1、县 平塘县学 段 高中学段黔南州中小学外语教学研究会 2011 年学术年会论文如何应对高考中的短文改错作者姓名 张世霞 工作单位 平塘民族中学 职 称 中学一级 联系电话 18985066717 2011 年 12 月 1 日1如何应对高考中的短文改错张世霞 平塘民族中学 558300【摘要】本文分析了高考英语中的短文改错的命题规律及其特点，短文改错考查的主要知识点、解 题技巧。旨在提高学生的解题能力。【关键词】短文改错 ； 篇章结构 ； 综合运用 ；错误类型 ； 解题技巧短文改错是近十年来高考英语测试题中的必考题。是集语法知识于语言技能为一体的综合性英语试题。其目的是考查学生对语言的评价与校
2、正能力和对词汇，语法和语篇三要素的把握能力。要求学生在阅读的基础上，综合运用语言知识，根据上下文找出错误，再加以改正。在此过程中，也考查了学生英语语法，词汇，英语习惯搭配，思维能力等方面的综合能力。然而我们都知道它是学生得分不高，感到困难的一种综合性题型。与阅读理解，书面表达也有密切的关系。特别是在我们农村中学，学生基础知识掌握不够，因此，如何培养学生在这方面的能力，最大限度提高短文改错的得分率，是我们许多英语教师要思考的问题。要分析改错题的命题原则及特点；高考短文改错题的考察设疑方式不外乎：无错（1 处） ，多词或少词（3 到 4 处）错词（5-6 处） 。而且，没有单词拼写，标点符号或词序
3、错误，只涉及语法和语义逻辑层面。一，短文改错考查的主要知识点短文改错主要从词法上，句法上，行文逻辑上考学生。从词法上，它主要考查：（1）动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词及情态动词的用法等；名词，代词的数，格；形容词，副词的比较级；主谓一致及其它的一致关系；连词，关系词的使用等；（2）从句法上，它涉及到简单句否定，疑问，倒装，省略，替代等变化；（3）从行文逻辑上，它涉及到人物的性别以及与之相对应的物主代词，句义的并列与转折，时间的顺序，数量的增减以及因果关系等。二，短文改错的错误类型。 1.考生必须熟悉设错方式：正确、多一词、缺一词、错一词，而且大多数短文符合“1126”原则（正确一处，多词一处，缺
4、词两处，错词六处）或“1225”原则（正确一处，多词两处，缺词两处，错词五处）2，多词现象大多出现在冠词、介词、助动词、连词、语义重复及行文逻辑等方面。3，缺词现象主要在冠词、介词、副词、助动词、不定式符号 to、连词等。24.错词现象主要在冠词，介词，名词单复数，动词时态，非谓语动词，主谓一致，代词，连词。5.要注意三个问题；（1）单词拼写；大小写；词序错误；标点符号均不改。（2）忠实于原文，一行一错，一错一词；错误以改动最少为原则；虚词以添加或删除为原则；实词以改变形式为原则。 （3）解题要规范：要严格按照示范规定的符号改错，不能离开文后的 10 道横线在原文里勾勾画画、涂涂改改。切忌用文
5、字说明或用箭头表示。务必记住代表准确无误、错词纠正、缺词填补、多词删除的符号。三.解题技巧1.学生应将短文通读两遍。第一遍是快速阅读对短文有大体的了解，同时也有发现明显的错误；第二遍应仔细地通读全文，以了解其主要时态、语态、习惯用法、文章结构、因果关系等，确定错误，疏通短文。2.依据查错。 “题以行出，错从句生” ，必须以句子而不是每行为单位来分析。学生要做到“三查”查特殊词（名词、动词、代词、形容词和副词） 、查短语搭配（名词与介词、形容词与介词、动词短语）查句法（主谓一致、时态、句子之间的连接、平行结构等） 。3.瞻前顾后。注意行行兼顾，结合常识和上下文。4.仔细复查。做完一题后要将正确答
6、案带入短文中复查一遍，最后要重新通读全文，仔细检查。就以上的解题技巧及短文改错命题特点及其规律，我们分析了 2010 年 6 套含“短文改错”的高考英语试卷不难看出：该题以考查词法为主，重点考查动词、名词、形容词、代词和介词等；同时兼顾对句式、逻辑及搭配等的考查。一.词法动词 谓语 1.上下文时态不一致。主要表现为短文中某个句子的谓语时态和整个语篇中的时态不一致。例：(1)One day he was having a yard sale and the old man living next door come by to help.(came)(2) It was only when we
7、 did our chemistry project together that I begin to understand why Christine dressed the way she did.(began) (3) I have been practising for three weeks now, but I still couldnt get used to it.(cant)3(4)At that time, we often spend time together.(spent)(5) In a word, friends are those you like and tr
8、ust, and you will enjou every minute that you spent with them. (spend) (6) My sister saw a lovely cup when we are shopping the other day.(were)2.时态使用错误。主要表现为某个句子中的谓语动词时态运用错误。例：(1)My teachers have been telling me how great my writing was.(had)(2)If you tell him a secret, never will he talks about it
9、with anybody else.(talk) (3) She said it was the best gift she has ever had.(had) (4) Her hair was black and purple, and she worn black sweater, even in the summer.( wore)(5) And after many attempts, she past her driving test.(passed) 3.主谓不一致。主要考查主语和谓语在单复数上需保持一致，通常遵循“单对单” “复对复”即单数主语对单数谓语，复数主语对复数谓语。例
10、：(1)What were better, I hsd useful help. (was) (2)After hearing your sad stories, he will say some words that is nice and warm.(are) 非谓语1.动名词。主要表现为特定动词、介词后及固定搭配中要接-ing 形式例：(1)I look forward to see he again in the near future.(seeing)(2)After hear your sad stories, he will say some words that are nic
11、e and warm.(hearing)2.不定式。主要从动词不定式在句中充当的成分、表达的意义及固定搭配加以考查。例：(1)He agreed to reading my story and give me some advice on how to write like a real writer.(read) (2)My sister wantedget out of the shop as fast as she could.(to)3 分词。重点考查分词作定语、表语、状语和补语时在语境中的语意及现在分词和过去分词的区别。例：(1)The assistant was clearly a
12、s embarrassing as my sister, but I just thought it was funny!(embarrassed)(2)On the box was a card say: “25cents each.”(saying)(3)My friend Nick told me a story about his experience back in the 4US, which was very interested. (intreresting)语态。主要考查主动语态和被动语态的正确使用以及被动语态的构成。例：(1)It was turned out to be
13、her own cup, which shed left on the shelf by mistake, (删掉 was)(2)An English lady was finally decided that she really should learn to drive,(删掉 was)名词一方面，主要考查可数名词单复数的正确使用，就英语句子中单数可数名词而言，究竟是在其前加限定词还是将其变为复数形式，这取决于特定动语境及语意表达需要；另一方面，也考查不可数名词的正确使用，通常， 不可数名词前不用不定冠词，其后不用复数。例：(1)My friend Nick told me story
14、about his experience back in the US, which was very intreresting.(a)(2)Christie was one of my best friend at high school. (friends)(3)Whats more, a good friend- or can at least give you some advices (advice)(4) In fact, Ive nearly killed three peoples. (people)(5) In other words, we would be separat
15、ed for long time.(a)(6)There was Uncle Chen, gentleman living near my house, who was a very famous writer. (a)冠词 主要考查不定冠词表泛指，定冠词表特指，零冠词及固定搭配用法。例：Then she bent down and picked it up to look at a price on it.(the)形容词和副词 主要考查形容词和副词在句中的句法功能（形容词在句中常作名词的前置定语或在系动词之后作表语，有时也作补语；副词在句中常修饰动词或动词短语作状语。 ）同时也会涉及形容词
16、和副词的辨析及等级变化等的正确使用。例；句法功能错误(1)She was, in fact, rather attractively. (attractive)(2)Still, your happiness makes him happily too.(happy)混淆形容词和副词(1)I had to try hardly not to laugh at her shocked face!(hard)(2)She wore black sports shoes and a black sweater, although in 5the summer. (even)等级使用错误I didnt
17、 really want to he closest to her. (close)形容词、副词多余(1)There was Uncle Chen, a gentleman living near my house, who was a very much famous writer. (删掉 much)(2)Before her living off, I prepared a gift to show my best wishes to her (删掉 off)代词 考查语境中代词的一致性、漏用(1)Before her leaving, I prepared a gift to show
18、 my best wishes to him. (her)(2)It was only when we did their chemistry project together that I began to understand why Christine dressed the way she did. (our)(3)She told her husband that, to celebrate, he was going to drive him over to France for holiday. (she)（4）Then she bent down and picked up t
19、o look at the price on it. (it)介词的误用、漏用、多余(1)It was a chance of a lifetime to win the first prize on the Story Writing Show. (in)(2)Firstly, a friend is someone you can share your secrets .(with)(3)Whatmore, a good friend is willing to offer the help to which.(第二个 to 删掉)句法 主要考查定语从句中的关系词、状语从句中的关联词和名词
20、性从句中连词的正确使用。例：(1)It turned out to be her own cup, that shed left on the sheft by mistake. (which)(2)So if they had said was true, I would have a chance of winning the prize. (what)(3)Heres my idea about how a friend is like.(what)三. 逻辑关系主要考查并列句中连词 and, but,so, or, yet, for 等以及句子中副词however, besides,
21、therefore 等的正确使用；偶尔也考查对语篇的理解，主6要表现为对语境中肯定语意和否定语意的判断，即添加还是删除表示否定的副词如 not 或 never 等。例：(1)Without a moments delay, his neighbor picked up the box but announced: “Ill take them.” (and)(2)The assistant was clearly as embarrassed as my sister, for just thought it was funny!(but/yet/while/and)四.搭配该部分考查范围较宽
22、，涉及所有词类，尤其是动词、名词、形容词及副词等与介词或小品词的搭各种惯用法及固定搭配。 例：(1)Thank to her help, I made great progress in my study. (Thanks)(2)From then on, weve kept touch with each other through e-mails. (in)(3) “Why did you change your mind?” he asked her by surprise. (in/with)总之， 短文改错既考学生特定语境中的阅读理解能力， 也考学生的思维能力，能力要求高，涉及的知识面较广， 只要学生加强训练，掌握命题规律，解题讲究思路、步骤与技巧，从具体语言环境、从上下行文逻辑、习惯用法、从分析句子结构等角度，以“行”为单位、以“句”为意群着手，经过一段时间的练习， 短文改错题的解题能力就会明显的提高。参考文献： 薛金星 人民日报出版社2010 年全国及各省份高考试题全解
