1、Attributive Clause 定语从句,What is Attribute?, He is an honest boy., We love our country., Whats your telephone number?, Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.,honest,our,telephone,in Russia,定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。,句子可以做定语吗？, 昨天来参观我们学校的外宾来自加拿大。,_, The foreigner,who visited our sch
2、ool yesterday,is from Canada.,The foreigner visited our school yesterday., The foreigner,is from Canada.,在句子中担任定语功能的句子是定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词。,定语从句的概念,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的 某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。,_,_,什么是先行词？,什么是关系词？,定语从句的分类,定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。 先行词
3、通常为人、物或者是事情。,什么是先行词？,He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。,There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。,Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。,_,_,_,定语从句的分类, 限制性定语从句,根据定语从句与先行词间的关系紧密程度，定语从句分别分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。,用来修饰和限定先行词，与先行词见的关系非常紧密，如果去掉则意
4、思含混不清。,eg. A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.,医生就是照顾病人的人。, 非限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句起补充说明的作用，缺少它也不会影响全句的理解，译为汉语时常常不译作定语，而是根据句意翻译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主句的关系不像限制性定语从句的关系那样紧密。非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如若将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间，其前后都要用逗号与主句隔开。,eg. Last month I met Holly, who was then preparing for a test.,上个月我碰到了霍利，她
5、当时正在准备进行一项测验。,什么是关系词？,引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。,如果定语从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语等成分，则应该选择关系代词。,This is book _ I want.,Is he the man _ wants to see you?,如果定语从句中缺少状语，则应该选择关系副词。,I still remember the time _ we first met a few years ago.,I came around to explain the reason _ I was absent this morning.,which/that,w
6、ho/that,when,why,Revision1 relative pronoun,who,whom,which,that,whose,relative adverb,when,where,why,time,place,reason,时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,关系代词,who的用法, 先行词必须是人，作主语和宾语 e.g. The man who spoke at the meeting this morning is a famous lawyer.The girl who you saw just now is Jane.,whom的用法,作宾语时，可用whom, that替换,
7、可以省略 The girl (whom/who/that) you saw just now is Jane.,which的用法, 先行词必须是事物，作主语和宾语,eg. This is the book which / that was written in easy English by our Englishteacher.,eg. The pictures (which / that) he drew in the 1980s are on show.,作宾语时，关系词可以省略,作主语时，关系词不可省略。,注意(whom & which)：, whom & which做介词宾语时，介词
8、常可提前，即介词+whom/which+从句，此时whom & which不能由who或that代替，不能省略。,e.g. This is the man from whom your son always begs money.The chair on which she is sitting is made of wood., 但当介词置于从句末尾时，whom可以由who或that代替，which可由that代替，都能省略。,e.g. This is the man (whom / that / who) your son always begs money from., 有一些动词短语中
9、的介词是固定搭配，不可拆开，一般还是放在动词之后，不提前。,eg. He is the student who the teachers are looking for.The number of the children who she takes care of is 30., 动词短语是否可以拆分，关键看拆分后与拆分前的意思是否相同。如果意思不变，可以拆分，否则不行。,that的用法, that可作定语从句中的主语（取代who或which），宾语（取代who或whom或which）, 关系代词作表语，必须使用that，指代人或物，可以省略。,e.g. My father is no lo
10、nger the man (that) he was. My hometown is not the small town that it used to be twenty years ago., that的特殊用法 (必须使用that的情况或不能使用that情况).,必须使用that的情况, 当先行词是人+事物时,e.g.They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited. The police had great trouble in diverting the men and the cars that ha
11、d blocked the way., 当先行词跟在系动词be后作表语，或关系词本身作定语从句的表语时，关系代词必须用that，但也可以省略,e.g.My father is no longer the man (that) he was. He thought his daughter would be the dancer (that) she always wanted to be. Its a book (that) will help you a great deal., 当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词如the first, the last 等词修饰时。e.g. This is t
12、he best film that I have ever seen.This is the first choice that I have made.She is the most careful girl that I have ever known.This is the last letter that I received from him., 当先行词前面有the only, the very, one of, any, no, every, few, little等词修饰时。e.g. The only person that seems to know the truth is
13、 Doctor Brown.Any person that wants to succeed must work hard.There is no difficulty that we can not overcome.I have read all the books that can be borrowed here., 当先行词本身为不定代词如anything, something, nothing, everything, all, much, few, little, none, the one时。e.g. All that I want is peace and stability
14、.There is little that I can do.There is nothing that I can tell you.I have tried everything that I can think of.I do not mean this one. I mean the one that was bought yesterday.注意：anybody, nobody, everybody等不在此列。,不能使用that的情况, 当定语从句前有介词时，关系代词不能用that。 that不能用于非限制性定于从句。 当先行词为one, ones, anyone, those, 指
15、人时，用who。 e.g. Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed. 当先行词是he时，用who。(多谚语) e.g. He who plays with fire gets burnt. He who laughs at last laughs best. 当先行词本身是that时，用which或who避免重复不能用于非限制性定于从句。 e.g. Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?,whose的用法, whose作定语从句中的定
16、语，表示所修饰的“某（些）人的”或“某物的” 。 e.g. The boy whose name is Tom is the top student in my class.Look at the house whose roof is red.,注意：,当whose指代物时，whose+从句结构 =of which+从句 =of which the+从句 e.g. Look at the house whose roof is red.Look at the house, the roof of which is red.Look at the house, of which the roo
17、f is red.,这就是那位成绩卓越的科学家。 This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.= This is the scientist, the achievements of whom are well known.=This is the scientist of whom the achievements are well known.,as的用法,1) as用于限制性定语从句 so as；suchas；the sameas； We have found such materials as are used in
18、their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种 材料。 He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。,2) as用于非限制性定语从句中 as可以替代整个句子，而不是主句中的某一个词；which 既可以替代整个句子，也可以替代主句中的某一个词。as既可以在主句前，又可在主句中、主句后，而 which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在 主句之后。 As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth. = The moon travels round the earth, as/w
19、hich is known to everybody. =It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth. =What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth.,3) as的习惯用语 as we all know 众所周知 as is well-known 众所周知 as has been said before 如上所述 as we had expected 正如人们所预料的那样 as anybody can see 正如人人都看
20、到的那样 as often happens 正如经常发生的那样 as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的 as is often the case 这是常有的事,难点：,This book is written in such easy English that I can read it. This book is written in such easy English as I can read. This book is written in easy English _ I can read.,关系副词, when, where, why 等跟在先行词的后面，指代先
21、行词，引出定语从句分别表示时间、地点和原因。在从句中充当状语的作用。 1)when 在定语从句中作时间状语 He came at a time when/at which we needed help. 2)where 在定语从句中作地点状语 Can you tell me the office where/in which he works? 3)why 在定语从句中作原因状语 He didnt tell her the reason why/for which he was so happy.,易错点一：,I will never forget the day when/on which
22、we spent the holiday together. I will never forget the day (that/which) we spent happily together. I will never forget the day when/on which we went to the Great Wall. This is the factory where/in which I worked last year. This is the factory (which/that) I visited last year. This is the factory tha
23、t/which produces all kinds of TV sets. He didnt tell us the reason why/for which he was late again. No one believes the reason (that/which) he told us yesterday.,Is this library the one that/-_ you often read in? Is this the library _which/that/- you often read in? This is the reason _why/for which
24、he was absent. This is the reason _that/which_ can explain his absence. I will never forget the day _that/which/- we spent together. I will never forget the day _when/on which we worked together.,易错点二：,This is the hero (that/who/whom) we are proud of.This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter w
25、ith. This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person (whom/who/that) she could turn to for help.,高考对关系副词where和when 的考查,一、抽象的地点 1、先行词：situation, case, point, stage, sport, fa
26、mily, atmosphere, position, condition, scene 2、定语从句缺地点状语 Bungee jumping is an adventurous sport where courage matters more than strength. If you were in a situation where five of us only had one life jacket, what would happen? We have reached a stage where we have almost no rights. Today, well discu
27、ss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. We are just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.,1、先行词： occasion, period 2、定语从句却时间状语 Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. We went through a pe
28、riod when communications were very difficult in the rural areas.,the way 方式,the way that/in which/- We dont like the way _ you talk to your parents.,as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：,1、which在非限制性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语； 而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。 He saw the girl, which delighted him. He didnt s
29、ay anything at the meeting , as/which was/seemed very strange. 2、从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，常用which。 He can write a letter in English, which I can not. Metal will bear beating with a hammer, which a stone will not,3、as常用“正如”含义，常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）; as we
30、 all can see（正如我们看到的）这些结构常放句首，偶尔也可以放句中或句末。 As is known to all, China is a developing country. Kate was late for school, as/which often happened. Tai Wan, as we know, is an inseparable part of China. 4、在非限制性定语从句中which指代主句中某一个单词时，as不可以。 My brother enjoyed playing basketball, which he really plays well. Beijing, which he was born in, is our capital.,
