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类型语言学第一二章知识点.docx

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    语言学第一二章知识点.docx
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    1、Chapter one Introduction一、定义 1.语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言 language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communic

    2、ation. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性 (创造性)Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission 文化传递 5.语

    3、言能力 Competence (抽象)Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用 performance (具体)Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。 7.历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a dia

    4、chronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言 langue (抽象)The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.

    5、言语 parole (具体)The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性 Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性 Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点 1.language is

    6、not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 2.几种观点和现象的提出者: 瑞士语言学家 F.de Saussure :Langue 和 parole 的区别 美国语言学家 N.Chomsky :in1950 针对 Saussures langue the description of a language as it changes through

    7、 time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes w

    8、riting; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.Langue and parole 语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the

    9、 distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for ser

    10、ious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.He d

    11、efines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.Chapter Two Phonology一、定义 1.宽式音标 Broad transcription

    12、The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 2.窄式音标 Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3.清音 Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such

    13、a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4.浊音 Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音 Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are call

    14、ed vowels. 6.辅音 Consonants The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 7.音位 Phoneme The basic unit in phonology, its a collection of distinctive phonetic features. 8.音位变体 Allophones Different phones which can

    15、 represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 9.音素 phone A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, its a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 10.最小对立对 Minimal pair When two different forms are identical in every way e

    16、xcept for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 11.超切分特征 Suprasegmental The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,inton

    17、ation and tone. 12.互补分布 complementary distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 13.语言的语音媒介 Phonic medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phoni

    18、c medium of language. 在人类交际中有着一定意义、对语言学研究来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。 14.爆破音 stops When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they areb p t d k g 二、知识点 1.statistics r

    19、esulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 3.Phonetic 组成 Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 longest established, mostly developed Aud

    20、itory phonetics 听觉语音学 Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 4.articulatory Apparatus /Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 Oral cavity 口腔 greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity 鼻腔 5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the

    21、 extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. 6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation ofk andg,the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of t

    22、he tongue leads to the soundj;the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the soundstandd. 7.nasal consonants: m / n / 8. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. 9.Sequential rules 例子 If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, t

    23、he combination should obey the following three rules: the first phoneme must be /s/ the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w 10.English has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone三、问答题 1.what are the three

    24、branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound? Articulatory describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Auditory-studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is on

    25、ly a theoretical ideal. Acoustic-studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. 发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音,以及这些语音为何有所不同。 听觉语音学研究语音的物理性质,得出了重要结论,即语音同一只是理论上的理想。 声学语音学研究语音的物理性质,研究语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。 2.how are the English consonants classified? By place

    26、of articulation and By manner of articulation 3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between sayiandi,p andph,a phonetician or a philologist? why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么? Phonetics description of

    27、all speech sounds and their find differences. Phonology description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning. A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos 4.whats a phone? how is it different from a phonem

    28、e? how are allophones related to a phoneme? Phonea speech sound ,a phonetic unit. Phoneme-a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit. Allophones-actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. 5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identi

    29、fy the minimal set in a language?为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要 ? Minimal pairtwo sound combinations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position. 除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外,其他部分都一样的两个语音组合. Minimal seta group of sound combinations with the above feature. 一组具有上述特征的语音组合. By ident

    30、ifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its phonemes. 通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组,音位学家能辨别出它的音位. 6.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcriptionone letter symbol for one sound. Narrow transcriptiondiacritic

    31、s are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds. 7.explain the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule and the deletion rule. 序列规则 Sequential rules Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 同化规则 Assimilation rules The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 省略规则 Deletion rule Its a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.

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