1、三种主要贸易付款方式的区别外贸出口主要的付款分为三种,信用证 L/C(Letter of Credit),电汇 T/T(Telegraphic Transfer),付款交单 D/P(Document against Payment).其中 L/C 用的最多,T/T 其次,D/P 较少。我们先来介绍信用证 L/C(Letter of Credit)。信用证是目前国际贸易付款方式最常用的一种付款方式,每个做外贸的人早晚都将会接触到它。对不少人来说,一提起信用证,就会联想到密密麻麻充满术语的令人望而生畏的天书。其实信用证可以说是一份由银行担保付款的 S/C。只要你照着这份合同的事项一一遵照着去做,提
2、供相应的单据给银行就必须把钱付给你。所以应该说信用证从理论上来说是非常保险的付款方式。信用证一旦开具,他就是真金白银。也正因为如此,一份可靠的信用证甚至可以作为担保物,拿到银行去贷款,为卖方资金周转提供便利,也就是“信用证打包贷款” 。但是在实际操作中,信用证有的时候也不是那么保险。原因是信用证中可能会存在很难然你做到的软条款,造成人为的不符点。第二种常见交货方式为电汇 T/T(Telegraphic Transfer)。这种方式操作非常简单,可以分为前 T/T,和后 T/T,前 T/T 就是,合同签订后,先付一部分订金,一般都是 30%,生产完毕,通知付款,付清余款,然后发货,交付全套单证。
3、不过前 T/T 比较少见一点,在欧美国家出现的比较多。因为欧美国家的客户处在信誉很好的环境,他自己也就非常信任别人。最为多见的是后 T/T, 收到订金,安排生产,出货,客户收到单证拷贝件后,付余款;卖家收到余款后,寄送全套单证。T/T 订金的比率,是谈判和签订合同的重要内容。订金的比率最低应该是够你把货发出去,和拖回来。万一客户拒付,也就没有什么多大损失。T/T 与 L/C 比较,就是操作非常简单,灵活性比较大,比如交期吃紧,更改包装,等等,只要客户同意,没有什么关系。如果是信用证,就相当麻烦,必须的修改信用证,否则造成不符点(discrepancy) ,客户就可以拒付。T/T 的另外一个特点
4、是成本比 L/C 要低。银行扣费比较少,一般都是几十美金。而信用证有时会多达几百美金。所以有的工厂做 T/T 报价比 L/C 要低一点。不过一般而言,信用证如果单证做得好,比 T/T 要可靠,收款有银行担保,凭着信用证,就可以去银行打包贷款,资金压力很小。但是银行信用不好,或者外汇管制很严格的国家,信用证风险很大,如印度。1.revocable L/C/irrevocable L/C 可撤销 信用证 /不可撤销 信用证 2.confirmed L/C/unconfirmed L/C 保兑 信用证 /不保兑信用证 T/T 和 L/C 各有优缺点, T/T 和 L/C 如果结合起来做,那就相当保险
5、,30%T/T, The balance L/C.另外还有几种用的比较少的付款方式:D/P 付款交单( Documents against payment) 是跟单托收方式下的一种交付单据的办法,指出口方的交单是以进口方的付款为条件,即进口方付款后才能向代收银行领取单据。 分为即期交单(D/P at Sight)指出口方开具即期汇票,由代收行向进口方提示,进口方见票后即须付款,货款付清时,进口方取得货运单据。 远期交单(D/P after sight or after date),指出口方开具远期汇票,由代收行向进口方提示,经进口方承兑后,于汇票到期日或汇票到期日以前,进口方付款赎单。 D/A
6、 承兑交单(Documents against Acceptance)是在跟单托收方式下,出口方(或代收银行)向进口方以承兑为条件交付单据的一种办法。 所谓“承兑” 就是汇票付款人(进口方)在代收银行提示远期汇票时,对汇票的认可行为。承兑的手续是付款人在汇票上签署,批注“承兑” 字样及日期,并将汇票退交持有人。不论汇票经过几度转让,付款人于汇票到期日都应凭票付款。 以上除即期交单(D/P at Sight)还可以做,其他的都风险较大(相对 L/C 而言),但也存在客户因市场价格等问题而不付款赎单,如果要做,只能做信誉较好、长期交往的老客户。D/P 付款(即:付款交单)、D/A 付款(即:承兑交
7、单)等付款方式采用得较少。主要由于这两种付款方式属于商业信用,即出口公司能否收到货款,完全取决于进口商的信用。进口商能否按时、按质、按量收到货物也取决于出口商的信用。对于信用好的进口商,一般不会出现不付货款的现象,遇到信用差的进口商,常常发生拖欠或拒付货款现象。因此,这两种付款方式多用于信誉比较好的进出口商。D/P 分险很大,但是如果和 T/T 结合起来,也不失为一种非常好的交货方式。因为有些国家,有些公司喜欢用 D/P.那么打个比方 30%T/T in advance, 40% after shipment, the balance D/P。这比做后 T/T 还要保险。3.sight L/C
8、/usance L/C 即期信用证 / 远期信用证 4.transferable L/C(or)assignable L/C(or)transmissible L/C /untransferable L/C 可转让信用证/不可转让信用证 5.divisible L/C/undivisible L/C 可分割信用证/不可分割信用证 6.revolving L/C 循环信用证 7.L/C with T/T reimbursement clause 带电汇条款信用证 8.without recourse L/C/with recourse L/C 无追索权信用证/有追索权信用证 9.document
9、ary L/C/clean L/C 跟单信用证/光票信用证 10.deferred payment L/C/anticipatory L/C 延付信用证/预支信用证 11.back to back L/Creciprocal L/C 对背信用证/对开信用证 12.travellers L/C(or:circular L/C)旅行信用证 Selling Agent 销售代理 According to the power the principal has delegated to a selling agent, the agent may just introduce the potentia
10、l customer to the principal or actually negotiate and conclude the contract between the two parties. The have the following characteristics: a) An agent can only operate within the marketing territory authorized by the principal. b) An agent does not carry stock. The goods are carried only as consig
11、nment inventory. Payment is based on delivery to the ultimate buyer. c) The principal (exporter) set the retail price, retains title and controls the goods. d) The profit and risk of loss remains within the principal, unless the agent is a del credere one. e) Agents are usually paid with commission.
12、 按照委托人所授予其代理人的权利,销售代理可能只负责向委托人介绍潜在客户或者实际谈判并签订双方间的合同。代理人有以下几个特点: a)代理人只能在委托人所授权的代理区域内执行代理业务。 b)代理人本身不储存货物。代理人手中的货物均为代销的货物,待最终的买主付款后,委托 人才 能收到货款。c)委托人(出口商)决定货物的零售价格,拥有所有权并控制货物。 d)委托人既享有利润有承担亏损风险,除非代理人为保付代理。 e)代理人的报酬通常为佣金。 商品品质描述 商品品质决定交易本质上的价值,因此它是最重要的交易因素之一。贸易上的品质决定方法有:凭样品买卖,凭标准买卖,凭规格买卖等。下面我们来看看品质的表达
13、发。 品质优良 :quality is excellent/ superior/ very good/ fine/ best/ high/ wonderful/ supreme/ attractive 品质低劣 :quality is bad/ inferior/ not good/ poor/ imperfect/ defective/ faulty/ second-rate/ lower/ unsatisfactory 品质保证 :retain the good quality; keep up to the standard quality; obtain a good quality;
14、 attain the best quality; secure an excellent quality 物品以达标准品质 :An article is up to the standard quality; An article is of the same quality as the standard; An article is equal to the standard quality; An article is the same as the standard quality 物品在标准以下 :An article is below the standard 物品在标准以上 :
15、An article is above the standard 物品和样品一致 :An article is up to the sample; An article corresponds with the sample; An article is equal to the sample. -average quality 标准品质 We would like to buy 500 tons of average quality corn. -customary quality 一般品质 The quality of the goods shipped is customary qual
16、ity. -best quality, prime quality, first-rate quality 最佳品质 The goods supplied shall only be those of best quality. -quality inspection certificate 品质检验证书 Please be sure to attach a quality inspection certificate. -difference in quality 品质上的差异 There is a big difference in quality between the trial or
17、der and the order of this time. -guarantee of quality 品质保证 We request a guarantee of quality for a period of one year on all the goods you sell. -sacrifice quality 降低品质 If you sacrifice the quality and deliver goods of imperfect quality to us, well will refuse acceptance of them. 市场行情描述市况上扬 : The ma
18、rket advances. The market gains. The market rises. 市况下挫: The market declines. The market falls. The market loses. 市况活跃: The market booms. The market is excited. The market becomes active. The market becomes brisk. 市况暴跌停滞: The market slumps. The market becomes dull. The market breaks down. 市况走势上扬,市况攀
19、升走高: The market is on the up grade. The market is on an upward trend. The market tends upward. 市况走势下跌,市况下划走低: The market is on the down grade. The market tends downward. The market is on a downward trend. The market takes downward. 市况狂跌: The market declines. The market drops. The market sags. 市况暴涨:
20、The market jumps. The market advances. The market soars. 市场行情百态 动词 上扬情况:The market improves (好转) / picks up (扬升) / hardens (转趋坚俏) / stiffens (坚挺) / revives (复苏) / rebounds (反弹) / regains (恢复) / rallies (重振) . 下跌趋势:The market collapses (崩溃) / relaxes (疲软) . 行情波动:The market fluctuates (波动). 形容词 上扬情况:T
21、he market is strong (强劲) / firm (坚稳) / exciting (活跃) / advancing (爬升) / healthy (健康). 下跌趋势:The market is weak (疲软) / soft (疲软) / easy (缓慢). 平稳不变:The market is quite (静止) / calm (平静) / unchanged (不变) / steady (平稳)/ supported (平持) 外贸 英语 常见缩写1 C&F(cost&freight)成本加运费价 2 T/T(telegraphic transfer)电汇 3 D/P
22、(document against payment)付款交单 4 D/A (document against acceptance)承兑交单 5 C.O (certificate of origin)一般原产地证 6 G.S.P.(generalized system of preferences)普惠制 7 CTN/CTNS(carton/cartons)纸箱 8 PCE/PCS(piece/pieces)只、个、支等 9 DL/DLS(dollar/dollars)美元 10 DOZ/DZ(dozen)一打 11 PKG(package)一包,一捆,一扎,一件等 12 WT(weight)
23、重量 13 G.W.(gross weight)毛重 14 N.W.(net weight)净重 15 C/D (customs declaration) 报关 单 16 EA(each)每个,各 17 W (with)具有 18 w/o(without)没有 19 FAC(facsimile)传真 20 IMP(import)进口 21 EXP(export) 出口 22 MAX (maximum)最大的、最大限度的 23 MIN (minimum)最小的,最低限度 24 M 或 MED (medium)中等,中级的 25 M/V(merchant vessel)商船 26 S.S(stea
24、mship)船运 27 MT 或 M/T(metric ton)公吨 28 DOC (document)文件、单据 29 INT(international)国际的 30 P/L (packing list)装箱单、明细表 31 INV (invoice)发票 32 PCT (percent)百分比 33 REF (reference)参考、查价 34 EMS (express mail special)特快传递 35 STL.(style)式样、款式、类型 36 T 或 LTX 或 TX(telex)电传 37 RMB(renminbi)人民币 38 S/M (shipping marks)装船标记 39 PR 或 PRC(price) 价格 40 PUR (purchase)购买、购货 41 S/C(sales contract)销售确认书 42 L/C (letter of credit)信用证 43 B/L ( bill of lading) 提单 44 FOB (free on board)离岸价45 CIF (cost,insurance&freight)成本、保险加运费价