1、1总的来说，汉英的语序基本一致。正是因为这种语序是基本一致的，在汉英翻译时不一致的地方就容易出差错。由于两种语言文化的表达、表述的习惯不同，形成一些固定说法的格式不同，如下面的例子，翻译时只有死记硬背。这种死记硬背非常重要，是翻译的重要基本功之一。在过去的翻译书中技巧讲得很多，但也应该重视固定说法的背诵功底。 1、英汉词序错位 水火 fire and water 贫富 rich and poor 新旧 old and new 长短 short and long 细长 long and thin 男婴 baby boy 女婴 baby girl 冷热 hot and cool 凉爽 nice a
2、nd cool 前后 back and forth 左右 right and left 软硬 hard and soft 轻重 heavy and light 晴雨 rain or shine 增损 loss and gain 水陆 land and water 饮食 food and drink 钢铁 iron and steel 死活 life and death 手臂 arms and hands 河流湖泊 lakes and rivers 山水 waters and mountains 科学技术 art and science 中小型 small and medium 文艺 art a
3、nd literature 衣食 food and clothing 唯一的 one and the only 同一的 one and the same 血肉 flesh and blood 此时此地 here and now 文武 military and civilian 三三两两 in twos and threes 敌我 ourselves and the enemy 物理化学 chemistry and physics 工农业 agriculture and industry 年月 month and year，time and tide 田径(运动) track and field
4、 (events) 迟早 sooner or later，first and last 水土流失 soil erosion and water loss 2新郎 新娘 the bride and the bridegroom 手疾眼快 quick of eye and deft of hand 喜怒哀乐 anger, grief, joy and happiness 水乳交融 as well blended as milk and water2、有一些情况汉英说法顺序差不多 如： 上下 up and down 高低 high and low 老幼 old and young 父母 father
5、 and mother 夫妇 man and wife 黑白 black and white (生活 )沉浮 ups and downs 彻头彻尾 from head to foot 来龙去脉 from beginning to end 来来往往 come and go, back and forth3、汉语习语中常有同义重复表达。如“徘徊”、“回环”、“温暖”、“思想”、“道路”等，英语中也有这种结构 如： time and tide 岁月 wear and tear 磨损 near and dear 亲近 lord and master 主人 wants and likes 喜好 the
6、rank and file 百姓 (or ，rank-and-filer) 3选修课英汉翻译 8：词序调整法翻译下列句子，注意调整词序：1). To design means to make the drawing of something new according to a plan. 设计就是按计划画出某个新东西的图样。2). This is the only reference book available here on the subject. 这是这里唯一能找到的有关该问题的参考书。3). Can you tell me something about the economic
7、system there? 你能不能和我谈一谈那里的经济体制。4). According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. 根据新学派科学家的观点，技术是开拓科学知识领域的一种被忽视的力量。 5). What is called “modern civilization” is not the result of a balanced development of all mans nature
8、, but of accumulated knowledge applied to practical life. 所谓“现代文明”并非是人的全部天性均衡发展的结果，而是用实际生活的积累起来的知识的产物。6). With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and to basic academic skills and disciplines. 因为生育高峰的来临，教育工作者和对教育感兴趣的圈外
9、人士关注的焦点不可避免地转向了较低的年级以及基本的学习技能和基础学科。interested in education 是后置定语修饰 laymen，应译成“对教育感兴趣的圈外人士”。同时要注意interested in education 不是修饰 educators 和 laymen 两种人的。7). This is a grand conception that excites and provokes. 这是一个令人激动、给人动力的观念。8). It is said the trees in that area are mostly over thirty feet tall. 据说那一
10、带的树多数都三丈多高。9). We are responsible for actions performed in response to circumstances for which we are not responsible. 如何对环境作出反应是我们的责任，尽管我们对环境本身无能为力。(不可译作“我们对那些对我们不负责任的环境作出的反应负有责任。”)10). Yesterday I met a man with a white beard. 昨天我遇到一位白胡子老头。11). We prepare our lessons carefully in the reading room
11、every evening. 我们每天在阅览室仔细地准备功课。12). The branch of science, artificial intelligence, is developing rapidly. 人工智能这门科学正在迅速地发展。13). I remember having seen him somewhere. 我记得在哪见过他。14). She didnt do it intentionally. 她不是有意这样做的。15). Students are playing ping-pong in high spirits at the cub now. 学生们现在正在俱乐部兴
12、致勃勃地打乒乓球。16). Mr. Albert suddenly died in New York at twenty past two p.m. on October 16, 1990. 艾伯特先生于 1990 年 10 月 16 日在纽约突然逝世。17). We walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn with a bag of toys and books. 我们提着一口袋玩具和书籍，在晨曦中穿过花园。18). The law operates universally, whether in the natural
13、world, in human society, or in mans thinking. 这个规律无论在自然界、人类社会还是人类思维中，都普遍地起着作用。419). I was born in Burdine, Kentucky, in the heart of Appalachian coal-mining country. 我出生于阿巴拉契山脉煤矿区中心的肯塔基州柏定市。20). His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product. 他的成功部分源于他销售产品的能力。21). Such has not bee
14、n the case, at least not for the last 150 years. 至少在近150 年以来，情况并非如此。22). To the surprise of everyone, his plan succeeded. 他的计划出人意料地成功了。解析：习惯表达法 to ones surprise 在英语中通常放句首。翻译时似乎也已形成了固定模式-“让某某惊奇的是”。实际上调整一下语序就可以摆脱这种呆板的译法。23). Horrified I reeled into my parents room. 我吓坏了，跌跌撞撞跑进爸妈的房里。此句不能译成“吓坏了，我”。英语中分词
15、作状语可以放在主语之前，尤其当分词词组较短时，一般将它移置主语之后。24). Staring at the ceiling, I spent another sleepless night. 我盯着天花板，又一夜未眠。25). Early breeding is advantageous for the young birds because it gives them more time to gain weight and foraging experience before the onset of winter. 提早孵育对幼鸟有益，因为在冬天来临之前它们将有更多的时间增长体重、积累觅
16、食的经验。这句话中一处较明显的语序调整是将时间状语 before the onset of winter 前提。另一处，也是较难处理的一处是将 it gives them 中的主语 it 省略，宾语 them 前提作主语。26). Seeing them off at the airport were the foreign minister and other officials. 到机场为他们送行的有外长和其他官员。27). Down runs the river through the gorges. 河水穿峡直流而下（河水穿峡奔腾而去）28). Bitterly did we repe
17、nt our decision. 我们深深懊悔作出了这样的决定。29). Gladly would he have given his life to save the child. 如果能救这孩子，他连牺牲自己的生命也高兴。30). Never had he had any experience like that. 他就根本没有经历过这样的事。31). With much difficulty did he find his way home. 他好不容易才回到了家。32). No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill. 他刚刚到达就生起
18、病来了。33). This ,I think, is a very good way to raise our theoretical level. 我看这是提高我们理论水平的好办法。34). That will be a good beginning, I hope. 希望这是一个良好的开端。 35). Well have to book our tickets in advance, Im afraid. 我看我们得提前订票。36). What the country thinks and worries about we should think and worry about. 我们应
19、想国家之所想，急国家之所急。37). Its a mystery why all our attempts have been unsuccessful. 为什么我们的一切尝试都失败了，这真是一个谜。38). That is why the jet engine can work at all altitudes. 为什么喷气发动机能在任何高度上工作。原因就在这里。（或：这就是喷气发动机能在任何高度上工作的原因。）39). An important function of the World Health Organization is to improve the health and li
20、ving conditions for the sick and the poor of the world. 世界卫生组织的重要作用，是改善全世界体弱多病和穷苦人的健康状况及生活条件。540). When you are about halfway through the story, try to make a guess how the plot will develop. 读到故事大约一半，你猜猜情节会怎样发展。41). During the years before the American Civil War, differences between the North and t
21、he South gradually came to focus on the question of slavery. 早在美国南北战争前的几年里，北方和南方的分歧逐渐集中到了奴隶问题上。42). All living languages are characterized by sound changes that have occurred and will continue to occur in the course of their history. 所有现存的语言都是以语音变化为特征，这些变化在语言的发展过程中已经发生，而且会继续发生。43). Although a great
22、number of houses in that aea are still in need of repair, there has been improvement in the facilities. 虽然那个地区许多房屋仍需修缮，但设备已有改进。44). In most cases, the research workers tested the response of the blind infant to different stimuli common in the family environment. 在大多数情况下，研究人员测试了盲童对家庭环境中常见的不同刺激的反应。45)
23、. To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time. 坦率地讲，能在这么短的时间内完成这项任务，实在令人安慰。46). Normally, division of labor leads to increased output of goods, making possible an increase in the standard of living of great numbers of people. 在正常情况下，分工会使商品产量增加，从而使许多人的生活水平提高成为可能。47
24、). One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease. 第二次世界大战期间使用的最重要的武器之一不是用来对付人的武器，而是用来对付疾病的药品。48). Some abnormal human behavior may be caused by eating substances that upset delicate chemical balances in
25、 the brain. 人的某些反常行为可能是由于吃了干扰大脑敏感的化学平衡的物质所致。49). Man has used metals for centuries in gradually increasing quantities, but it was not until the Industrial Revolution that they came to be employed in real vest quantities. 许多世纪以来，人类使用金属的量一直在逐渐增加，但直到工业革命，金属才真正被大量使用。50). Many species can communicate an
26、amazing amount of information via sound, information on which both the life of an individual and the continued existence of the species may depend. 很多物种能通过声音进行大量的信息交流，而依靠这种信息，个体得以生存，物种得以繁衍。词序调整在英汉互译中运用是非常普遍的，不管是短语的翻译，或是句子的翻译，都是如此 一、短语翻译 1，Professor Wang 王教授 2 Mr. Stevenson 史蒂文森先生 3Room 101 101 房间 4P
27、age 15 第 15 页 5 March the first, 1941 1941 年 3 月 1 日 6The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 6中国共产党中央委员会 7. Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 四川绵阳西南科技大学 8. tough-minded 意志坚强的 9. heart-warming 暖人心的 10. well-conducted 行为端正的 11. ill-tempered 脾气不好的 12 East Ch
28、ina 华东 13. northeast 东北 14southwest 西南 15north ，south, east and west 东西南北 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort? 我们能不能在东西南北各地建立起一个对付这些敌人 的全球联盟, 以保证全人类
29、享有更为丰裕的生活？你们 是否愿意参与这一历史的努力？ 16，Comrade Zhang， Protocol Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 外交部礼宾司张同志 17Major-General Mohammed Khan, The First Brigade, The Sixth Division, Pakistan Army 巴基斯坦陆军第六师第一旅穆罕默德汗少将 18( The tea-party was given by) Mr. Smith, senior correspondent of The Times, London. （这个茶会
30、是由）伦敦泰晤士报的高级记者史密斯先生（举行的） 19Every student of the class 班上每一个学生（不能译成 “每个学生的班”或“每个班上的学生”) 20all Party resolutions 党的一切决议（绝对不能译成：一 切党的决议） 1) About 1840, a canal was constructed across the meadows of the Marsh Farm. (D. H. Lawrence, The Rain-bow,)大约在 1840 年，横穿马什农场的草地开凿了一条运河。( X 大约在 1840 年，一条运河被建在横穿马什农场的草
31、地上)（主语换序） 2) Its good youre so considerate.你想得这样周到是很好的。(X 这是很好的你想得这样周到.)（主语从句换序） 3) Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer。. 他过去是工人， 现在当了工程师了(X 以前的工人，他是现在一个工程师)（同位语换序） 4）Even the wild animals of his homeland，it seemed to Kunta，had more dignity than these creatures. (Alex Haley，Roots)昆塔觉得，
32、即使他家乡的野兽 也比这群人自尊自重。（X 即使他家乡的野兽，昆塔觉得，也比这些家伙有更多的尊严）（插入语换序） 75) From the moment they set foot on the territory of their motherland, they were warmly received by their compatriots.他们从走上祖国土地的时刻起，就受到同胞们热情接待。（从那个时刻他们走上土地起）（定语从句换序） 6）On and on Byron talked（Herman wouk, The Winds of War） 拜伦滔滔不绝地讲述着。（滔滔不绝地拜伦讲
33、述着。）（状语换序） 7） But before she want to join her husband in the Belgic capital, Mrs. Crawley made an expedition into England ,leaving behind her little son upon the Continent, under the care of her French maid. (W. M. Thackeray, Vanity Fair) 克劳莱太太到比利时首都去找丈夫以前，先到英国去了一趟，叫那法国女佣人带着儿子留在欧洲大陆。（把她的儿子留在欧洲大陆上，让他
34、在她的法国女佣人的照顾之下。）（状语换序） 8) Cheerful ,efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒服。（乐观、能干、热情，他们总是）（状语移位，并转变为谓语） 9）Send us a message in case you have any difficulty. 万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。（请给我们一个信，万一你们有什么困难。）（“如果”、“虽然”也有放在后半句的，但这样过
35、于欧化的状语从句还是少用为好。）（状语从句换序） I0）Never before has our country been as united as it is today .今天，我们的国家空前团结。（从来没有以前我们国家）（倒装句换序） 11）在那场战争中，这道城墙 开始出现许多裂痕。 Many cracks began to appear on the city wall during that war .(X during that war ,the city wall began to have many cracks.) (主语换序) l2）发生了这样的事不是你的错。Its not
36、 your fault that this has happened.（ That this has happened is not your fault.这样翻译过于正规，在文体上与原文不符）（主语从句换序）13一个瘦弱多病的女孩子 ，以她坚强的毅力写出了一部催人奋进的小说 She, a thin and weak girl susceptible to diseases, wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will.( a thin and weak girl susceptible to diseases, s
37、he wrote one inspiring novel after another with her strong will .)（主语换序） 14刘四爷没答碴儿，想了想， 问道：“话匣子呢？唱唱！ ”(老舍骆驼祥子）Fourth Master Liu did not answer -he was thinking .“Where the gramophone?” he asked presently .“lets have a song!”（谓语换序） 15）她认真热情，一字不漏 地记下了所说的话。Conscientious and eager ,she took down what wa
38、s said ,careful not to miss a word .（谓语和状语换序） 16） 东西越小，地心引力对它的吸力就越 小，重量也就越 轻。 The smaller the thing the less the pull of gravity on it and the less the weight. 8(The thing the smaller the pull of gravity on it the less and the weight the less.)（表语换序） 17）一直在一旁观看的小学生们开始鼓起掌来。 The pupils that had been w
39、atching started to applaud. ( The always watching pupils started to applaud.)(定语从句换序) 18）她每天早上教我们学法语。 She teaches us French every morning.( She every morning teaches us French)（状语换序） 19）会议没能取得一致意见 就结束了。The meeting ended in disagreement. ( The meeting didnt achieve agreement and ended.)（状语换序） 20）我们还在
40、一切老解放区 大大推广了农业生产互助组的 组织。We greatly extended the organization of agricultural producers mutual-aid teams in all the old liberated areas.( We in all the old liberated areas greatly) 状语换序；定语换序） 下面再看较为复杂的换序译法 21）He witnessed the sixth post-war economic crisis of serious consequence that prevailed in var
41、ious fields in the USA. 他亲眼目睹了美国战后第六次后果严重的波及各个领域的经济危机。 （英语原文定语的词序：次第定语、时间定语、本质性定语、中心词、判断性定语、陈述行定语、国别定语； 汉语译文定语的词序：国别定语、时间定语、次第 定语、判断性定语、陈述性定语、本质性定语、中心词） 22）这三个县经历了那场 中国七十年代 第四次极为严重的 遍及数省的自然灾害. The three counties underwent the fourth most serious natural disaster that plagued several provinces in Chi
42、na in the 1970s (汉语原文定语的词序：限定性定语、国别定语、时间定语、次第定语、 判断性定语、陈述性定语、本质性定语、中心词； 英语译文定语的词序：限定性定语、次第定语、判断性定语、本质性定语、中心词、陈述性定语、国别定语、时间定语） 23）For this reason, our company explained solemnly to your company many times in February last year. 我公司为此于去年二月郑重地多次向贵公司表示。 （英语原文状语的词序：目的状语、主语、谓语、方式状语、指涉状语、频度状语、时间状语中的月份，时间状语
43、中的年份； 汉语译文状语的语序：主语目的状语、时间状语中的年份、时间状语中的月份、方式状语、频度状语、指涉状语、谓语） 24）我们为顾全大局 于同年秋末在第三方的调停下 开诚布公地多次强烈要求贵方赔偿我们的一切损失。 9With the third party acting as an intermediary, to take the interest of the whole into account, we strongly demand with frankness and sincerity many times at the end of the autumn of the sam
44、e year that you should compensate all our losses. (汉语原文状语的词序：主语、目的状语、时间状语中的年份、时间状语中的季节、条件状语、方式状语、频度状语、程度状语、谓语、 宾语； 英语译文状语的词序：条件状语、目的状语、主语、程度状语，谓语、方式状语、频度状语、时间状语中的季节、时间状语中的年份、 宾语 上面前二十个例子主要是对句子中语法成分在次序上进行调整，牵涉部分都在一两个；而后四个例子是对那些中心词（划有粗底线）的修饰语法进行换序翻译法，每个划粗底线的中心词都有六七个修饰语（前两句中的均为定语，后两句中的均为状语）. 英语中出现多项定语修
45、饰同一中心词时，一般采取下列词序； 1. 冠词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格、序量词等充当的定语 2. 表达主观判断的定语；3. 描述客观表象的定语；4 国别定语；5. 原料质科定语；6. 用途定语；7中心词但是当过多的定语词组出现时，可以通过用 in 或 of 等介词引导的定语词组或者用 that 或which 等连词引导的定语从句对部分定语词组进行后置处理，以此来保持结构上的平衡。 汉语中出现多项定语修饰同一中心词时，常用的词序为： 1. 限定性定语 2国别定语；3时间地点定语： 4数量、种类、次第等定语；5判断性定语；6陈述性定语，7. 本质性定语；8. 中心词。汉语里没有后置定语 英语多项状语的词序一般为： 1条件状语； 2.目的状语3.主语；4程度状语。5 谓语；6方式状语；7.频度状语；8.时间状语；9宾语 汉语多项状语的词序一般为： l. 主语；2.目的状语； 3时间状语；4条件状语；5 方式状语；6，频度状语；7 程度状语；8谓语； 9宾语。 我们应在不断的翻译实践中去掌握英汉词序的一般规律，学好换序译法
