries 发展中国家 fallen l
41、eaves 落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子 changed condition 改变了的情况 changing condition 变化着的情况。由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing 分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。不定式。1）不定式做定语时，与中心词之间在逻辑上有以下几种关系：（1）很多名词后可接不定式做定语，如 ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination 等。这类名词通常表示抽象概念，后面用动词不定式做定语
42、，解释中心词的内容。在这种结构中，不能用分词形式。例：The pressure_causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A. to compete C. to be competed B. competing D. having competed【答案】A。本句的意思是， “竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛，但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。 ”名词 pressure 后应加不定式做定语，说明 pressure 的内容。因此本题答案是A。选项 B 是现在分词；D
43、 现在分词的完成式，都不符合语法规定。选项 C 中的 compete是不及物动词，不能用被动语态，所以这三个选项都不正确。（2）不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾语），也可能是不及物的，如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，则不定式后要加介词，因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。例：Could you find someone_？A. for me to play tennis with B. for me to play tennis C. play tennis with D. playing tennis【答案】A。本句的意思是， “请你找个人来
44、和我打网球。 ”（3）不定式所修饰的名词和不定式中的动词所表示的动作是逻辑上的主谓关系（此时，该不定式短语可转化为一个定语从句） 。如： Li Xuemei was the first athlete to get to the finishing line.李雪梅是第一个到达终点的选手。2）不定式作定语主动形式代替被动形式的几种情况：（1）不定式与它修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系，且主句的主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语。如： He has a lot of work to do today今天他有大量的活要干。 Our teacher arranged us
45、six exercises to do at home老师给我们安排了六道练习题在家里做。 （us 是 to do 的逻辑主语）（2）有些句子中，尽管行文上没有不定式的逻辑主语，但是从句意角度可以体会出不定式中隐含着“for sbto do”结构。此时，不定式应该用主动式。例如： There is nothing（for us）to worry about没有什么可值得担忧的。例：Because air pollution has been greatly reduced, this city is still a good place_. A. to live B. for living i
46、n C. to be lived in D. to live in 【答案】D。本句的意思是， “因为污染大大减少了，这座城市是一个居住的好地方。 ”不定式 to live in 和前面的修饰语 a good place 形成了动宾关系，文中虽然没有出现 to live in 的逻辑主语，但是却隐含着 for us 的意思，因此不定式应当使用主动形式。 （3）在“with without 宾语宾语补足语”结构中，若宾语补足语是不定式（作定语） ，不定式所表示的动作将要发生，且句子的主语是该动作逻辑上的执行者，此时不定式须用主动式。 例：With a lot of difficult probl
47、ems _ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time.A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 【答案】C。本句的意思是， “由于有几次会议要参加，所以他不能和我们一起去长城了。 ”非谓语动词练习1. It is no good _ to come now. He is busy.A. if you ask him B. to ask him C. asking him D. that you ask him2. He was lucky to escape _ to
48、prison.A. sending B. being sent C. to be sent D. sent3. The bedroom needs _.A. clean B. to clean C. cleaned D. cleaning4. His parents _ last week, the child has no one to look after him.A. having died B. died C. dead D. having dead5. _ a teacher in the university, it is necessary to have at least masters degree.A. Become B. To become C. One becomes D. Becoming6. There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made7. I have heard both teachers and students _
