1、第 8 讲 定语从句（要点透析）一、定义及相关术语1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as 等；关系副词：where, when, why 等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一定成分。Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read.(that
2、I have read是定语从句；novel 是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词 novel，在从句中作 have read 的宾语。)关系词 指代人或物 定语从句中充当的成 分that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语或 状语which 物或主句内容 主语、宾语或定语who 人 主语或宾语whom 人 宾语whose(of whomof which) 人或物 定语关系代词as 物或主句内容 主语或宾语when(适当介词which) 时间 状语where(适当介词which) 地点 状语关系副 词why(for which) 原因 状语4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上
3、不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“的”。 非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。 His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him t
4、o go to college.他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)二、关系代词的使用1. 关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday.(whom / that/who指人，在限制性定语从句中作 wanted to see 的宾语，可以省略)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that 指
5、物，在限制性定语从句中作 are carrying 的宾语，可以省略) Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadnt expected.(which 指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略)Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.(whom 前有介词 to，虽然作宾语，但不能省略)2. 定语从句中的主谓一致1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。I,
6、who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.2)one of 复数名词 关系代词 复数动词；而 the only one of 复数名词 关系代词 单数动词3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词 as 或 which 代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
7、4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.【疑难点击】1指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用 that 的情况：1)当先行词为 everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little 等不定代词时，只用 that。All that can be done has been done.2)
8、当先行词被 the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no 修饰时，只用that。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.【疑难点击】4)先行词既有人又有物时，只用 that。Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we
9、 have learned?5)当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which 时，为避免重复要用 that。Who is the man that is standing there?6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用 which，另一个宜用 that。They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用 that。Hangzhou is no more the city that
10、 it used to be.2. 关系代词 as 和 which as 和 which 均可作关系代词用。它们既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。(1) 在限制性定语从句中：as 作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，主要出现在下列几种习惯性搭配中，这时均不得用 which 取代 as。the sameas 意为“和相同的”I have bought the same bicycle as you have.我买了一辆和你的一样的自行车。such as 与 suchas 意为“像这(那)样的”The dictionary is not such as I expect.这一本并不是
11、我所期望得到的词典。I never heard such stories as he told.我从未听过他讲的那样的故事。as many/muchas 意为“和一样多”Here is plenty of hot water. You may use as much as you need.这儿有很多热水，你尽管用好了。asas 意为“和一样的”There is never as brave a man as he.从来没有像他那样勇敢的人。which 作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，一般不可简单地用 as 来取代它。We see the house the roof of which is
12、 red.我们能看到那所红顶的房子。(2) 在非限制性定语从句中：as 和 which 都可以用来指代整个主句，在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语；两词通常可以互换。但要注意：which 一般用于书面用语，而 as 通常用于口语体。The two brothers were satisfied with the decision, as/which was agreed beforehand.兄弟俩人对该决定很满意，这项决定是事先就商定好了。Jim found the farmhouse, as/which he had hoped he would.正如他事先所希望的那样，吉姆找到了那间农舍。I
13、was seasick, as/which some of the other passengers on board were.我有些晕船，船上其他一些乘客亦是如此。【注意】which 也可作介词的宾语引导非限制性定语从句，as 则不能。He lives in the house, the windows of which face to the south.他住在那所房子里，房子的窗户是朝南的。非限制性定语从句在意义上与主句近乎并列关系的，一般用 which；非限制性定语从句与主句相比较，表达说话人的看法或指出其内容的出处或根据，或者与上下文相联系的，一般用 as。My brother w
14、as admitted into a university, which delighted us all.我哥哥被一所大学录取了，这件事使我们大家很高兴。It rained heavily, as we didnt expect.下这么大的雨，这是我们没料到的。as 引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或插入主句之中，而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the su
15、n. The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.正如我们所知道的那样，地球绕着太阳转。I like English very much, which is a bridge to much knowledge.我非常喜欢英语，它是通向许多知识的一座桥梁。非限制性定语从句中的谓语是实义动词时，只能用 which 作从句的主语；谓语是 say, imagine, expect, know, show, point, announce, suppose 等动词的被动形式时，只能用 as 作从句的主语，且多位于句首；谓语是 be adj
16、.时，既可用 as 也可用 which 作从句的主语。I gave my son a toy for his birthday, which pleased him a lot.我给我儿子买了个玩具作为他的生日礼物，这使得他很高兴。As is well known, light travels faster than sound.众所周知，光比声音传播快。We jumped for joy at the news, as/which was natural.很自然，我们听到了这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。当非限制性定语从句的谓语是复合结构，连接词在从句中作宾语时，只能用 which 引导定语从句。
17、The Royal fleet was defeated by the Japanese, which most people thought unbelievable.皇家海军舰队被日本人打败了，大多数人认为是令人难以置信的。3“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用 whom，指物时用 which，不能用that。1)某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如 take care of, look for, look after, care for 等。
18、This is the book (which / that) I am looking for.2)“介词关系代词”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词关系代词”之后。He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.3)介词which / whomto do 结构可以改为
19、：介词which / whom定语从句。I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.I dont have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress.4)在非限制性定语从句中，which 可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词which 名词”结构，相当于 and in/at/during this/that名词。He was very ill, in which case(and in this case)we
20、sent him to hospital first. She lost her temper, at which point(and at this point) I decided to go back home.Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time(and during that time) he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union. 三、关系副词的使用1. 以 the way 为先行词的定语
21、从句通常由 in which 或 that 引导，而且通常可以省略。The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising.(in which / that 在从句中充当状语)【注意】The way (which / that)he explained to us was quite simple.( which / that 在从句中充当宾语。) 2. 有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词 where / when 前加上介词 to, from 等。China is the birth place of kites, fr
22、om where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.【疑难点击】一些特殊的先行词如： situation, point, case, activity，scene 及 period, festival, occasion 等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语时用 that/which，作状语时用where/when 或介词which。四、关系代/副词的选择技巧1. 用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它作什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。【疑难点击】2. 一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词；作
23、状语时，用关系副词或介词which；作定语时，用 whose。There is one point that we must insist on.(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point，所以先行词 point 在定语从句中作宾语，故用 that/which 或省略。)Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. (定语从句可还原为：at the point both sides will sit down together and tal
24、k, 故先行词 point 在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用 where/at which。)四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系1. 区别 suchas/(soas)引导的定语从句和 such/sothat引导的结果状语从句判断用 that 还是 as, 只要看到底是结果状语从句还是定语从句，即看从句的结构是否完整。如果从句缺了主语或宾语就是定语从句；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句。He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (不缺句子成分， that 引导结果状语从句)He is such a good boy as everyone l
25、ikes. (likes 缺宾语，用 as 充当并引导定语从句)The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others. (as 充当eats 的主语，并引导定语从句) 2. 区别非限制性定语从句与并列句 He said nothing that made me angry. (限制性定语从句，that 是关系代词)He said nothing, which made me angry. (非限制性定语从句)He said nothing, and that made me angry. (并列句，that 是
26、指示代词)3. 定语从句与非谓语动词相结合The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out next year. (that they would like to see carried out next year 是定语从句，that 指代the plan，作 see 的宾语，用了 see sth. done 结构。)4. 定语从句与名词性从句As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. (as 引导非限制性定语从句)It is kno
27、wn to all that the moon travels around the earth.(it 作形式主语，that引导主语从句)What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth. (what 引导主语从句， that 引导表语从句)That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.(that 引导主语从句)5. 定语从句与地点状语从句When you read the book, youd better make a mark in the pla
28、ce where you have any questions.(定语从句修饰 place)When you read the book, youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(地点状语从句)Please put the book in the place where you got it. (定语从句修饰 place)Please put the book where you got it. (地点状语从句)6. 定语从句与强调句、状语从句It was this small village (that/which) we
29、got to know each other.(定语从句)It was in this small village that we got to know each other.(强调句)It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)It was 1914, when the war broke out.(非限制性定语从句)【疑难点击】定语从句与同位语从句的区别：(1) 从词类上区别同位语从句前面的名词常是 idea, fact, news, hope, belief,
30、 suggestion, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order 等表示抽象意义的名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。Word came that he had gone abroad.据说他已经出国了。(同位语从句说明名词 word 的具体内容)His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽最大努力帮助他学习。(定语从句，代词 all 作先行词)【疑难点击】(2) 从性质上区别定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属
31、于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句，补充说明 promise)The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。(定语从句，that 从句作定语修饰 promise)【疑难点击】(3) 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别。有些引导词如 how,
32、 whether, what 可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。Today we have little idea what a hard life the Red Army was then leading.今天我们很难想象那时红军过的生活是多么艰苦。第 8 讲 定语从句（考点突破）( ) 1. I need to call my friend David _ coat I walked off by mistake yesterday. (2010福建厦门外国语学校高三模拟) A. in whose B. in thatC. with which D. with her( ) 2.
33、Is it the years _ you worked in Africa as a doctor _ have a great effect on your literary works？(2011四川成都市三校高三联考)A. that; where B. that; thatC. when; where D. when; that【解析】1. A 关系代词 whose 指代 Davids, 即 in Davids coat，“穿着 David 的外套”，故选A。2. D 此处用了强调结构 It is/was 被强调部分that/who/whom句子的其他部分，在该结构中又加了定语从句，先
34、行词 the years 在从句 you worked 中作时间状语，因此选 D。( ) 3. As was expected, only five people turned up at the party, _ disappointed the hostess very much.(2010河南商丘市高三模拟)A. which B. thatC. who D. where( ) 4. We hope the measures to control prices, _ are taken by the government, will succeed. (2010北京市重点中学高三考前预测)
35、A. as B. whenC. since D. after 【解析】3. A 关系代词 which 代替前面整个句子。4. A 关系代词 as 引导非限制性定语从句指代先行词 measures，在从句中作主语，因此选 A。( ) 5. Bill Gates has created a wonderful “window” _ people can surf the Internet freely.(2010重庆高三模拟)A. that B. whichC. where D. when( ) 6. There must be a time in every mans life _.(2010四
36、川棠湖中学高三考前训练)A. that he is in low spiritsB. which he is in low spiritsC. when he is in low spirits D. then he is in low spirits 【解析】5. C 根据句意“比尔盖茨创造了一个神奇的 window(系统)，人们可以通过这个系统”可知应用 where 引导定语从句在句中作地点状语。6. C 先行词 a time 在从句中作时间状语，用关系副词 when，因此选 C。( ) 7. He expressed his gratitude to his head teacher,
37、without _ help he wouldnt have made such great progress in his studies.(2010安徽合肥市高三质量检测)A. whose B. hisC. whom D. which( ) 8. Could it be in the restaurant in _ you had dinner with me yesterday _ you left behind your keys and wallet？(2011甘肃天水市三中高三月考)A. which; which B. which; thatC. that; where D. wh
38、ere; where【解析】7. A whose 引导定语从句，指代先行词 his head teacher 且在从句中充当 help 的定语。8. B 此句考查强调结构和定语从句的结合。in which 引导定语从句修饰 the restaurant。( ) 9. Ill never forget the days _ we spent together in the countryside. (2010辽宁锦州一中年高三测试)A. when B. on whichC. which D. in which( )10. Where did you get to know her? It was
39、 on the farm _ we worked.(2011河南郑州四中高三第一次调考)A. there B. thatC. where D. there【解析】9. C 先行词 the days 在定语从句中作宾语，spend the days，因此选 C。10. C 根据句意“你在哪里认识她的？是在我们工作的农场里。”可知答句为省略了的强调句，即 It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her。( )11. A good ad often uses words _ people attach positive meanin
40、gs. (2011四川成都市三校高三联考)A. in which B. to whichC. which D. that ( )12. On the flight to Chongqing, the memory of my childhood, _ I was my fathers shadow, came flooding back. (2010重庆模拟)A. as B. whenC. while D. where【解析】11. B attachto为固定搭配，介词 to 前置，用关系代词 which。因此选 B。12. B when 引导定语从句修饰先行词 my childhood, 相
41、当于 in which 在从句中作时间状语。( )13. I refuse to accept the blame for something _ was someone elses fault.A. who B. thatC. as D. what( )14. Its helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently.(2011云南曲靖一中高三月考)A. that B. whenC. which D. where 【解析】13. B 考查定语从句关系词。定语从句先行词是 something
42、，且在定语从句中作主语，由于 something 是不定代词，只能用关系代词 that。14. D 先行词 a situation 在定语从句中作地点状语，因此选 D。( )15. An official said the plan had also taken migrant workers into account, _ medical care would be provided even if they didnt have a stable job.(2010江苏泰州/南通市高三第三次模拟)A. for whom B. for whichC. with whom D. with wh
43、ich ( )16. I wouldnt eat potatoes unless Im really starving, in _ case you eat almost anything. (2010江苏宿迁市二模)A. whose B. oneC. what D. which【解析】15. A 先行词 migrant workers 在定语从句中作宾语，用在 provide sth. for sb. 结构中，因此选 A。16. D 非限制性定语从句，意思为：在这种情况下，介词 in 前置，用关系代词 which，因此选 D。( )17. Our goal is to build a har
44、monious society _ all people are well educated, workers well paid, patients well treated, elders well tended, and families well accommodated. (2010江苏宜兴市高三模拟)A. which B. thatC. in which D. in that( )18. We will take the conditions into careful consideration _ you have attached to this contract. Thank
45、s. Wish our future cooperation pleasant.(2010江苏六合高级中学高三冲刺模拟)A. after B. whenC. what D. which【解析】17. C which 指代先行词 a harmonious society, in which 在定语从句中作地点状语，因此选 C。18. D which 引导的定语从句，其先行词为 conditions，且在从句中充当 attached 的宾语。故选 D 项。( )19. Barry hid himself behind the door, from _ he could hear the steps
46、 of his father clearly. (2010江苏淮安市高三 5 月调研)A. which B. thatC. when D. where( )20. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. whoC. that D. who learn【解析】19. D from where 即 from behind the door，此处容易和答案 A 混淆，from which 即 from the door，和全句意思不符，因此选 D。20. D 先行词是 those,
47、 在从句中作主语，不能省略关系代词，谓语动词用复数形式。( )21. Mr. Smith is one of the foreign experts who _ in China. A. works B. is workingC. are working D. has been working( )22. Didnt you see the man _？ A. I nodded just nowB. whom I nodded just nowC. I nodded to him just nowD. I nodded to just now 【解析】21. C 先行词是 foreign ex
48、perts, 谓语动词用复数形式。22. D nod to 表示“向某人点头”；定语从句的关系代词为 whom 或 that, 在从句中作介词宾语，可以省略。( )23. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. whoC. from whom D. to whom( )24. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day?A. that you talkedB. you talked about itC. which you
49、talked withD. you talked about【解析】23. D turn to sb. for help 表示“向某人求助”。关系代词在从句中作介词宾语。介词提到 whom 之前。24. D 定语从句的关系代词为 which 或 that, 在从句中作介词 about 的宾语，可以省略。( )25. The matter _ you were arguing about last night has been settled. A. that B. whatC. why D. for which( )26. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _ they reme
