1、第七章增补与省略Addition & Omission in Translation,7.1 增补译法 7.1.1 译形容词时增加程度副词 7.1.2 译抽象名词时增加具体名词 7.1.3 译抽象名词时增加另一个抽象名词 7.1.4 译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词 7.1.5 补译省略部分 7.1.6 补译替代部分 7.1.7 补译解释说明 7.1.8 根据语气增词 7.1.9 根据语境增词 7.1.10 根据逻辑修辞增词 7.2 省略译法 7.2.1 冠词的省译 7.2.2 代词的省译 7.2.3 名词的省译 7.2.4 动词或系动词的省译 7.2.5 介词的省译 7.2.6 连词的
2、省译 7.2.7 短语或句子的省译,第七章 增补与省略,第 七 章 重 点,课堂互动1课堂互动2课堂互动3课堂互动4课堂互动5,综合练习1 综合练习2 综合练习3,课堂互动6,第七章综合练习及参考译文,课堂互动7,-end,3,第七章 增补与省略 Addition & Omission in Translation,增补与省略是一种常用的翻译技巧，也称为增减词译法。,4, 增补译法翻译时需要在字面上作一些增补调整，增加一些原文中所没有的但一定要在语言结构上、语义上、修辞上是必需的、不可缺少的词、词组甚至句子。 省略译法翻译时需要减少一些原文在语言结构上、语义上、修辞上是多余的、不必要的、累赘或
3、罗嗦的词、词组甚至句子。,5,比如：What kind of money do girls like the most ? Matrimony. 若译作：“姑娘们喜欢什么样的钱？”“婚姻”。 运用增补译法进行改译：“姑娘们喜欢什么样的钱，美元还是日元？”“良缘。”,6,不管增词还是减词，其原则是增词不增意，减词不减意。其目的是使译文更加通顺流畅，明白易懂。,7,增词不增意是增补译法的原则，即所增之词，其意义虽然在原文字面上没有清楚地表现出来，但却隐藏在原文中，而增补译法并未违背忠实原则。,7. 1 增补译法（Proper Addition in Translation）,8,翻译形容词时前面可
4、加上一个表示程度的副词如 “比较、非常、十分、实在、相当”等，但这些词并不起强调或加强语气的作用，也没有比较关系，只起缓和或协调语气的作用。,7. 1. 1 译形容词时增加程度副词,9,例1：The park is beautiful. 【译文】这公园美（很美，非常美，十分美，相当美）。,10,像这类形容词前加上 “比较、非常、十分” 等词，在讲话、朗读时语气要自然一些，读音不可拖长，音拖长了意思也就改变了。,例2：It is fitting that we should remember him on his birthday. 【译文】我们在他的诞辰之日来纪念他是比较合适的。,11,例3：
5、 suitable 适应比较适应warm 热情非常热情courageous 勇敢非常勇敢kind 善良十分善良lovely 可爱十分可爱witty 高明实在高明disgusting 讨厌实在讨厌satisfied 满意相当满意,小节结束,12,在抽象名词后常增加上另一个名词来说明这个抽象名词，如“状态、状况、情况、工作、过程、作用、现象、情绪、方式、方法、技巧、问题、部分、原因、化、方案、系统、部门”等，但要视情况而定。,7. 1. 2 译抽象名词时增加具体名词,13,例1：It is enough to shatter complacency. 【译文】足以打破自满情绪。,14,例2： st
6、illness 静止静止状态confusion 混乱混乱局面measurement 测量测量方法purification 净化净化过程 repetition 重复重复现象 management 管理管理方式 calculation 计算计算方法 accommodation 住宿住宿问题 joint 连接连接部分 saturation 饱和饱和状态 preparation 准备准备工作 remedies 补救补救措施 modification 修改修改方案,小节结束,15,在抽象名词后面跟上另一个抽象名词来加强语气，强调说明前一个名词，两个名词互相解释。,7. 1. 3 译抽象名词时增加另一个抽
7、象名词,例1：Use your intelligence, and youre sure to achieve something. 【译文】发挥你的聪明才智, 你一定能取得成就。,16,例2：zealousness 热情热情大方 thought 思想思想意识morality 道德道德品质pride 骄傲骄傲自大tediousness 枯燥枯燥无味contemptibility 卑鄙卑鄙无耻silence 沉默沉默寡言leisure 闲情闲情逸致calmness 坦然坦然自若cautiousness 谨慎谨慎小心,小节结束,17,例1：We admire him for the way in
8、which he faces his difficulties. 【译文】我们赞赏他面对各种困难的做法。,7. 1. 4 译名词复数时增加表示门类、数量概念的词,可数名词是复数形式时，可根据具体情况增加表示门类、数量概念的词。这些概念词常是“们、一些、许多、这些、那些、各种、各类、各项、几个”等。,18,例2： activities 活动各种活动samples 样品各种样品types 型号各种型号problems 问题这些问题contradictions 矛盾这些矛盾 books 书籍各类书籍sizes 尺寸各类尺寸 contents 内容各项内容targets 指标各项指标circumsta
9、nces 情况种种情况causes 原因种种原因,小节结束,19,原文为使语言简洁，避免重复而省掉了一个或几个词、词组。汉译时补译出原文所省略之词，会使译文意思清楚明确、生动有力，具有行文优美、结构完整之感。,7. 1. 5 补译省略部分,20,例1：Besides food and blankets, they had mules, picks and pans. 【译文】除了带着食物和毯子之外，他们还牵着骡子，扛着铁锨，带着淘盘。,21,例2：Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man
10、. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies) 【译文】读书可以培养一个完美的人，说话可以训练一个敏捷的人，而写作可以造就一个准确的人。,22,例3：The Chinese people still keep their conventional way to celebrate the Spring Festival; a whole family gathering on New Years Eve make dumplings and fire crackers. 【译文】中国人仍以传统的方式迎新春，除夕之夜全家人聚在一起包饺子、放鞭炮。,23,例4：The three bu
11、rglaries, three purse snatchings, one mugging, one robbery at knifepoint and one pocket-picking I have experienced since 1959 didnt cost me much in money. 【译文】自1959年以来，我被盗三次，被抢钱包三次，被拦路打劫一次，被用刀子逼着抢劫一次，被掏包一次，但都没有损失多少钱。,24,例5：Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability. Their chief use for
12、 delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. (Francis Bacon: Of Studies) 【译文】读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。（王佐良译）,小节结束,25,例1：Practically every river has an upper, a middle, and
13、 a lower part. 【译文】但凡是河流，都有上游、中游和下游。 例2：We wont retreat; we never have and never will. 【译文】我们不后退，我们从来就没有后退过，我们将来也绝不后退。,补充例句,26,例3：Presently there came a quivering glow that vaguely revealed the foliage for a moment and then vanished. By and by another came, a little stronger. Then another. (Mark Twa
14、in: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer) 【译文】一会儿闪出一道颤动的亮光，隐约照亮了树上的枝叶，然后很快又消逝了。不一会儿，又是一道闪光，比前一次更亮些。然后又是一道。,补充例句,27,例4： I had no outlook, but an uplook rather. My place in society was at the bottom. 【译文】我没有人生观，倒是有向上爬观，我处于社会的底层。,补充例句,28,例5：This is largely a manifestation of strong black identity, forged from
15、experience of extensive discrimination and a consequent rejection of the values of mainstream British society. 【译文】这主要表现了一种强烈的黑人个性，这种黑人个性是由他们普遍受歧视的经历以及随之而产生的对主流英国社会价值观念的否定态度而造成的。,补充例句,小节结束,29,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整（参考译文）,1The purposes of his journey were both military and political. 【译文】这次旅行既有军
16、事上的目的，又有政治上的目的。,30,2Some of the gases in the air are fairly constant in amount, while others are not. 【译文】空气中有些气体的含量相当稳定，有些就不稳定。,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整（参考译文）,31,3You may apply in person or by letter. 【译文】你可以本人亲自去申请或寄信去申请。,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整（参考译文）,32,4Some go only for one year, many for
17、 two, but never longer, unless the ship which is to bring them out cannot reach their base.(W. M. Smith: In the Antarctic) 【译文】有些人在这里呆一年，也有人要呆两年，但绝对不会再久，除非去接他们的船只到不了基地。,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整（参考译文）,33,5He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for ru
18、nning into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (William Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 【译文】他是个聪明人，很好相处，就是学习不肯用功；老是东挪西借，还喜欢上酒馆喝上两口。,小节结束,课堂互动1： 翻译句子，注意补译省略部分使句式结构完整（参考译文）,34,原文为了避免重复，常在表达中使用代词来代替前面出现的有关信息，英译汉时可重复补译出代词所代替的信息，这样使前后照应，表达一致。,7. 1. 6 补译替代部分,35,例1：With September, comes a sense of autumn. It cr
19、eeps in on a misty dawn and vanishes in the hot afternoon. It tiptoes through the tree-tops, rouging a few leaves, then rides a tuft of thistle down across the valley and away. 【译文】九月来临，秋意渐浓。这秋的气息潜行于多雾的黎明，又消失于炽热的午后；踏着树梢，染红树叶，乘着丝丝蓟花绒毛，越过峡谷，飘然而去。,36,例2：The moon seemed to sink, a crest reached and lost
20、, and he watched it, catching the edge against the window, to try to hold it, but felt it pass. 【译文】月亮像要落了，碰到了一座山顶，又隐没了。他凝视着月亮，用手触摸着映在窗上的光边，想把它攥住，但是感到月亮从他手指缝里溜走了。,37,例3：Know the true value of time; snatch, seize, and enjoy every moment of it. 【译文】知道时间的真正价值。才能争取每一刻，抓住每一刻，享受每一刻。,小节结束,38,例1：Water evapo
21、rates more rapidly when the temperature is higher than when it is low. 【译文】温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。,补充例句,39,例2：Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. 【译文】时间被当作几乎实实在在的东西对待。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时
22、间、消磨时间、缩减时间、解释时间是怎么用的；我们还要因为花了时间而收取费用。,补充例句,40,补充例句,例3： You cannot build a ship, a house, or a machine tool if you do not know how to make a design or how to read it. 【译文】如果不懂制图或看不懂图纸，就不可能造成一条船，盖好一座房子或生产出一台机床来。,小节结束,41,课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意补译替代部分使句意完整（参考译文）,1Did you enjoy your time in Nanjing？ Yes, I did.
23、【译文】你在南京过得愉快吗？ 是的，我过得很愉快。,42,2Is matter in constant motion and in constant change? Yes, it is. 【译文】物质是在不断地运动和变化着吗？是的，物质是在不断地运动和变化着。,课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意补译替代部分使句意完整（参考译文）,43,3For errors had been made, bad ones. 【译文】因为错误已经出了不少， 而且还是很严重的错误。 4I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only wast
24、e time. 【译文】希望会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。,小节结束,课堂互动2： 翻译句子，注意补译替代部分使句意完整（参考译文）,44,7. 1. 7 补译解释说明,英译汉时若按字面译，让人看不明白，甚至误解，增加一些必要的解释性文字，补充说明，表达完整。,45,例1：I never told my love vocally; still, if looks have language, the merest idiot might have guessed I was over head and ears. 【译文】我从没有把自个儿的爱情说出口，如果眉目也能传情，那么即便是白痴也
25、能看出，我已沉溺在爱河里，都淹没了头顶。,46,例2： and Frome, at each turn, caught sight of her laughing panting lips and the dark eyes 【译文】她每一转身，弗洛美瞥见一下她笑着喘着的双唇和那一双黝黑的眼珠”,47,例3：In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”. 【译文】四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了七月，美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。,小节结束,48,例1：Th
26、ey went to Beijing by a Shanghai. 【译文】他们乘坐“上海”牌小轿车去了北京。,补充例句,49,例2：And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed. 【译文】越来越多的西方知识分子当时接受这种看法，虽然从数量上说，他们仍然是少数。,补充例句,50,例3：His speech was Irish throughout，versatile，witty and occasionally pointed. 【译文】他的演说自始至终都带有爱尔兰人的风格：洋洋洒洒，妙语横生，有时则犀利尖刻。,补充例句,51,例
27、4： In literature, as in life, one of the fundamentals is to find, and be, ones true self. Ones true self may indeed be unpleasant; but a false self, sooner or later, becomes disgustingjust as a nice plain woman, painted to the eyebrows, can become horrid. In writing, in the long run, pretense does n
28、ot work. As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. If handwriting reveals character, writing reveals it still more. You cannot fool your judges all the time. (钱歌川：翻译的技巧) 【译文】在文学中，也和在人生中一样，基本原理之一就是发现自我，乃至成为真正的自我。真正的自我诚然是令人不愉快的，但一个虚伪的自己迟早是会变得令人讨厌的正好像一个丑陋的女人，涂脂抹粉，一直涂到眉
29、毛以上去，也会变得可怕一样。在写作中假装毕竟也是行不通的。正如警察所说的，你说的任何一句话，都可能成为对你不利的证据。如果笔迹显示性格，写作显示的则更多。你不能始终愚弄所有的评判人呀。,补充例句,小节结束,52,课堂互动3： 翻译句子，注意解释说明（参考译文）,1He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life and death. 【译文】他一直生活在沙漠里，每杯水都可能是生死攸关之大事，必须精打细算地用。,53,2If one had but two heads
30、 and neither required sleep! （=It would be good if one had but two heads and neither required sleep!） 【译文】人要是有两个脑袋，而且都不需要休息就好了。,课堂互动3： 翻译句子，注意解释说明（参考译文）,54,3And the music of the pearl drifted to a whisper and disappeared. 【译文】珍珠之歌随波荡漾，余音袅袅，后来完全溶入了滚滚波涛。,课堂互动3： 翻译句子，注意解释说明（参考译文）,55,4Saving is to an in
31、dividual is what profit is to a business. /What saving is to an individual is what profit is to a business. 【译文】一个人不能不储蓄存钱，就像一个企业不能没有利润效益一样。,课堂互动3： 翻译句子，注意解释说明（参考译文）,56,5And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his army of the future. 【译文】接着他发表了长篇演说，振振有词地把他设想中的未来军队鼓吹了一番。,课堂互动3： 翻译句子，注意解释
32、说明（参考译文）,57,例1：Good news, friends! 【译文】朋友们，报告大家一个好消息！,7. 1. 8 根据语气增词,出于行文考虑，英译汉时增加一些汉语的语气助词、强调性副词或重复词汇，使译文明白流畅，这种增词译法实际上是一种结构增词。,58,例2：What we saw was indeed a new China. A country of well-dressed, clean, healthy, and happy people. 【译文】我们所看到的确实是一个新中国。一个人民衣着体面整洁、身体健康、生活幸福的国家。,59,例3：It is well known t
33、hat laughter has a tonic effect on the mind and body, suffusing the body with a feeling of well-being that few other activities are able to provide, refreshing, relieving, enlivening, and involving the whole body in its “happy convulsion”. (Ashley Montague: Why Are You Laughing?) 【译文】众所周知，笑具有健身作用，身心
34、皆宜。它可以使人体充满一种幸福愉快的感觉。这是别的活动很少能达到的。笑可以使人精神为之一爽，消愁解闷，富于生气，还可以使整个人体在其“愉快的痉挛”中得到运动。,小节结束,60,例1：Suppose it were so? (=Suppose it were so, what shall we do?) 【译文】假如果真如此，又该怎么办呢？,补充例句,61,例2： He poured out his tale of misfortunes. 【译文】他滔滔不绝地诉说了自己的遭遇。,补充例句,62,例3：My dear Copperfield, she is, without any except
35、ion, the dearest girl! The way she manages this place, her punctuality, domestic knowledge, economy, and order, her cheerfulness, Coperfield! 【译文】我亲爱的科柏菲尔的确是位最可爱的姑娘！她把这里的一切料理的多好！她持家认真节俭，做事有条不紊，又精通家务事，整天价乐呵呵的，多好的科柏菲尔！,补充例句,小节结束,63,根据上下文、隐义语境的需要，增补语义上、结构上和修辞上所必须的词，这些词可以是动词、名词、形容词、副词、量词、范畴性词、概括性词、甚至句子等
36、。,7. 1. 9 根据语境增词,64,例1：There are teachers in plenty, but the teacher does not exist. 【译文】教师多的是，但真正的好老师却没有。,65,例2：The speed and reliability are the chief advantage of the electronic computer. 【译文】运行速度快，可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。,66,例3：When Hughie came in he found Trevor putting the finishing touches to a wonde
37、rful life-size picture of a beggar-man. (Oscar Wilde: The Model Millionaire) 【译文】休埃一进门就发现特里维正在最后润色一幅画。这画有真人那么大，画的是一个乞丐，画得可真好。,67,例4：Life centered around family and food 【译文】生活的圈子就是自己的家，生活中主要关心的是如何填饱肚皮。,68,例5：In poverty, hunger, and dirt;And still with a voice of dolorous pitch,Would that its tone co
38、uld reach the rich!She sang this Song of the Shirt !(Thomas Hood: The Song of the Shirt) 【译文】 贫穷，饥饿，肮脏， 低唱衬衫歌， 音意何哀伤！ 但愿此曲传入朱门与华堂！,69,例6：Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown th
39、at mankind are disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. (Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence) 【译文】当然，谨慎的心理会主宰人们的意识，使之认为不应该为了某些轻微的、暂时的原因而把建立已久的政府更换；而且过去的经验也都表明，只要政府的罪恶尚可容忍，人们总是宁愿默然忍受，而不愿废除他们久已习惯的政府形式以恢复他们自
40、己的权利。,70,例1：God knows what their fate will be, but I can guess. 【译文】天晓得他们的命运将如何，可我能猜出几分。,补充例句,71,例2：As early as the second session, he became convinced that Nixons outward self-confidence masked repression. 【译文】早在与尼克松第二次见面时，他就确信尼克松外表上的自信掩盖着情绪上的压抑。,补充例句,72,例3： The business of her (Mrs Bernnets) life
41、was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. (Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice) 【译文】她（班纳特夫人）生平的大事就是嫁女儿；她生平的安慰就是拜客访友和打听新闻。,补充例句,73,例4： At the meeting he made a speecheloquent and energetic. 【译文】他在会上发表了讲话很动听很有力。,补充例句,小节结束,74,课堂互动4： 翻译句子，根据语境、语义增词（参考译文）,1People in the square melt
42、ed away. 【译文】广场上的人们渐渐散去了。2This is the drink of hot weather. 【译文】这是大热天理想的饮料。,75,3He was weak and old. 【译文】他身体衰弱，年纪也大了。 4The advantages of the hall are bright, spacious, fashionable and without echo. 【译文】这间大厅有四大优点：明亮、宽敞、时尚新潮、没有回声。,课堂互动4： 翻译句子，根据语境、语义增词（参考译文）,76,5Mr Linton was not far behind; he opened
43、 the gate himself and sauntered slowly up, probably enjoying the lovely afternoon that breathed as soft summer. (Emily Bront: Wuthering Heights) 【译文】林惇先生在后面不远；他自己开了大门，慢慢蹓跶过来，大概是想享受这风和日丽、宛如夏日的下午时光。,小节结束,课堂互动4： 翻译句子，根据语境、语义增词（参考译文）,77,如果是无生命名词作主语，可译成状语从句，增词可使译文意思更加清楚，结构更加完整，逻辑关系明确。这类句子汉译时，常用汉语的条件复合句“只
44、要就”，“由于”，“因而”，主语改用“你(们)”“我（们）”等，其谓语动词常用 “make, enable, prevent, lead to, cause, show, bring about” 等。,7. 1. 10 根据逻辑修辞增词,78,例1：This medicine will make you feel better. 【译文】你吃了这药就会好些。 例2：With determination, with luck, and with help from lots of good people, I was able to rise from the ashes. 【译文】凭着我的决
45、心，我的运气，还有许多善良人们的帮助，我终于重整旗鼓。,79,例3：My first quarter at Lowood seemed an age, and not the golden age either; it comprised an irksome struggle with difficulties in habituating myself to new rules and unwonted tasks. The fear of failure in these points harassed me worse than the physical hardships of my
46、 lot, though these were no trifles. （Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre） 【译文】我在劳渥德的第一个季度似乎有一年那么长，而且还不是黄金时期。在这一个季度里，我得作种种令人厌烦的斗争，来克服困难，使自己习惯于新的规则、陌生的工作。我一直担心，怕在这些方面出什么差错，这可比命中注定要我身受的艰苦，更叫我苦恼，虽说艰苦也并不是小事。,80,例4：All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily a
47、nd cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books 【译文】古往今来人类的一切智慧结晶、数百年来人们津津乐道的那些故事传奇，我们都可以轻而易举地从书籍中获得。,81,例5：Competence, Concentration, Comprehension, Conscientiousness, Clarity, Courtesy. 【译文】业务过硬，精神集中，理解全面，工作认真，清楚利落，彬彬有礼。,82,例1：Your refusal to come might offend others. 【译文】你如果不来就会得罪人。例
48、2：Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 【译文】只要仔细把他们比较一下，你就会发现不同之处。,补充例句,83,例3：To many Americans, China is still a faraway placeunknown, unseen, and fascinating. 【译文】今天，仍然有许多美国人觉得中国远在天涯海角，鲜为人知，令人心驰神往。,补充例句,84,例4：He was a patriotic, adventurous and romantic writer. 【译文】他是一个具有爱国热情、探索
49、精神和浪漫风格的作家。,补充例句,85,例5：China now is awakening, and it may soon move the world. Exotic, mysterious, fascinating China from time immemorial has tantalized the imagination of Western man. (Richard M. Nixon: The Awakening Giant) 【译文】中国正在觉醒，不久会震撼世界。自远古以来，中国奇异诱人，神秘莫测，魅力无穷激起了西方人的幻想。,补充例句,小节结束,86,课堂互动5： 翻译下列句子，注意逻辑修辞（参考译文）,1Illness prevented him from doing his work. 【译文】他因病不能干活。 2Possessing high conductivity of heat and electricity, aluminum finds wide application in industry. 【译文】由于铝具有良好的导热性及导电性，所以在工业上获得了广泛应用。,
