1、1定语从句概念：在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。关系代词：who, whom, which, that, whose, as关系副词：when, where, why关系词在定语从句中有三大作用：1.连接作用 连接先行词和定语从句。2.替代作用 在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。3.成分作用 在定语从句中
2、作主语、宾语、定语或状语。eg. I gave her all the money that I had.that 连接先行词 money 和定语从句 I had;that 替代 money; that 在定语从句 that I had 中作宾语一、关系代词引导的定语从句Awho指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。He who laughs last laughs best.He who plays with fire gets burned.The people (who/whom) I work with are friendly.Bwhom指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，wh
3、om 可省略或可用 who 来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用 whom。The people (whom/who) I work with are friendly.Mr. Carter, whom/who I spoke to on the phone, is very interested in our plan.Two men, neither of whom/who I had ever seen before, came into my office.Cwhose指人、物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词，表示“先行词的”A person whose e-
4、mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails.The old temple whose roof was damaged in storm is now under repair.True friendship is like sound health, whose value is seldom known until it is lost.*whose + n. = the + n. + of which = of which + the + n.eg. 1. Please pass me the book
5、. 2. The books cover is green.Please pass me the book whose cover is green.Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.D which1指物 ，在定语从句中做 主语或宾语。As a child, Jack studied in a village school, which is named after his grandfather.A friend is
6、a present (which) you give yourself.2which 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，在定语从句中作主语、宾语，相当于 and this。Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.His movie won several awards at the film festival, which was beyond his wildest dream. 2Carol said the work would be done by October, which
7、 personally I doubt very much. Ethat指人时，相当于 who 或 whom；指物时，相当于 which。在定语从句中作 主语或宾语。What was the name of the man that lent you the money?The people (that) I work with are friendly.The children like cookies (that) my wife makes.关系代词：关系代词 which that who whom whose先行词 物 人/物 人 人 人/物从句成分 主语 /宾语 主语/宾语 主语/宾
8、语 宾语 定语省略 限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略（除介词前置情况外）主谓一致问题当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.He is one of the boys in our class who speak English well.He is the only one of the boys in our class who speaks English well.关系代词的选用特殊情况A指人只用 who,不能用 that1在非限制
9、定语从句中。His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.2先行词是 one, anyone, those 时。Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.Anyone who breaks the law shall be published.God helps those who help themselves.3在 there/here be 开头的句子中。There/Here is a boy who wants to see you
10、.4先行词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。分隔式定语从句I was the only person in my office who was invited.B限制性定语从句中指物只用 that1先行词是 all, any, anything, nothing, none, everything, something, much, little, few 等或先行词被 all, any, no, every, some, much, little, few 等修饰时Everything (that) he said was true.I refuse to accept the blame for
11、 something that was someone elses fault. All that glitters are not gold.There is little/nothing (that) I can do for you.There is much that should be used.I have read all the books (that) you gave me.Every dictionary (that) our library bought is good.You can take any seat that is free.There is no clo
12、thes that fit you here.2先行词被 the very, the only 修饰时This is the very dictionary (that) I want to buy.Beauty is the only thing (that) she can be proud of.3当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.3The second place (that) he visited in London was the
13、 Big Ben.This is the last thing (that) I want to do.4当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时Is that the best (that) you can do?They shouted with the loudest voice (that) they could.This novel is the second best one (that) I have ever read.5当疑问词为 which 时Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 类似：Who is the man that i
14、s standing outside?6当先行词为人与物两者共同承担时The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been found.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，是一种介词前置的定语从句句型，介词与关系代词之间存在一种介宾关系。把介词置于关系代词前，即演变出“介词+关系代词”句型。 The man whom I wrote to is Mr. Li.The man to whom I wrote is Mr. Li.注意事项：1. The girl (who/whom/that
15、) my sister visited the Great Wall with has just come back from London.2. The girl with whom my sister visited the Great Wall has just come back from London.3. The house (which/that) he took us to was very old. 4. The house to which he took us was very old. 关系代词前介词的选择：In the dark street there was no
16、t a single person _ whom she could turn for help.Ill never forget the day _ which I first met him.Can you imagine a proper situation _ which the expression can be used?Gun control is a subject _ which Americans have argued for a long time.Along the path stood some signs, _ which were written “Keep o
17、ff the grass”.This is my pair of glasses, _ which I cannot see clearly.高考链接：1. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently. （2004 上海） A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom2. He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. （2005 山东）
18、A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this 3. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger. （2005 广东）A. in which B. by which C. which D. that4. I saw a woman running to ward me in the dark. Before I co
19、uld recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come. （2006 重庆）A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句的特殊情况A介词短语+关系代词(which, whom)There is a great pain in my right foot, because of which I cant walk steadily. Is there a certain test by means of which
20、the No. 1 will be decided?4They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat an old man.Go down this road, at the end of which you can see a high building and it is our office building.B介词+关系代词(which, whose)+名词He lived in London for three months, during which time he learned some English.Our Englis
21、h teacher, with whose help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching.C部分词汇/结构+of+ 关系代词部分词汇/结构 : 1. all, both, none ,neither, either, many, most, few, several, half, some, any, the majority, a number2. 数词(基数词 ,序数词, 百分数,分数)3. the+形容词最高级/比较级Here are two pairs of soc
22、ks, either of which you may choose.The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, most of which are beyond our control. I have many friends, of whom some are businessmen. I was given three books on cooking, the first of which I really enjoyed. The factory produces half a million
23、pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad.There are two buildings, the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet high.The football team has 15 members, the oldest of whom is 25 years old.关系代词 as 引导的定语从句Such teachers as know Tom think him bright.Ive never heard such stories as he tel
24、ls.He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.*He lifted so heavy a stone that no one else can lift it.She wore the same dress as her younger sister had worn.*She wore the same dress that she had worn at Marys wedding.Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows.as 与 which 代指整个主句的内容的区别：位置上:_意义
25、上:_Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.My friend showed me round the town, which was very kind of him.As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun. Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows.as 常见搭配：1. as is known (to all)2. as everybody knows3. as is said/reported/expected4. as is men
26、tioned above5. as I have said6. as I can see/remember 7. as is often the case58. as often happens二、关系副词引导的定语从句Awhen I still remember the day when I first came to this school. The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that factory. Gone are the days when the Chinese peopl
27、e use foreign oil.Bwhere I recently went back to the town where I was born. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, where they learn simple games and songs.They will fly to Washington, where they plan to stay for two or three days.where 修饰抽象地点：Its helpful to put children in a situation whe
28、re they can see themselves differently. Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. After graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed to decide what to do.If a shop has chairs where women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.T
29、here were dirty marks on her trousers where she had wiped her hands.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.Today, well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. CwhyPlease tell me the reason
30、why/for which you missed the plane. We couldnt accept the reason he explained, why/for which he was late.关系副词：关系副词 when where why先行词 表时间的名词 表地点的名词 reason从句成分 在从句中作状语，从句不能缺主语或宾语省略 不可省“关系副词”与“介词+关系代词”的转换From the years when/in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wan
31、ted to be when he grew up. Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live. The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.关系副词与关系代词的选择当先行词是表示时间、地点或原因的名词时，定语从句用关系副词还是关系代词来引导，要根据关系词在定语从句中所担当的句子成分来决定。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays togethe
32、r. （when 作状语）I will never forget the days which we spent together. （which 作 we spent 宾语）I know a place where we can have a picnic. （where 作状语） I know a place which is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. （which 作主语）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的对比类别 意义 形式 关系代词及省略限定性定语从句 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。无逗号隔开
33、 1. 作宾语时可以省略2. 有 that63. 可用 who 代替 whom非限定性定语从句 只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。有逗号与主句隔开 1. 不可以省略2. 无 that3. 不可用 who 代替 whomeg.I decided to buy a birthday present for my mother, who lives alone in the countryside.He failed in the exam, which made his mother very angry.Anyone who leaves last please turn
34、off the lights.三、易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句A定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系；同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。that 在定语从句中作成分，且作宾语时可以省略；that 在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，且不可以省略。 We all have heard the news that our team won. We dont believe the news (that) he told us yesterday. B定语从句与状语从句 He left the key where he had been an hour befo
35、re. He left the place where he lived for many years. He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect. He is such a good teacher that we all like him. C定语从句与主语从句 As is known to us all, paper was first made in China. It is known to us all that paper was first made in China. What is known to us
36、 all is that paper was first made in China. D定语从句与强调句型 It is the house where I met the young man. It was in the house that I met the young man. 四、几种特殊的定语从句the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句以 the way 为先行词的限制性定语从句中 way 做状语时通常由 in which 或 that 引导，而且通常可以省略。The way (that/in which) he answered the questions was surpris
37、ing.I dont like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.*She did it in the way (that/which) I have never seen.在带有插入语的定语从句中 who 和 whom 的选用关系代词 who/whom 引导定语从句时，担任主语成分时用主格 who，担任宾语成分用宾格 whom，这点很简单，但有时它们引导的定语从句带有插入语，而该插入语后又不用逗号隔开，因此不易区分它是定语从句中的插入语还是定语从句中的主谓结构；这时就产生了用主格 who 还是用宾格 whom 这一困难。试比较和分析下列两组例句
38、：1. Jason is a man who I believe is honest. Jason is a man whom I believe (to be) honest. 2. The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.The girl whom we supposed (to be) drowned came back. time 作先行词的特殊定语从句1. It is the+序数词/last+time（次）that 结构中，that 引导的定语从句要用现在完成时态。7It is the third time that I hav
39、e been here.2. It is (high) time（时间）that 结构中，that 引导的定语从句中要用一般过去时态，或者使用 should do，should 不可以省略。It is time that you went to bed.It is time that you should go to bed.3. There was a time（一段时间）when I was a miserable student.There was a time in England when there were no last names.There will be a time i
40、n every mans life when things dont go his way.注意下面两种定语从句的特殊性1. Her sister has become a lawyer, _ she wanted to be. （2005 湖北）A. who B. that C. what D. which*先行词 a lawyer 不指人，而是一种职业。2. The book was written in 1946, _ the education system has witnessed great changes. （2007 山东）A. when B. during which C.
41、 since then D. since when同类例句1. He was educated at a local grammar school, and after that he went to Cambridge.05 山东 He was educated at a local grammar school, after which he went to Cambridge.2. At home, he never seems to have time until after 10:30 pm, and by that time his children have gone to be
42、d.At home, he never seems to have time until after 10:30 pm, by which time his children have gone to bed.3. We were next-door neighbors for three years, and during that time we met only twice.We were next-door neighbors for three years, during which time we met only twice.4. It occurred to him that
43、it would save a lot of trouble to destroy the advertisement, and in that case, he would have to explain to Peter.It occurred to him that it would save a lot of trouble to destroy the advertisement, in which case, he would have to explain to Peter.5. I was told my work was unsatisfactory, and at that
44、 point I submitted my resignation.I was told my work was unsatisfactory, at which point I submitted my resignation.6. He stood by the window, and from there he could see what was happening outside.He stood by the window, from where he could see what was happening outside.7. Love and friendship are the most important things in life in the world, and ET comes from there.In the world where ET comes from, love and friendship are the most important things in life.8. We shall remember the days. We studied together then.We shall remember the days when we studied together.
