1、被动语态用法详解TENSE 主 动 语 态 被 动 语 态一 般 现 在 时 be+V.V.s amisare+V(p.p)一 般 将 来 时 willbe going tobe (about)to+V. will be +V(p.p)现 在 进 行 时 amisare+V.ing amisare+being+V(p.p)一 般 过 去 时 waswere V.ed waswere+V(p.p)现 在 完 成 时 havehas+V.p.p havehas+been+V(p.p)过 去 完 成 时 had+V.p.p had+been+V(p.p)过 去 进 行 时 waswere+V.ing
2、 waswere+being+V(p.p)情 态 动 词 情 态 动 词 +V. 情 态 动 词+be+V(p.p)被动语态牢记一点， be 加动词过去分词。 分析句中主和谓， 承受者作主语即被动。 短语动词不可忘介、副词。 另有不及物动词， 只有主动无被动。 还要注意其时态， 与主动语态全相同。不 用 被 动 语 态 的 情 况1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）： appear, die（死亡）,disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break ou
3、t, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat 是及物动词。 （错）The accident was happened last week. （对）The accident happened last week. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学
4、习过程中多留意积累。 2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock. 3）系动词无被动语态（“keep”除外）： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, l
5、ook, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good. 4）带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 （对）She likes to swim. （错）To swim is liked by her. 有 些 动 词 可 以 带 双 宾 语 在用于被动结构时，有些动词可以带双宾语。在这种情况下，主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时，
6、直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面；直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前通常加上介词 for/to, etc.。 即：S+V+I O+DO IO+ be done +DO DO+ be done + prep. +IOWe often hear himplay guitar.Heis often heard to1play guitar. Itis often heard fromhimto play guitar. 新 被 动 语 态Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的
7、路上受伤了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？ 注 意 :有些动词后跟不带 to的不定式作宾语补足语，但改为被动结构后要加上“to”。例如 We heard him singin his room just now. -He was heard to sing in his room just now. 刚才听到他在房间中唱歌。 need doing something 也表示被动 怎 样 把 主 动 语 态 改 成 被 动 语 态 ？把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语； 2. 谓语动词变为“
8、be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过 be的变化来表达出不同的时态；3. 主动语态的主语变为介词“by”的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时“by”的短语可以省略）； 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels s
9、o far.Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.the door must be locked when you leave. 被动语态的几种特殊用法 (1)主
10、动形式表示被动意义1)常见的这类动词有：“act，add up，clean，compare，count，cook，draw，fill，iron，keep，let，look，make up，milk，kill，open，photograph，prove，read，sell，smoke，spoil”等。The window wont open(这扇窗户打不开。) The cow milks well(这头牛出奶率很高。)Damp wood will not fire(湿木不易燃烧。) It turned out fine that day(结果那天天气很好。)How did his coat ca
11、tch on a nail? (他的衣服怎么钩到钉子上了?)2)实用动词“needwantdeserverequire +V-ing(动名词)”形式表示被动意义。My hair needs cutting。The bike wants repairingIt doesnt deserve mentioningHamlet is required reading for the course(哈姆雷特为本课程指定读物。)3)一些固定句型如：“be worth doing sth have/get sth(sb.)done“，以及 to be under(in)+抽象名词等表示被动意义：Beiji
12、ng is a big city in China and worth visiting(北京是中国的一个大城市，值得浏览。)Mr.Wilson had his wallet stolen the day before yesterday(威尔逊先生前天丢了一个钱包)。The bike is under(in)repair(自行车正在修理中。)This tape recorder is in use(这种录音机正在使用中。)4)一些不定式的主动态表示被动意义： There be 句型：There are a lot of things to doThere is nothing to worr
13、y about不定式修饰 want, have等动词的宾语，而句中的主语同时又不是不定式的逻辑主语时：I want some clothes to washDo you have anything to say for yourself?不定式修饰 buy，get，give 等动词的直接宾语，而句中的间接宾语又是不定式的逻辑主语时：His sister gave him a bike to rideMy father get me a book to read5)少数动词的进行时，有时表示被动意义：Her works are printingThe drum is beatingMy new
14、house is building(2)“It is+V-ed+that-?“结构表示被动常用的这类结构有：“it is said that”(据说)；It is supposed that(据推测)；It is well known that“(众所周知)；It is believed that“(据信)；It is reported that“(据报导)；It is hoped that“(人们希望)；It is generally considered that“(有人认为)；1twill be seen that“(由此可以看出)；It must be admitted that(必须
15、承认)；It must be pointed out that(必须指出)”等。It is believedthought that this medicine works wellIt is estimated that a flight to Shanghai would take more than one hour It is often realized that women held a high social position in the Southern European societies in the 10th and llth centuries(3) “get + p
16、.p.(动词的过去分词)“表示被动：这种结构往往用来强调动作的结果，也可用来表示突然发生的事态，或最终出现的某种事实，是一种非正式语体。 The house is getting paintedrepairedThe building got damaged in the floodThousands of soldiers got killed in the warAs I passed by, my coat got caught on a nail注在下列句子中，不能使用“get + p.p. (动词的过去分词)”结构。误：The stow got written by him正：The
17、 story Was written by him误：The conference got being held in London正：The conference is being held in London(4) 注意以下被动语态的几种情况1)短语动词变为被动语态后，其后的介词或副词应紧随其后。Frank was brought up by his auntThe babies are well looked afterThe meeting Was put offThe salesman was put out by Mr.Wilsons question(威尔逊先生的问题把那位售货员
18、惹火了。)2)“Verb+宾语+宾补”变为被动语态后，宾语转化为主语，宾补转化为主补。The wall Was painted white(We painted the wal1 white)He is regarded as smart (We regarded him as smart) The house was found empty(We found the house empty)考点一： 情态动词表示能力 1表现在的或一般的能力： 表示现在的或一般的能力用 can或 be able to，can 比 be able to使用得更普遍。can 侧重指有能力做某事；而 be able
19、 to更强调通过努力、克服困难做成某事。 A computer cant think for itself；it must be told what to do. He is a native speaker of English，so he can of course speak English quite well. 2表示将来的能力： 表示将来能力用 will be able to。 If you have a good sleep，you will be able to work out this problem. 如果你睡个好觉，你就能做出这道题。 3表示过去的能力： could表示
20、过去一般的能力，即不表示做或未做某事；而 was (were) able to do则表示过去有能力并且成功地做了某事，相当于managed to do something/succeeded in doing something。 考点二： 情态动词表示推测(可能性) 可能性可分为客观的(理论的)可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性。 1客观的(理论的)可能性指并不涉及具体某事是否会发生，此种用法常常可以说明人或事物的特征。can 用于肯定句中表示客观的(理论的)可能性，can 用于疑问及否定句中则表示实际发生的可能性。 The World Wide Web is sometimes jokin
21、gly called the World Wide Wait because it can be very slow. A left-luggage office is a place where bags can be left for a short time，especially in a railway station. 2表示具体事情实际发生的可能性： 表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次比较见下表(依次递减)：这些词后接动词原形是对现在事情的推测，后接完成式则表示对过去事情的推测；其中can，may/might，should，ought to，must 有时还可接进行时表示对现在正在
22、进行的事情的推测。 另外，can 还可用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思；而could既可用于肯定句又可用于否定句、疑问句中；ought to 和 might表示推测时，并不一定表示过去，而表示可能性弱于他们相应的现在时形式。 She might not be in the company.She told me she would go to Shanghai. 她可能不在公司，她告诉过我要去上海。 Can he have gone to Wuhan? 他有可能去武汉了吗？ What can he be doing at this moment? 这时候他会在做什么？
23、She cant be telling a lie. 她不可能在说谎。 Your mother may be waiting for you to return home. 你妈妈可能正等着你回家呢。 They must be following us just a little behind us. 他们肯定在离我们不远处尾随着我们。 You should be doing your exercises instead of watching TV. 现在你该做作业而不是看电视。考点三： 情态动词表示请求、允许、允诺 1表示征求对方的意见或提出建议时，shall 可以用于第一、第三人称的疑问
24、句，will和 would用于第二人称的疑问句。分别构成：Shall I/we/he/she/they.？或Will(Would)you(please)? Whats the name? Khulaifi.Shall I spell that for you? 2could/would 可以用于疑问句表示请求，使语气更加委婉，但其回答语不能再用could/would来回答。 Could I borrow your dictionary? Yes，of course you can. 3shall 也可用于第二、第三人称的肯定句和否定句中，表示说话者命令、警告、允诺或威胁的语气；shall 也可
25、用于第二、第三人称表示法律、规定等。 What does the sign over there read? “No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area.” 4can 和 may都可表示许可，但 can较随便，may 更正式。 Can I use your computer?我用一下你的电脑可以吗？ May I have a look at your driving license please，sir? 先生，我可以看一下你的驾照吗？ 考点四： 情态动词表示必要性 must常用来
26、表示必要性，意为“必须”；should，ought to 也可表示必要性，意为“(义务上)应该”，在语气上比 must“必须”弱。表示现在或将来必须做某事用“must动词原形”；表示现在或将来不必做某事时，用 dont have to或 neednt加动词原形；表示过去没必要做某事时，分为两种情况：当表示过去没必要做某事，但事实上却做了，用neednt have done sth.；当表示过去没必要做某事，而不涉及是否做，可用didnt have to do或 didnt need to do sth.或 It was not necessary to do sth.等；如表示禁止，则要用 m
27、ustnt或 shouldnt，意为“不应该”。 The boss has given everyone a special holiday，so we neednt go to work tomorrow. Johnny，you mustnt play with the knife；you may hurt yourself. 考点五： 情态动词表示意愿 will和 would都可表示意志、意愿和决心；will 还可表示现在的一种习惯、倾向或趋势；而 would则可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向；used to 也表示“过去常常”，但它暗含“现在不再”之意。 4 I will never
28、do it again. They asked us if we would do that again. Without water，fish will die. During the vacation，he would visit me every week. 考点六： “情态动词have done”都表示对过去事情的推测或意愿。其具体用法见下表：考点七： 情态动词的其他用法 1cannot butdo sth.相当于 have no choice but to do sth.或can not choose but do sth.，表示“不得不，只好”。 2“may/might well动
29、词原形”是一种常用结构，意为“完全能，很可能”，相当于to be very likely to。 He may well be proud of his son. 他大可为儿子感到自豪。 Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her. 她的模样变化太大，你很可能认不出她了。 3“may/might as well动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had better do sth.。 You may as well do it at once. 你最好马上就做这件事。 We may as
30、 well stay where we are. 我们留在现在的地方倒也不错。 cannot(或 never等否定词)与 enough连用表示“再也不为过”。 4may 可以用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 May we never forget each other. 愿我们彼此永不相忘。 May you return in safety. 愿你平安归来。 5should 可以用来表示惊讶、失望等情绪，意思是“竟然；竟然会”。 It seems so unfair this should happen to me. 它发生在我身上似乎很不公平。 6must 表示“偏要、硬要”做某事，表示虽不情愿但也许
31、可。 How old are you，madam? If you must know.Im twice my sons age. 7why/howshould 结构表示说话人对某事不能理解、感到意外、惊异等意思，意为“竟会”。 7 Why should you be so late today? 你今天怎么来得这么晚？ How should I know? 我怎么会知道？ 8need 和 dare的用法 need和 dare两者既可用作情态动词也可用作行为动词。作行为动词时，有人称和数的变化，可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，构成否定和疑问句时要加助动词 do，does，did；作情态动词时，没有人称和数的变化(dare 的过去式是 dared)，直接接动词原形，多用于否定句和疑问句中，构成否定句和疑问句时不用加助动词。dare 作行为动词用于否定句和疑问句时，后面的 to也可省略，dare 还可用于条件句中；need 作行为动词时，还可表示“需要”，后接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。 He neednt go now. He doesnt need to go now. He didnt dare(to)do that. He dared not do that. Your room needs cleaning. Your room needs to be cleaned.
