1、1雅思阅读中不容忽视的各种从句朗阁雅思考试研究中心 朗阁雅思考试研究中心分析认为，关联词常有 3 个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中担当一个成分。关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可以用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。而其中定语从句（Attributive Clauses） ，在句中作定语，其作用是修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。通常定语从句皆置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词（antecedent） ，而引导定语从句的词称为关联词。定语从句一般紧跟在其先行词之后。 有时也可以与先
2、行词分离。 用作关联词的关系代词有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等，但朗阁雅思考试研究中心在此提醒考生们绝对没有“what”。who, whom, whose 指人，who 是主格，在定语从句中用作主语（在非正式英语中也可以用作宾语，并且用作宾语时可以省去不用） ；whom 是宾格，在定语从句中用作宾语（也可以省去不用） ；whose 是属格，在定语从句中用作定语（有时也可以指物） 。 The man who he talked about is a professor.（在非正式英语中 who 代替了whom,也可以省去不用) He doesnt li
3、ke the girl whom you refer to.（宾格关系代词 whom 在从句中用作宾语，也可以省去不用） The children whose parents give priority to work may feel lonely and alienated.（属格关系代词 whose 在定语从句中用作定语，指人） The car whose wheels have been stolen was bought yesterday.（属格关系代词 whose 在定语从句中用作定语，指物，即 car，可以用 of which 代替，但后者较为正式）2That 在定语从句中既可
4、以用作主语，也可以用作宾语（在非正式文体中可省去） ；既可以指人，也可以指物。如： These methods include strength training that duplicate what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.（关系代词 that 在定语从句中用作主语，指物） The students that hold a foreign degree seem to be more conf
5、ident and independent.（关系代词 that 在定语从句中用作主语，指人）which 在定语从句中既可以用作主语，也可以用作宾语；一般皆指物（在非正式文体中可省去） 。如： Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have stereoscopic forward and upward.（关系代词 which 在定语从句中用作主语） Those surveye
6、d had experienced chronic illnesses, for which orthodox medicine had been able to provide little relief.（关系代词 which 在定语从句中用作宾语，可以省去）which 在从句中也可以被用作定语和表语。如： His money had been stolen, which news annoyed him.（关系代词 which 在定语从句中用作定语) They were completely mistrusted, which in fact, they were.（关系代词which
7、在定语从句中用作表语）关系代词在从句中用作介词宾语时，介词可以位于从句之首，也可以位于从句之末。但以位于从句之首较为正式。如： This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through apprentice scheme, in which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill.（关系代词 which 在定语从句中用作介词 i
8、n 的宾语，介词位于定语从句之首，3即 which 之前） This has been encouraged through programs of language classes fro children and through apprentice scheme, which the endangered language is used as the medium of instruction to teach people a traditional skill in.（介词 in 位于定语从句之首，which 在此可以省去）像 during, except 或者表示分割作用的 of
9、 等介词通常放在关系代词的前面。如： The years during which he was away were long years to her. He wrote many books, some of which you will read some day.关系代词 who 和 that 用作介词宾语时，介词须置于句末。如： The writer you referred to was an unknown writer.（关系代词 who 用作介词to 的宾语，介词 to 须位于定语从句之末， who 在口语中可以省去） This is the problem that he
10、has been complaining about.（关系代词 that 用作介词 about 的宾语，介词 about 须位于定语从句之末）有时定语从句中还有其他成分，介词则位于定语从句之中。如：This is the engineer who he cooperated with in the project.先行词指人时，关系代词既可以用 who, 也可以用 that。但关系代词在定语从句中用作主语时，多用主格 who。如： Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of the dictionarie
11、s is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various world to conquer.（persons, those, people 等先行词多用关系代词 who） It is Tom who should be punished.（在强调结构中，指人时多用 who）朗阁雅思考试研究中心分析认为，在下列情况中多用 that, 而不用 who 或者 which。如： much （很多）4little （很少）none （
12、没有任何）everything （任何事情） +先行词 +thateverybody （任何人）nothing （没有任何）nobody （没有人）E.g. There is nothing in the world that can frighten him. 先行词前面有最高级形容词修饰时He is the most boring speaker that I have ever heard.This is the most interesting book that I have ever read. 先行词有以下代词或者有下列代词修饰时the firstthe lastthe only
13、the same +先行词 +thatthe veryallanynoevery 前面已经有疑问词 who 或者 which 时E.g. Who that knows him will trust him?Which of these trains is the one that goes to Nanjing?Which is the bike that you have lost? 兼指人和物/事物时5E.g. The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned.Look at the girl and her dog t
14、hat are crossing the bridge.在下列情况中则多用 which。如： 离先行词较远时He told me the story of the craftsman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. those + 复数名词 之后You should buy one of those clothes which sell best. which 比较正式，非正式英语中也可以用 thatSome water experts are now demanding that existing infrastructure
15、be used in smarter ways rather than building new facilities, which is increasingly considered the option of last, not first, resort. 描述性定语从句一般用 whichBeijing, which was Chinas capital foe more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics.as, than, but 也可以用作关系代词。如： The project was completed
16、 on time, as was expected before.（关系代词 as在定语从句中用作主语，其先行词是前面的整个句子） Tourism, holidaymaking and travel are these days more significant social phenomena than most commentators have considered.（关系代词 than 在定语从句中用作宾语，其先行词是 social phenomena） There are very few but admire his talents.（关系代词 but 在从句中用作主语，其先行词是
17、 few, but= who dont）用作关联词的关系副词有 where, when, why 等，when 在定语从句中用作时间状语，6其先行词是表时间的名词。如： Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the stat
18、e.（关系副词 when 的先行词是 the time）since, before, after, as 也可以用作表时间的关系副词。如： At exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in western societies.（as 用作关系副词） The year after she left school she s
19、pent abroad.（after 用作关系副词）where 在定语从句中用作地点状语，其先行词是表地点的名词。如： I know the place where we can have a talk. The zoo is an ideal research centre where scientists can experiment on animals to find out the causes of some disease and develop effective cures.where 的先行词可以是有地点含义的抽象名词。如： He has reached a point w
20、here a change is needed.（where 的先行词 point是抽象名词）why 在定语从句中用作原因状语，其先行词只有 reason。如： That is the reason why he set up his own business.（why 的先行词是reason） The company refused to disclose the reason why he left.（why 的先行词是reason）有时候 why 可以省去。如： The reason he came here is obvious.（reason 后面省去 why）7有时候 why 可以
21、用 that 替代。如： The reason that he failed was lack of patience.（why 由 that 替代）关系副词 = 介词 + which（关系代词）where = in/at which; when = in/at which; why = for which定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。朗阁雅思考试研究中心提醒考生，限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制性作用，因此不可缺少，如果省去，会使主句的意思不完整、不明确。限制性定语从句前面一般不用逗号。如： The man who was driving the car was d
22、runk. The speech which was made by the Minister made his supporters delighted. I shall never forget the day when she was born. The reason why he was late was unknown.非限制性定语从句也称为描述性定语从句。非限制性定语从句只与先行词有一种松散的修饰关系，在口语中用停顿的方法表示，在书面语中用逗号分开。因此从句中的关系代词不能省略。that 一般不引导非限制性定语从句。如： Water, which is a clear liquid, is the giver and taker of life. They gave up the plan, which was a very good one.（本文来自朗阁教育雅思培训教研组，供广大考生学习使用，转载请注明出处）
