1、Unit one Alabama Wheat Production Guidediversified farming operations：多元化农业生产double-cropping n. 双作，两熟 rice-wheat double cropping 稻-麦两熟nutrient n. 营养物；滋养物 micronutrient- macronutrientno-tillage 免耕 minimum tillage/ zero-tillagefertility n.肥沃 soil fertility 土壤肥力humidity：湿度；湿气 atmospheric humidity 大气湿度
2、soil humidity 土壤湿度agronomist n. 农学家variety：品种 resistant variety 抗性品种 hybrid variety 杂交品种yield n. 收益；产量 high yield 高产 super high yield 超高产productive adj. 能生产的；多产的 productive tillers 有效分蘖Productivity: n.生产力：labour productivity, photosynthesis productivitydisease resistance 抗病性winter-hardiness 抗寒性 hard
3、iness:耐性，抗性time of maturity 熟期straw strength 秸秆强度 straw returning（to the field）秸秆还田insect resistance 抗虫性extension n. 延长；延期；扩大；伸展 agricultural extension： 农业推广good quality ：高品质，好质量germination level 发芽率（水平） germination ratefungicide n. 杀真菌剂mechanical: mechanical transplant mechanization 机械化Mechanizatio
4、n is an important sign of the agricultural modernization.distribution n. 分配；分布 nutrient distribution in different organfoundation seed： 纯原种 ；基础种子precise planting：精确种植（播种） precise quantitative cultivation 精确定量栽培Acid soil is conducive to growing rice. 酸性土壤有利于种植水稻disking 圆盘耙（耙地）deep tillage: 深耕 no till
5、age 免耕 no-tillage with mulch 免耕覆盖insects and diseases 病虫害early varieties:早熟品种early-maturing varietiesjoint ：拔节 seedling stage(秧苗期)/jointing stage (拔节期 )bloom： 开花 booting stage (孕穗期) /blooming stage (开花期) /grain filling stage (籽粒灌浆期)prematurely：adv. 过早地；早熟地Planting rate 种植率 seeding rates 播种率broadcast
6、： 撒播 broadcasting rice Seedlingslate planting 迟播soil moisture- soil humidity / optimum moisture 最佳水分( 含水量 )sandy soils：砂土 loam soil： 壤土 clay soil 黏土vigor 活力 seed vigor 种子生活力seedlings 秧苗 seedling emergence 出苗 stand 立苗fertilization 施肥, 受精nitrogen use efficiency 氮肥利用率 nitrogen fixation 固氮soybeans 大豆；黄豆
7、 peanut pi:nt n. 花生effectiveness 效力 fertilizer effectiveness 肥效 urea.尿素application of N 氮肥的施用 application of herbicide/pesticideNitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the essential macroelement to plant growth.micronutrients n. 微量营养素yield potential： 产量潜力 a corn variety with a great (high) yield pote
8、ntialinsect pest 害虫lodge 倒伏。Lodging is one of the serious problems in rice production 倒伏是水稻生产中的一个严重问题。generation 一代, 世代 Hereditary traits can be transmitted from one generation to another.insecticide insektisaid n. 杀虫剂 Barley Yellow Dwarf 大麦黄矮病threshold level 临界值 jointing(拔节)- heading（抽穗）moisture co
9、ntent 含水量Unit two ABOUT IRRIresearch and training organization 研究和培训机构CGIAR ：Consultative Group On International Agricultural Research 国际农业研究磋商组织variety 品种 cultivar 栽培种rice crop management techniques：水稻种植管理技术yield and quality： 产量和品质Topdressing silicon fertilizer in jointing stage could improve the y
10、ield and quality of rice.environmentally sustainable way: 环境可持续发展的方式agricultural research and extension systems:农业研究和推广体系sustainable and stable：持续稳定the sustainable and stable development of our national economy 国民经济持续稳定的增长environmental impact：环境影响genetic 遗传的；基因的millennium 千年期，一千年the United Nations M
11、illennium Development Goals：联合国千年发展目标。the Global Rice Science Partnership: 国际水稻研究协作组intellectual adj. 智力的；聪明的 property prptin. 财产:所有权 ； 性质Intellectual Property Rights: 知识产权rice industry :水稻产业rice genetic resources: 水稻遗传资源agricultural professionals: 农业专业人员breeding brid: n. 繁殖；育种Rice genetic engineeri
12、ng play an important role in rice breeding.international treaties and agreements:国际条约和协定germplasm n. 种质（经生殖细胞传递的遗传物质） ；胚质Scientists accelerate the development and utilization of the germplasm source of disease resistance in ricegenebank n. 基因库biotechnology n. 生物技术microbial strain：微生物菌种 microbial adj
13、. 微生物的 strain n. 品系，菌株Unit three What is a gene?heredity 遗传Gametes 配子 off-spring 后代Variation 变异 phenotype 表现型Genotype 基因型 inheritance 遗传性Mutation 突变 segregation 分离Cross-over 互换 proportional to 与成比例Recombination 重组 Linkage 连锁的 chromosomes 染色体 Cytogenetic 细胞遗传学的Polypeptide 肽 implicitly 毫无疑问的Complement
14、ation 互补实验 bacteriology 细菌学Cistron 顺反子 transcript 转录产物Sequence 序列 nucleic acid 核酸Bacteriophage 噬菌体 Genomes 基因组 significant signature 显著特征Unit four Genetically modified foodsGenetically modified 在遗传上改变 biotechnology 生物技术GM foods 转基因食品 genetic engineering 遗传工程Traditional breeding 传统育种 non-related spec
15、ies 远缘物种Selective breeding 选择育种 frost-tolerant 耐寒Commercial food crops 经济作物 drought-tolerant 耐旱Tolerate herbicides 抗除草剂 food crops 粮食作物Grain and fodder plants 粮食和牧草作物 phytochemical 植物抗氧化剂Sturdy plants able to withstand weather extremes 能够抵抗恶劣天气的强健作物Higher nutritional yields in crops 更高的营养器官产量Crops r
16、esistant to disease and insects 抗病虫害作物Chemical application 化学药品的应用Pesticide and herbicide resistant plants 抗杀虫剂和除草剂植物Apply large amounts of pesticides and chemicals 投入使用大量的杀虫剂和化学药品Residual pesticide 杀虫剂残余 substantial equivalence 实质性等同原则Toxicity 毒性 inserted gene 插入基因Nutritional deficit 营养缺失 unintende
17、d effects 不知道的效果Conventional counterparts 传统的相对作物 phase out 使逐步淘汰，逐渐停止Unit Five MINERAL NUTRITIONmineral nutrient: 矿质营养inorganic：无机的；无生物的 inorganic ions 无机离子organism 有机体；生物体；微生物biosphere 生物圈root system : 根系；根轴系Rice variety with high N use efficiency usually has a very developed root system.surface a
18、rea of roots： 根系表面积biological functions: 生物功能bacteria 细菌 nitrogen-fixing bacteria 固氮细菌yield 产量；收益Nitrogen and water are major factors for maintaining high yield of rice.linearlyadv. 成直线地；在线上地There is a clear linear correlation between crop yield and the amount of fertilizer that they absorb.fertiliz
19、ern. 肥料 nitrogen fertilizer, mineral fertilizerfertilization 农 施肥；胚 受精；肥沃surface waters 地表水 groundwater 地下水atmosphere 大气；空气 atmospheric adj. 大气的，大气层的hydrologist n. 水文学者 hydrology n. 水文学，水文地理学microbiologist 微生物学家 microbiology n. 微生物学ecologist 生态学者 ecology n. 生态学；社会生态学physiologist 生理学家，生理学者 physiology
20、. 生理学；生理机能essential elements 必需元素； nonessential elementhydrogen氢carbon 碳oxygen 氧carbon dioxide，二氧化碳relative concentration 相对浓度 absolute concentration 绝对浓度Unit 6 Plant hormones: five major kindsseedling 秧苗，幼苗；树苗 rice seedling, seedling transplantergibberellin .赤霉素plant hormone 植物激素maturation 成熟 matur
21、ation period , post maturation 后熟molecule .分子；微粒 molecular biology 分子生物学target cell: 细胞 靶细胞growth promoter 生长促进剂growth inhibitor 生长抑制剂organ.器官 organ culture，器官培养plant height 株高germinate 发芽；生长 germination percentage 发芽率barley n. 大麦auxin 生长素tissue 组织vascular system 维管系统 vascular bundle 维管束shoot apical
22、 meristem 顶端分生组织 meristem 分生组织 secondary meristem 次生分生组织enzyme n.酶cell wall 细胞壁，胞壁 cell membrane 细胞膜，cell nucleus 细胞核prematurely adv. 过早地；早熟地 the child was born prematurely.chlorophyll klrfil n.叶绿素 chlorophyll tissure 叶绿组织cell division 细胞分裂 cell-division cycle 细胞周期tissue proliferation 组织增生, 组织增殖phlo
23、em n.韧皮部 primary phloem 初生韧皮部 secondary phloem 次生韧皮部herbicide 除草剂 pestcide 杀虫剂 fungicide 杀真菌剂cytokinin 细胞分裂素photosynthesis 光合作用 photosynthetic product 光合产物abscisic acid 脱落酸protein 蛋白质 convert amino acids to proteinmetabolic 新陈代谢的 metabolic disorder 代谢失调metabolism n.新陈代谢ethylene 乙烯Unit7 Breeding Tech
24、nologies to Increase Crop Production in a Changing Worldnitrogenous fertilizer 氮肥crop yield and quality 作物的产量和品质biotic threat 生物威胁biofuel 生物燃料 breeding 育种、繁殖agronomic 农事的；农艺学的 agronomy 农学；农艺学crop improvement 作物改良photorespiration 光呼吸 latitude 纬度 altitude 海拔pest and disease 病虫害drought 干旱 weather patte
25、rn 气候模式farming practice 农业种植方式efficiency of nitrogen use / nitrogen use efficiency 氮肥利用率greenhouse gas 温室气体nitrous oxide 一氧化氮 nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮crop variety 作物品种 breeding program 育种计划abiotic stress 非生物逆境 stressed condition 逆境条件yield stability 产量稳定性 transgenic approach 转基因技术breeder 育种家 pathologist
26、 病理学家cropping system 种植制度、农作制度multiple cropping system 多熟制种植制度emerging technology: 新兴技术 genetically modified (GM) crop 转基因作物bioethical 生物伦理学的 mutated 突变、变异 gene mutated 基因突变（变异）field trial 田间试验 genotype 基因型Marker-assisted selection 分子标记辅助选择genome 基因组；染色体组 crossing 杂交target trait 目标性状 heritability 遗传
27、力phenotype 表型，表现型；显型 Molecular marker 分子标记inheritance 遗传desirable traits 优良性状 link 连锁recombination 复合，再结合；遗 重组phenotypic 表型的high-throughput 高通量 phenomics 表型组学introgression 基因渗入，渐渗现象wild germplasm 野生种质 allele 遗 等位基因backcrossing 回交 loci locus 的复数 n.位点 gene loci 基因位点marker-assisted recurrent selection
28、(MARS) 标记辅助轮回选择genome-wide or genomic selection (GWS) 全基因组选择quantitative trait loci (QTLs) 数量性状位点genotyped 基因型分型 phenotyped 表型分型crop breeding and genetics 作物遗传育种landrace 地方品种 local variety、native varietywild relative 野生近缘种chromosome 染色体 translocation 易位exotic germplasm 外源种质 gene pool 基因库Each year, A
29、uburn University agronomists conduct small grain variety trials at numerous locations throughout Alabama to determine which varieties are the best adapted and highest-yielding, and have the most desirable characteristics for various purposes. You should grow wheat varieties which are known to be ada
30、pted to and productive in your area.每年，奥本大学农学家进行小粒品种试验在多个位置，在阿拉巴马州来确定哪些品种是最适合的，收益最高的，并且有各种用途的最可取的特点。你应该种植小麦品种是适应和在你的领域的生产。Plant wheat for forage or forage plus grain earlier than wheat planted for grain alone. However, wheat which is planted too early may be damaged by insects and diseases and may a
31、ccumulate excessive fall growth. On the other hand, wheat planted too late may be winter damaged.饲料或饲料加比种植粮食的粮食种植小麦小麦早就。然而，小麦种植也可以通过昆虫和疾病的早期损坏，可以积累过度下降，生长。另一方面，小麦种植太晚的冬天可能损坏。Place small grain seed in firm contact with moist soil if possible. Cover with enough soil to prevent rapid drying. In medium-
32、 to fine-textured soils with warm temperatures and adequate moisture, place seed 3/4 to 1 inch deep将小颗粒种子与湿土公司联系，如果可能的话。有足够的土壤来防止快速干燥的盖。在中-细质地土壤温暖的气候和充足的水分，将种子 3 / 4 到 1 英寸深的The timing of the spring application of N can be quite important. Recent research at Auburn University has shown that mid-Febr
33、uary appears to be the optimum time to make this N application. Too much N may increase the incidence of smuts and certain foliar diseases.N 的弹簧的应用的时间是很重要的。奥本大学最近的研究表明，二月中旬似乎是最佳的时间使这施氮。过多的氮可以提高黑穗病和某些叶面疾病的发病率。Harvest wheat when the moisture content in the grain is 14 percent or less. Harvest the grai
34、n as soon as possible after it reaches this level. One method of determining when the wheat is dry enough to combine is to pull a few heads and rub them together between the palms of the hands. If the kernels shell out and most of the central stems of the head break, then the moisture content is abo
35、ut right. Otherwise, the wheat is too green to harvest.收割小麦在粮食水分含量为百分之 14 或更少。收获的粮食尽快达到这一水平后。一种方法确定当小麦足够干燥相结合是拉几头和揉在一起的手掌之间。如果核壳和大部分的头打破中央茎，然后水分含量是正确的。否则，小麦收获太绿。Gibberellins are made in a variety of organs, such as young leaves, embryos, and roots, and move passively throughout the plant.赤霉素在多种器官，如嫩
36、叶，胚胎，和根和被动的移动，整个工厂。Auxins can prevent leaves, fruits, or flowers from falling off prematurely and inhibit growth in lateral buds and roots in favor of growth at the apical meristem.生长素可以防止叶子，果实，或花脱落过早抑制有利于增长的侧芽和根的生长在顶端分生组织。Auxins have an even broader set of activities than gibberellins; and instead
37、of being produced in various tissues and travelling up and down through the vascular system, most auxins are made in shoot apical and developing leaves and diffuse from the site of production downward toward the roots.生长素有更宽范围的活动比赤霉素；而在各种组织中产生和旅行向上和向下通过血管系统，大多数是在茎尖和生长素开发树叶从生产现场向根部向下扩散。Cytokinins mov
38、e through the plant less readily than auxins or gibberellins and appear to move in opposition to auxins-from root upward to shoot, not shoot downward to root.细胞分裂素在植物不像激素或者赤霉素那样容易出现反对生长素从根向上拍摄的举动，不拍到根部。The main role of ABA is to induce and maintain metabolic slowdown, or dormancy, especially in buds
39、, and the closing of a leafs gas exchange pores (stomata) to prevent excess water loss.ABA 的主要作用是诱导和维持代谢减缓，或休眠，尤其在芽，和叶片的气体交换的收毛孔（气孔）防止水分丢失过多。Ethylene stimulates the aging and dropping of leaves and fruits and may have an important role in plant self-protection.乙烯刺激老化、叶片和果实的脱落和在植物保护的重要作用。The genetic
40、modification of some crops to permanently produce the natural biopesticide Bacillus tjuringiensis(BT) toxin could encourage the evolution of Bt-resistant insects,rendering the spray ineffective.一些转基因作物可以永久的产生一种自然的生物杀虫剂-BT 毒蛋白，而这种毒蛋白可以导致抗 BT 蛋白的昆虫的演化，致使农药的喷洒没有效果。Plant hormones are small molecules tha
41、t probably act on target cells much the way animal hormones do.植物激素是一类作用于靶细胞的小分子物质，而它的作用方式和动物激素一样。Gibberellins are primarily involved in regulating plant height.赤霉素主要是参与调节植物株高Gibberellins also play important roles in bolting in plants such as cabbage and in including the seeds of rice,barely,and oth
42、er grasses to germinate.赤霉素同样也在例如甘蓝型油菜等植物拔节方面和水稻、大麦或其他禾本科作物种子萌发方面发挥着至关重要的作用。Wheat can provide a second income from land devoted to summer row crops while simultaneously reducing winter erosion and nutrient losses.在以夏季中耕作物为主的土地上，小麦可以提供第二份收入，同时还减轻了土壤冬季的侵蚀和营养流失。Each year,Auburn University agronomists c
43、onduct small grain variety trials at numerous locations throughout Alabama to determine which varieties are the best adapted and highest-yielding,and have the most desirable characteristics for various purposes.每年，XX 大学的农学家都要在阿拉巴马州的很多地方进行小粒谷物品种的实验，来确定哪些品种具有最强的适应性和最高产量，并且具有最合适的满足目标性状的特性。Important con
44、siderations in choosing a variety are disease resistance, winter-hardiness,time of maturity, straw strength, and insect resistance.在选择品种时需要重点考虑抗病性，抗寒性，熟期，茎秆强度以及抗虫性。However, gaseous losses from urea or liquids containing urea can be important when conditions favor high evaporation, when there is high
45、 soil pH, where large quantities of plant material cover the soil surface.在一些导致高蒸发量的环境下，如高土壤 pH 或土表覆盖大量植物体时，营养从尿素或含尿素的溶液中通过气态流失的量巨大。One method of determineing when the wheat is dry enough to combine is to pull a few heads and rub them together between the palms of the hands.If the kernels shell out
46、and most of the central stems of the head break, then the moisture content is about right. Otherwise, the wheat is too green to harvest.一个确定什么时候小麦已干燥到可以收割的方法是，取几个穗子放在手掌中揉搓，如果果粒籽粒能够脱落且大部分穗轴折断，那么含水量差不多正好。Achieving this increase in food production in a stable environment would be challenging, but is un
47、doubtedly much more so given the additional pressures created by global environmental changes.在这样一个稳定的环境中为获得产量的增加可能具有一定挑战，但毫无疑问的是，考虑到因全球环境改变而造成的附加压力会显得更大。Wheat can provide a second income from land devoted to summer row crops while simultaneously reducing winter erosion and nutrient losses.在以夏季中耕作物为
48、主的土地上， （种植）小麦可提供第二份收入，同时还减轻了土壤冬季的侵蚀和营养流失Each year, Auburn University agronomists conduct small grain variety trials at numerous locations throughout Alabama to determine which varieties are the best adapted and highest-yielding, and have the most desirable characteristics for various purposes. You should grow wheat varieties which are known to be adapted to and productive in your area.每年，Auburn 大学的农学家们在阿拉巴马很多地方进行小粒谷物品种试验以确定哪些品种具有最好的适应能力和最高产量，以及满足不同用途的最佳的品种特性。Important considerations in choosing a variety are disease resistance, winter-hardiness, t
