1、 授课类型C-()C -()T- 能力提升()授课日期及时段教学目标掌握通过练习提高学生提高解题能力。重点难点教学内容每日一句:Excellence is not a skill. It is an attitude. 优秀不是一种技能,而是一种态度。课前练习I 写出下列名词的复数形式。 bag _ orange _ family _ knife _ key _ tooth _ woman _ potato _ radio_ child _ fish _ Frenchman _II 单选1The day before yesterday she told me _ news Aa good B
2、such a good Cso good a Da piece of good 2I wont go there with you,for I have a lot of _ to do Aworks Bjob Cwork Dworking 3 _ will conquer(征服)nature AThe man BA man CThe men DMan 4Li Lei is a friend of _ AI sister Bmy sisters Cme sister Dmy sister of 5Have you read _ ? Atodays Btoday paper Cthe today
3、s paper Dtodays paper 6There are lots of _ in the basket on the table Atomatos Btomato Ctomatoss Dtomatoes 7Whose _ are these? Aphoto Bphotoes Cphotos Dphotoss 8The cat caught two _ last night Amouses Bmice Cmouse Dmices 9There are many _ on the hill Asheeps Bsheep Csheepes Dsheeps 10There are six _
4、 and fifteen _ in this w workshop Amans womans Bmen women Cmen womans Dman women C -名词 I名词 I一名词的意义 从英语语法角度来讲,表示人物、时间、地点、事物或抽象概念的词,我们通常称为名词。例如:teacher,desk,Japanese ,milk,physics 等。 二名词的种类 英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。 1. 专有名词:表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、 星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等,专有名词的第一个字母要大写。专有名
5、词如果是含有普通名词的短语,必须使用 the,如:the United States姓氏如果采用复数形式,表示该姓氏一家人,如:the Greens(格林一家人)2. 普通名词:表示某一类人或事物或个抽象概念的名词。例如:worker,boy ,machine 等。普通名词可分 为以下四类: A. 个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示个体的人或事物的名词。如:man ,pencil,chair 等。 B. 集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。如:class,police ,army,family 等。C. 物质名词(Material N
6、ouns):表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。如:rice ,glass,water,gas 等。 D. 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词。如: life,love,law, happiness 等。 三名词的数 名词按是否可数分类,可分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)和不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)两种。表示可以计算数目的人或物的名词称为可数名词,一般有单数和复数两种形式,个体名词和大多数集体名词一般是可数名词。不可以或较难数出数目的名词叫做不可数名词,包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质)和抽象名词(表示抽
7、象概念的词)。一般不分单数和复数,前面不能用 a/an,没有复数形式。类 别 意 义 例 词专有名词 表示具体的人名、事物、国家、地名、 机构、团体等的专有名称 Jim, China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall个体名词 个体的人或事物的名词 girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country可数名词集合名词 一群人或一些事物的总称的名词 people, police, team, clothes, group, crew物质名词 无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词 water, ice, pork, cheese, cott
8、on, broccoli名词普通名词 不可数名 抽象名词状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care词四. 名词的复数 可数名词有单、复数两种形式,可数名词的单数形式要在前加 “a 或 an”;复数形式在名词后加 “-s 或-es”。可数名词由单数变为复数形式,其构成方法分为规则和不规则两种。1. 规则变化(可依照下表)当名词为 词尾变化 读 音 例 词清辅音后读/s/ chips, jeeps, pats , clocks一般情况 加 s浊辅音、元音后读/z/ boys, sharpeners, sofas,
9、drawers以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾 加 es /iz/ watches, boxes, classes, brushes加 es tomatoes, potatoes, heroes加 s zoos,radios , photos, bamboos, pianos, kilos以字母 o 结尾zero/z/zeros zeroes以辅音字母+y 结尾 去 y 变 i 加 es /z/ dictionaries, strawberries加 s /z/ beliefs,roofs,gulfs,chefs , proofs去 f 或 fe 变 v 加 esleaves,wives ,hal
10、ves,knives,thieves, loaves以 f 或 fe 结尾均可/vz/handkerchiefs / handkerchieves注意 1:在初中英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下词,妻子骑牛拿起刀, wife-wives; calf-calves; knife-knives;追得贼狼满街跑, thief-thieves; wolf-wolves碰倒架子丧己命, shelf-shelves; self-selves; life-lives手帕树叶半空飘. leaf-leaves half-halves 注意 2:在初中英语范围内,以-o 结尾的名词,只有三个
11、单词要加-es ,其余都加-s;读音规则:读z。tomatoes, potatoes, heroes.2. 不规则变化A. 单复数同形,如:deer, sheep,fish,people,ChineseB. 改变单数名词中的元音字母 如: manmen ,womanwomen,foot feet, toothteeth, goosegeese“oo 常常变 ee,男人女人 a 变 e”C. 含有 man,woman 的复合名词的变化 与 man, woman 的变化形式相同,但是 human,German 不是合成词,其复数要按一般规则变化如:Englishman Englishmen,pol
12、icewomanpolicewomen,Frenchwoman Frenchwomen D. 由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词, 其复数形式需要前后同时变化如:men workers,women teachers,gentlemen officialsE. 其他变化,如:childchildren ,mousemice ,oxoxenF. 有些词只有复数形式 某些由两个部分构成的物体的名词。如:trousers,glasses,clothes 等。若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套) 等,如: a pair of glasses,two pairs of t
13、rousers某些通常以复数形式出现的名词。如:arms,clothes,goods,stairs 等。G. 除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式如: a dollar, two dollars; a yuan, two yuanH. 以 s 结尾仍为单数的名词,包括以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数如:maths,politics,physics 等学科名词,The Arabian Nights 等,谓语动词用三单3. 集体名词的单复数:部分集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数。集体名词看作整体
14、时,谓语用单数; 指成员时,谓语用复数。E.g.His family is a large family. His family like animals.第一个 family 指整体 ,第二个 family 指成员4. 不可数名词没有单复数之分,如:news ,information,advice,furniture 等不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下:A表示不定数量时,一般用 much,(a)little ,a lot oflots of,some, any 等词修饰B表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”,即 twothree +量词复数十 of+不可数
15、名词,如:a glass of water,a piece of advice,two pieces of paper5. 有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同,如下:food 食物foods 各种食物 time 时间times 时代 green 绿色 greens 青菜fish 鱼 fishes 鱼的种类 sand 沙 sands 沙滩 tea 茶 a tea 一杯茶chicken 鸡肉 a chicken 小鸡 paper 纸 a paper 试卷、论文 wood 木头a wood 小森林orange 橘汁an orange 橘子 cloth 布a cloth 桌布、抹布
16、 room 空间、余地a room 房间glass 玻璃 a glass 玻璃杯,glasses 眼镜 fruit 水果 fruits 表示不同种类的水果drink 饮料、酒 a drink 一杯一份饮料、一杯酒 6.有些物质名词有时可数,有时不可数,要根据上下文决定,其意义也有所不同。glass(玻璃) glasses(眼镜)7.不同国家的人的单复数,见下表。 “某国人”的复数有三种类型: 口诀“ 中日不变,英法变,其他 s 加后边”(1)Chinese, Japanese 单数复数同形,不需加 s;(2)Englishman, Frenchman 复数要把 man 变为 men;(3)其他
17、各国人以an, -ian 收尾的均直接加 s。如:Americans, Australians.名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss美国人 the Americans an American two Americans加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russia
18、ns澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes德国人 the Germans a G
19、ermans two Germans能力提升【名词单复数中考习题集锦】1. Im so hungry. Please give me _ to eat.A. three bread B. three pieces of bread C. three pieces of breads2. What can I do for you?Err, I want a glass of milk, some bread and_.A. some chickens B. any chickens C. some chicken3. Could you give me some _ on how to lea
20、rn English _? Sure. Practice makes perfect.A. advice; good B. suggestions; good C. advice; well D. suggestion; well4. Just search the internet, you can get almost all the _ you need.A. informations B. information C. picture D. Story5. There are some _ on the floor.A. milk B. child C. Boxes6. Are the
21、re any _in your school?Yes, there are.A. Germen B. Germans C. German7. The students didnt find much _ about the topic on that website.A. report B. article C. information D. Story8.What would you like to drink, girls?_ please.A. Two glass of water B. Two glass of watersC. Two cups of tea D. Two cups
22、of teas9. Kate is _ girl. Shes very happy at school.A. a eighteen-year-old B. an eighteen-year-oldC. an eighteen-years-old D. a eighteen-years-old10. Mum, Ive heard that we cant eat _ these days. Is it true?Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat.A. chicken B. chickens C. a chicken D. the chicke
23、n11. I saw some _ and _ dancing in the street the day before yesterday.A. Germen; Englishmen B. Germans; Englishmans C. Germans; Englishmen12. She is a _ girl with two big eyes.A. six-years-old B. six-year-old C. six years old13. Jason likes the_ of the cake. It is a heart.A. color B. size C. smell
24、D. Shape14. Eating more vegetables is good for our health. I often eat lettuce, broccoli and _.A. tomato B. tomatos C. tomatoes D. potato15. The _ often eat grass on the hill.A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. Sheep答案:1-5 BCCBC 6-10BCCBA 11-15CBDCDC -名词 II、解题技巧名词 II5 可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语1. 修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有 these,
25、 those, few, a few, many, a great many 等2. 修饰不可数名词的常用修饰语有 much, little, a little 等3. 有些修饰语即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词,如 allsomeenougha lot oflots of 等4. 不可数名词如果表示数量,常和 a bottle of, a glass of, a piece of 等名词词组连用。如果表示复数,只把量词改为复数。例:two glasses of orange juice 两杯橙汁,three cups of tea 三杯茶 ,a piece of paper 一张纸注:“a
26、 piecepair+名词”之类的结构作主语是,其谓语通常与“piecepair”的数保持一致。6. 名词所有格 1. 名词格的种类有三个格,即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同。名词所有格表示名词之间的所属关系,相当于屋主代词,分为-s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。2. -s 所有格有些名词可以加s 来表示所有关系、所属关系、动作执行者、动作承受者等意义,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。如:Where is the teachers office?中的 teachers。 名词词尾 变化 举例一般词 直接在词尾 +s Mr. Motts robot单数名词词尾 加 s
27、the boys bag复数名词词尾没有 s 加 s mens room,childrens books复数名词词尾有-s 加 the workers struggle,girls school不能加 s 的名词 名词+of +名词 the title of the song复合名词或短语 s 加在最后一个词尾 a month or twos rest-s 所有格的用法:A. 主要用于有生命的人或物,有些表时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词后也可以加s 来构成所有格,如:todays paper, two hours rest,Americas policyB. 在表示店铺、教堂或某人家时,
28、名词所有格可以表示地点,如:the barbers 理发店C. and 连接的并列名词的所有格分两种情况,分别带有 -s 表示“分别有” ;若一个 -s 表示“两者共有” ,如:Jims and Jacks rooms(两间) ,Jim and Jacks room(一间) D. 用所有格表示节日的方法Teachers Day(教师节) Childrens Day(儿童节)Mothers Day(父亲节) Fathers Day(母亲节)3.of 所有格A. 表示无生命的东西的名词或不能加s 的名词,通常都采用“of 名词”的结构表示所有关系。如:the gate of the school,
29、the windows of that houseB. 名词较长或其定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用 of 短语表示所有关系。如:the story of Mr. Smith,the dog of the eight-year-old girlC. 表示有生命的和无生命的名词,一般都可用介词 of 短语来表示所有关心,有些情况下,of 所有格有时可以与-s 所有格互换如:the boys name=the name of the boy(男孩的名字)the dogs legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)Chinas population=the population Of
30、China(中国的人口)Chinas capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)4.双重所有格(of +名词所有格/名词性物主代词)同时使用s 和 of 的所有格,如:a friend of his, the big nose of Toms七. 名词的用法 1. 用作主语,要求谓语动词必须在人称和数两方面和其主语一致,如:One day,a little monkey was playing in a tree by the river 2. 作表语,如:The largest city of China is Shanghai 3. 作宾语,如:The stud
31、ents love their teachers 4. 作宾语补足语,如:They choose the boy monitor 5. 作同位语,如:We are waiting for Miss Yan,the English teacher 6. 作定语,如:The school gate was built last year 八. 部分词义辨析1、 sport、game、match、race sport 常指 “户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大,如:People all around the world enjoy sports.game 意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力
32、,指以胜负为主的运动如:The 2008 Olympic Games was held in Beijing.match 意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛,如: Our team won the league match.race 主要表示“ 赛跑、赛马、赛车”,如: They were strong and won the boat race.2、 festival、holiday、vacationfestival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动,如: the Spring Festivalholiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期,如:W
33、hat are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays? vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息如:Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work. 3、 journey、tour、trip、traveljourney 指在陆地上(或海上或空中 )进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思如:He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.tour 指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等如:He
34、 has gone on a walking tour.trip 通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等,如:He took several trips to Shanghai.travel 多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,多指旅行这一行为,如:Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?4、 sound、noise、voicesound 指各种声音,如:All of a sudden there was the sound of shots.noise 主要指“噪音”,如:The noise of
35、the street kept me awake in the night.voice 指人的 “嗓音”如: The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold. 5、 fish 的问题指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用 fish,单复数相同fishes 指许多种类的鱼,如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.fish 指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词,如:I prefer fish to meat.6 question 指“需要回答的问题 ”problem 指“需要解决的问题 ”、“
36、难题”,常至社会问题,比如说污染问题7 work 作“工作 ”讲,是不可数名词job 侧重于“职业”,是可数名词 8. person 与 people 都有“人” 的意思, “一个人”用 a person, “两个人”用 two persons people 泛指 “人们” ,是集合名词,表示复数the people 指“ 人民” , a people 指“一个民族” 。解题技巧方法一 “名词词义辨析”解题技巧近几年中考对名词的考查越来越注重在具体语言环境下同义的区别有些词的词义很容易混淆。解答此类题要知道不同的名词所表达的具体含义,并能辨析它们之间的差异,这就需要考生准确记忆名词词义并在鲜活
37、的语言环境中加以正确运用。例 1 (2015 天津,24) In 1998, Liu Xiangs _ in hurdling was noticed by Sun Haiping.A.ability B. trade C. electricity D. memory解析: 句意:在 1998 年,刘翔在跨栏赛跑方面所具备的能力被孙海平注意到。本题考查名词词义辨析。ability 能力;trade 贸易;electricity 电;memory 记忆。根据句意可知选择 A 项。答案 A例 2 (2014 浙江杭州,19)I am tired. This is not the right _to
38、 ask me to go for a walk.A. moment B. chance C. place D. season解析: 句意:我累了。这不是叫我外出散步的合适时刻。本题考查名词词义辨析。 moment 时刻;chance 机会;place 地方; season 季节。由上句 I am tired.可知选 A.答案 A方法二 “可数名词与不可数名词运用”口诀法分辨可数名词与不可数名词的八句歌诀:可数不可数好分辨,名词所示物分两半。如每半不能叫原名,那该词可数最公平。每半还能把原名叫,不可数名词就遇到。有的名词是两面堵,意变不可数为可数。如:bike(自行车 ), 如果把自行车分成两
39、半,每半只能叫自行车的一部分,不能再叫自行车,所以 bike 是可数名词。water(水),如果把一杯水分成两杯,每杯仍可叫水,因此 water 是不可数名词。orange(橘汁),如果把一瓶橘汁分成两瓶,每瓶还可以叫橘汁,故 orange(橘汁)为不可数名词;但意为“橘子”时,是可数名词。例 (2013 湖北黄冈,33)-What would you like to drink, girls?-_, please.A. Two glass of waterB. Two glass of watersC. Two cups of teaD. Two cups of teas解析: 句意: -想
40、喝点什么,女孩们? -请来两杯茶。本题考查不可数名词量的表达方式。Tea 和 water 都是不可数名词,因此不能加-s. 而 glass 和 cup 均为可数名词,两杯是复数,应用复数形式,所以选 C.答案 C方法三 “名词所有格”解题技巧在中考中,关于名词所有格的考查通常围绕-s 所有格。-s 所有格又分为共有的所有格与分开的所有格。在解题时要看所有格后面跟的名词是单数还是复数,如果是单数名词,则使用共有的所有格;如果是复数名词,则使用分开的所有格。此外以“-s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加 “”就可以了。例 (2015 山东临沂,19)I live near the station. Its
41、 only about five _ walk.A. minutes B. minute C. minutes D. minutes解析: 句意:我住在车站附近。只有大概步行五分钟的路程。本题考查名词所有格的用法。以-s 结尾的名词复数的所有格一般在末尾直接加“ ”, 根据题意可知答案为 C 项。答案 C能力提升1、_fathers are both scientists 咸宁 AJims and Bob BJims and Bobs CJim and Bobs DJim and Bob2、_room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom
42、 and Sam BToms find Sam CTom and Sams DToms and Sams3、Hows Joys skirt? Her skirt is more beautiful than . 兰州A. her sisters and Kate B. her sister and Kate C. her sister and Kates D. her sisters and Kates4、Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?No, its about _.(浙江宁波)A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute
43、 walk C. 7 minutes walk D. 7 minutes walk5、Come and see me in . With pleasureThats what Im expecting哈尔滨 Atwo or three days Btwo or three days time Ctwo or three days time6、Im going on holiday on the 12th I have to be back at work on the 26th.So Ive got two_ holiday临沂Aweeks Bweeks Cweeks Dweek7. The
44、computer on the desk is_. (孝感市)A. twins B. the twins C. the twins D. the twins 8. Mrs Black is a friend of_. (资阳市) A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers9. It is over_ from Shijiazhuang to Beijing. (河北省)A. three hours drive B. three hours drive C. three hours drives D. t
45、hree hours drive 10. Today is September 10th. It is _Day. (常德市)A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the teachers D. Teachers 11. Do you know the woman over there? Yes. Shes _aunt. (济南市) A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys12. After playing football for more than half an hour
46、, the students took_ rest. (天津市)A. a few minutes B. a few minutes C. a little minutes D. a little minutes 13.I think the teenagers should try to improve their living _.activities B. skills C. memory D. success14.-How did Jerry get out of the mountain?-By following the _they had left.directions B. situations C. marks D. sights15.- I like_. Theyre my favorite fruit.-You do? I like watermelons.yogurt B. strawberries C. bread D. potato16.- Could you please pass me something to eat?-What about so