1、2 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds) 元素与单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。,Table 1 Names of Some Common Elements,The term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. At present 107 chemical elements are kno
2、wn. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: oxygen = O nitrogen = N magnesium = MgSome elements, which have been known for a long time, have symbols based on their Latin names, for example: iron = Fe (ferrum) copp
3、er = Cu (cuprum) lead = Pb (Plumbum),A few elements have symbols based on the Latin name of one of their compounds, the elements themselves having been discovered only in relatively recent times1, for example: sodium = Na (natrium = sodium carbonate) potassium = K (kalium = potassium carbonate) A li
4、sting of some common elements may be found in Table 1.,化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 (1)mono-,(2)di -,(3)tri- ,(4)tetra ,(5)penta- (6)hexa-,(7)hepta-, (8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts,1. Single va
5、lence ionsCations name = Element for example:Na+ Sodium Al3+ AluminumK+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium,2.Multivalence ions,Cations name = Element(N) For example:Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or FerricCr2+ Chromium(II)Cr3+ Chromium(III)Mn4+ Manganese(IV)Mn2+ Manganese(II),对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更 多
6、采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxideCu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide,Naming nonmetal ions (anions),1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ideFor example:Cl- Chloride O2- Oxide
7、Br- Bromide OH- HydroxideI- Iodide CN- CyanideS2- Sulfide H- Hydride,Negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. All monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. Two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide ion, OH-, and the cyanide ion, CN-.,2. Polyatom
8、ic oxyanions,(1). Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate )Anions name = Central Elements root -atefor example:ClO3- Chlorate IO3- IodatePO43- Phosphate NO3- NitrateSO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate,(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Central elements root -itefor example:ClO2- C
9、hlorite IO2- IoditePO33- Phosphite NO2- NitriteSO32- Sulfite,(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example:ClO- Hypochlorite IO- HypoioditePO23- Hypophosphite,(4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate ),Anions name =Per-central Elements r
10、oot -ate for example:ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- PeriodateMnO4- Permanganate,Table 2 Some Common Negative Ions,Naming compounds,1. Metal oxideMetal oxide = Cation + oxide for example:FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide)Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide)Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxidePb3O4 Trilead tetroxideNa2O2
11、Sodium peroxide,2. Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example:CO Carbon monoxideCO2 Carbon dioxideSO3 Sulfur trioxideN2O3 Dinitrogen trioxideP2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去) 有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide
12、,Table 4 Names of Some Nonmetal Oxides,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。（1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。举例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chlorideHBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen tellur
13、ide（2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine举例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthaneCH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane,无氧酸,命名规则：hydro-词根-ic acid举例： HCl: hydrochloric acidH2S : hydrosulfuric acid,3. Bases,Base = Metal cation + hydroxide for exam
14、ple:Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxideNaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxideBa(OH)2 Barium hydroxideCo(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide,4.盐(Salts),(1). 正盐(Normal salt) ：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。Normal salt = Cation + anion for example:HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfateHg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfateKNO3 Potassium nitrate
15、Na2CO3 Sodium carbonateNaClO Sodium hypochloriteFeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate,(2) 酸式盐：(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example:NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfateNa2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen
16、phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfateNaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate或 Sodium bicarbonate,A salt containing acidic hydrogen is termed an acid salt. A way of naming these salts is to call Na2HPO4 disodium hydrogen phosphate and NaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Historically, the prefix bi- has been
17、 used in naming some acid salts; in industry, for example, NaHCO3 is called sodium bicarbonate and Ca(HSO3)2 calcium bisulphite.,(3).Basic salts,Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion for example:Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychlorideMg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphos
18、phate,(4).复盐(Mixed salts)：同正盐的读法。,Mixed salt = Cation + cation + anion for example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfite CaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphate AgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate KNaCO3 potassuim sodium carbonate NaNH4HPO4 sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,5)水合
19、盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate 如 AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,5. Acids (1). Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide),Acid = Central elements root -ic + acid for example:H2CO3 Carbonic acidH2SO4 Sulfuric acidH3PO4 P
20、hosphoric acidHNO3 Nitric acidHClO4 Perchloric acidHCl Hydrochloric acid,Examples are:,There are a few cases where the name of the acid is changed slightly from that of the acid radical; for example, H2SO4 is sulphuric acid rather than sulphic acid. Similarly, H3PO4 is phosphoric acid rather than ph
21、osphic acid.,(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite) Acid = Central elements root -ous + acid for example:H2SO3 Sulfurous acidH3PO3 Phosphorous acidHNO2 Nitrous acidHClO Hypochlorous acidHClO2 Chlorous acid,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -
22、ous 次酸 hypo-ous 高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite 其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代 举例： HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ionHClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ionHClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ionHClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ionH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acidHNO3
23、 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acidHPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。KBF4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III)K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfateCo(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3Diammine diaquacarbonatoco
24、balt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名（Naming coordination complex）,Naming coordination complex,1. Ligands (1). Negative ions as ligandsLigand = Elements root -o for example:CN- Cyano NO2- NitroF- Fluoro NO3- NitratoCl- Chloro CO32- CarbonatoBr- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O= Oxo H- HydridoOH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato,(
25、2). Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand = Radical name for example:NH3 AmmineCO CarbonylH2O AquaCH3NH2 MethylamineH2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine,2. Complex ions,(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive chargeComplex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N) for example:Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+ Tet
26、raamminecopper(II)Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),常见配体的名称,(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion =n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N) for example:Fe(CN)64- Hexacyanoferrate(II)BF4- Tetrafluoroborate(III)AlF63- Hexafluoroaluminate(III)AuCl4- Tetrachloroaurate(III),3.Naming complex,Comp
27、lex = Cation + anion for example:LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III)Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chlorideK4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfateNi(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0),Exercise,H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2 HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl,sulfuric a
28、cid hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid nitric acid nitrous acid hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid sodium sulfide copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfate iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrate perchloric acid potassium cyanide ammonium chloride,NaClO NaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5 H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO
29、3 CaHPO4 PtCl42- Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6,Exercise,sodium hypochlorite sodium hydroxide Manganese(II) hydroxide iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide Diphosphorus pentoxide hydrogen peroxide potassium dichromate Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate calcium hydrogen phosphate tetrachloroplatinum(II) Diamminesilver(
30、I) chloride Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),2 有机物的命名,1 烷烃（alkanes） 1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。 如：甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二
31、烷 dodecane,Alkane = Number prefix-ane for example: CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 Butane CH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 Hexane CH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 Octane CH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane,1119Alkane = Number prefix-decane for example: 11-alkane Undeca
32、ne12-alkane Dodecane13-alkane Tridecane14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane,18-alkane Octadecane19-alkane Nonadecane20-alkane Icosane 2129 Alkane = Number prefix-cosanefor example:21-alkane Henicosane22-alkane Docosane23-alkane Tricosane24-alkane Tetr
33、acosane25-alkane Pentacosane,30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane33-Alkane Tritriacontane34-Alkane Tetratriacontane35-Alkane pentatriacontane36-Alkane Hexatriacontane,4090Alkane = Number prefix-contane for example:
34、40 Alkane Tetracontane50 Alkane Pentacontane60 Alkane Hexacontane70 Alkane Heptacontane80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane100 Alkane Hectane,1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrogen）原子被称为烷基（alkyl groups）的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。如： CH3- Methyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2- UndecylCH3-CH
35、2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3- Methylpentane,Univalent radicals,Radical = Alk -yl for example:CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl,Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon,branched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkane for example:,Univalent branched radicals,Radical = Alk -yl for exampl
36、e:,AlkanesThe names for the first twenty continuous-chain alkanes are listed in Table 1.,Table 1 Names of continuous-chain alkanes,Alkenes and AlkynesUnbranched hydrocarbons having one double bond are named in the IUPAC system by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -ene. If there are t
37、wo or more double bonds, the ending is -adiene, -atriene, etc.Unbranched hydrocarbons having one triple bond are named by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -yne. If there are two or more triple bonds, the ending is -adiyne, -atriyne etc. Table 2 shows names for some alkyl groups, alk
38、anes, alkenes and alkynes.,Table 2 Some Alkanes, Alkyl, Alkenes, Alkynes,The PrefixesIn the IUPAC system, alkyl and aryl substituents and many functional groups are named as prefixes on the parent (for example, iodomethane). Some common functional groups named as prefixes are listed in Table 3.,Tabl
39、e 3 Some Functional Groups Named as Prefixes,* methoxy-, ethoxy-, etc., depending upon the R group,In simple compounds, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, etc. are used to indicate the number of times a substituent is found in the structure: e.g., dimethylamine for (CH3)2NH or dichlorome
40、thane for CH2Cl2.In complex structures, the prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used: bis- means two of a kind; tris-, three of a kind; and tetrakis-, four of a kind. (CH3)2N2 is bis(dimethylamino) and not di(dimethylamino).,Appendix 2 SI Units,SI Fundamental Units,Traditional Metric and SI Prefixes,Derivated SI Units,
